Volume 15, Nomor 2, Nopember 2006 ISSN 0215-191X
ZZOOOO IINNDDOONNEESSIIAA Jurnal Fauna Tropika
STATUS TAKSONOMI FAUNA DI INDONESIA DENGAN TINJAUAN KHUSUS PADA COLLEMBOLA. Yayuk R. Suhardjono ...... 67
PENERAPAN DAN PEMANFAATAN TAKSONOMI UNTUK MENDAYAGUNAKAN FAUNA DAERAH. Soenartono Adisoemarto ...... 87
PEMBELAJARAN TAKSONOMI FAUNA DI PERGURUAN TINGGI. Jusup Subagja ...... 101
THE AMPHIBIANS SPECIES IN GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA. Hellen Kurniati ...... 107
ANALISIS ISI PERUT DAN UKURAN TUBUH ULAR JALI (Ptyas mucosus). Irvan Sidik ...... 121
Zoo Indonesia Volume 15 (2) 67-127 2006 ISSN 0215-191X
Ketua Redaksi
Dr. Dede Irving Hartoto (Limnologi)
Anggota Redaksi
Dr. Hagi Yulia Sugeha (Oseanologi) Dr. Rosichon Ubaidillah (Entomologi) Dr. Dewi Malia Prawiradilaga (Ornitologi) Ir. Ike Rachmatika MSc. (Ikhtiologi)
Sekretaris Redaksi & Produksi
Rochmanah S.Kom Yulia Aris Kartika S.Kom
Mitra Bestari
Dr. Gono Semiadi Dr. Allen Allison Amir Hamidy S.Si Dr. Sri Hartini
Alamat Redaksi Zoo Indonesia Bidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi LIPI Gd. Widyasatwaloka Jl. Raya Bogor-Jakarta KM. 46 Cibinong 16911
Telp. (021) 8765056 Fax. (021) 8765068 [email protected]
Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia (MZI) adalah suatu organisasi profesi dengan anggota terdiri dari peneliti, pengajar, pemerhati dan simpatisan kehidupan fauna tropika, khususnya fauna Indonesia. Kegiatan utama MZI adalah pemasyarakatan tentang ilmu kehidupan fauna tropika Indonesia, dalam segala aspeknya, baik dalam bentuk publikasi ilmiah, publikasi popular, pendidikan, penelitian, pameran ataupun pemantauan.
Zoo Indonesia adalah sebuah jurnal ilmiah di bidang fauna tropika yang diterbitkan oleh organisasi profesi keilmiahan Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia (MZI) sejak tahun 1983. Terbit satu tahun satu volume dengan dua nomor (Nopember & Juni). Memuat tulisan hasil penelitian dan tinjauan ilmiah yang berhubungan dengan aspek fauna, khususnya wilayah Indonesia dan Asia. Publikasi ilmiah lain adalah Monograph Zoo Indonesia - Seri Publikasi Ilmiah, terbit tidak menentu.
KATA PENGANTAR
Sejalan dengan perkembangan peraturan mengenai jurnal ilmiah di lingkungan lembaga penelitian Departemen dan Non Departemen, maka jurnal ilmiah Zoo Indonesia tidak akan terlepas dari keharusan untuk mengikuti perkembangan yang ada. Untuk itu sejak tahun penerbitan 2006, akreditasi yang pernah dikeluarkan Departemen Pendidikan untuk Zoo Indonesia (No. 69/DIKTI/Kep./2000) sementara waktu tidak diperpanjang kembali, tetapi akan diganti dengan akreditasi yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Hal ini sejalan dengan sejarah kelahiran organisasi profesi itu sendiri yang dibidani dan disokong hingga saat ini oleh lembaga penelitian non departemen.
Perkembangan lainnya adalah adanya penyesuaian tata letak sampul depan, penomoran terbitan dan halaman yang mengikuti aturan baku, serta anggota redaksi baru. Ini adalah suatu kebaharuan setelah sekitar dua tahun lebih jurnal ini dorman. Selalu menjadi harapan redaksi Zoo Indonesia, bahwa jurnal ini mampu untuk menempatkan diri di jajaran khasanah jurnal ilmiah di Indonesia yang mempunyai mutu tinggi. Rasanya hal ini tidak terlalu berlebihan mengingat semakin hari kriteria pengakuan suatu karya tulis ilmiah semakin ketat.
Cibinong, Nopember 2006
Redaksi
THE AMPHIBIANS SPECIES IN GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 15(2):107 – 120.
THE AMPHIBIANS SPECIES IN GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Hellen Kurniati
Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Widyasatwaloka Building, Jalan Raya Cibinong Km 46, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia. e-mail : [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Kurniati. H. 2006. Jenis-jenis amfibi di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, Jawa Barat. Zoo Indonesia. Vol. 15 (2): 107-120. Lima suku kodok yang terdapat di Jawa dijumpai di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun. Kelima suku tersebut adalah: Megophryidae, Bufonidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae dan Rhacophoridae. Suku Bufonidae terdiri dari dua anak suku, yaitu Adenominae dan Bufoninae. Suku Microhylidae hanya terdiri dari satu anak suku, Microhylinae; sedangkan suku Ranidae terdiri dari dua anak suku, yaitu Raninae dan Dicroglossinae. Jenis fauna kodok di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun termasuk kaya, karena dijumpai 25 jenis dari 33 jenis kodok asli Jawa. Selama survei herpetofauna yang dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2001 sampai Agustus 2002, 25 jenis kodok dijumpai di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, yang terdiri dari dua jenis dari suku Megophryidae, lima jenis dari suku Bufonidae, satu jenis dari suku Microhylidae, 12 jenis dari suku Ranidae dan lima jenis dari suku Rhacophoridae.Di antara 33 jenis kodok asli Jawa, delapan jenis merupakan jenis endemik; enam dari ke delapan jenis endemik tersebut terdapat di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun. Ke enam jenis tersebut adalah: Leptophryne cruentata, Microhyla achatina, Huia masonii, Nyctyxalus margaritifer, Philautus vittiger dan Rhacophorus javanus. Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun dua tipe makro habitat kodok yang umum dijumpai adalah hutan primer dan habitat terganggu. Habitat hutan primer adalah habitat di mana kodok jenis Leptobrachium hasseltii, Leptophryne borbonica, L. cruentata, Huia masonii, Rana hosii, Limnonectes microdiscus, N. margaritifer, P. aurifasciatus dan P. vittiger sangat tergantung pada habitat ini. Habitat terganggu karena intervensi manusia meliputi hutan sekunder, hutan terdegradasi, kebun atau sawah, di mana lebih dari separuh jenis kodok dijumpai pada habitat ini.
Kata kunci: amfibia, kodok, Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun.
ABSTRACT
Kurniati. H. 2006. The amphibians species in Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java. Zoo Indonesia Vol. 15 (2): 107-120. Five families of frog that exist in Java are represented in Gunung Halimun National Park: the Megophryidae, the Bufonidae, the Microhylidae, the Ranidae and the Rhacophoridae. In the park, the Bufonidae consists of two subfamilies, the Adenominae and the Bufoninae. The Microhylidae only has one subfamily, the Microhylinae, whereas the Ranidae consists of two subfamilies, the Raninae and the Dicroglossinae. Frog fauna in Gunung Halimun National Park is comparatively rich, including 25 species of the 33 species of native javan frogs. During herpetofauna survey in October 2001 to August 2002, twenty-five species of amphibian were found in Gunung Halimun National Park; they consist of two species of the Megophryidae, five species of the Bufonidae, one species
107 THE AMPHIBIANS SPECIES IN GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 15(2):107 – 120. of the Microhylidae, twelve species of the Ranidae and five species of the Rhacophoridae. Among 33 species of the native javan frogs, eight species are endemic to Java; however six species of the endemic species are inhabited in the park; they are Leptophryne cruentata, Microhyla achatina, Huia masonii, Nyctyxalus margaritifer, Philautus vittiger and Rhacophorus javanus.. In Gunung Halimun National Park, two major type macro habitats of frog are generally recognized. One major type macro habitat is primary forest, where Leptobrachium hasseltii, Leptophryne borbonica, L. cruentata, Huia masonii, Rana hosii, Limnonectes microdiscus, N. margaritifer, P. aurifasciatus and P. vittiger are very restricted to this habitat. Another type is disturbed habitat, where human has intervened the habitat as secondary forest, degraded forest, cultivation or paddy field. More than half frogs species occur in these habitats.
Keywords: amphibian, frog, Gunung Halimun National Park.
INTRODUCTION The park herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) has never been reviewed Gunung Halimun National Park lies systematically. Intensive about 100 km southwest of Jakarta herpetofaunal surveys were conducted (Figure 1), at altitudes between 500- in Ujung Kulon National Park in 1990 2000 meters above sea level (asl). (Kurniati et al. 2001); Liem (1973) The highest point is the peak of surveyed the amphibians in Gede- Gunung Halimun with a height of 1929 Pangrango National Park. In order to meters asl. Covering 40.000 hectares, provide comprehensive coverage of this area is the largest sub-mountain the national parks in West Java, I have forest in West Java. The park is been conducting an intensive classified into four types of habitat: herpetofauna survey, with an lowland forest, sub-mountain forest, emphasis on amphibians, in Gunung upland crop and bush. Based on Halimun National Park since October analysis of aerial photographs, the 2001. This survey also obtained basic vegetation was divided into primary ecological information on all species of forest, secondary forest, cultivated amphibians in the park in order to areas and tea plantations. Primary assist park staff with the management forest covers nearly 70% of the park and protection of the park’s interesting area (Niijima 1997). herpetofauna.
Figure 1. Location of Ujung Kulon, Gunung Halimun and Gede-Pangrango National Park (Map courtesy from Anonymous 1997).
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MATERIAL & METHODS cleared or modified by human activity directly or by livestock. Survey sites 5. Secondary vegetation : This habitat consists mainly of thickets The study areas were located in ten of small trees, shrubs and vines survey sites (Figure 2), where the where the forest has been more altitudes between 700 meters to 1900 severely disturbed, and most of meters above sea level (asl). The the mature trees had been study sites elevation of Citalahab, removed. Cikaniki, and Cianten were at 6. Rainforest : This was the most elevation 1000 meters asl; Cibunar, widespread and abundant Gunung Wangun, Gunung Bedil and vegetation type on the main area Cigadog are between 700 to 1200 of Gunung Halimun National Park, meters asl; Cikeris, Legok Karang and ranging from 1000 meters to 1500 Gunung Botol were between 1500 to meters asl. Tree ferns were 1900 meters asl. In the ten study common in this habitat, especially sites, seven habitat types were found. at the higher elevation. Citalahab, Cikaniki and Cigadog 7. Cloud forest : This vegetation type consist of rain forest, edificarian and known as moss forest, usually cultivated land; Cianten, Gunung above 1500 meters asl. Mosses Wangun, Gunung Bedil and consist of and fern festoon the trunks, limbs disturbed forest, secondary and branches of trees and shrubs, vegetation, ruderal and edificarian; and they provide much of the whereas Cibunar, Cikeris, Legok ground cover. Karang and Gunung Botol consist of rain forest and cloud forest. The 1. Amphibian species diversity average daily temperature was 250C and at night between 150C to 200C. The suitable techniques for collecting Relative humidity averages 70% to the species were : 85%. Brief descriptions of the habitats a. Catching by hand: as follow : This technique was suitable for 1. Edificarian : Building and other frogs inhabiting microhabitats manmade structures of wood, such as leaf litter, tree bark and stone, concrete and other buttresses, low-lying vegetation materials provide an important and in or under logs. habitat especially for some gecko special that were commensally b. Lighting: with humans. This technique was used to catch 2. Ruderal : This habitat consists of frogs in the night using a powerful grassy, weedy areas usually near flashlight. The frogs were settlements and adjacent to temporary blinded when the human habitation, includes flashlight shines in their eyes, roadsides ditch. making them easy to catch. 3. Cultivated land : Paddy field and tea plantations were dominant in Altitude and microhabitat were this area. recorded when the frog found in every 4. Disturbed forest : Disturbed forest survey sites. All specimens were occurs frequently between 700 to killed by injecting 96% ethanol into the 1000 meters asl, where many of brain and fixed in 10% formalin and native trees have been selective preserved in 70% alcohol. cut and the under story had been
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2. Species richness & relative b. Fairly common : 10-30 abundance sighting/day. . c. Uncommon : up to 10 This technique was utilized manual sightings/day on most days. sighting in a certain time sequence. It d. Scarce : up to 5 sighting/day. was applied to different habitat among e. Rare : under 5 sighting in most of several sample sites throughout time surveys. Gunung Halimun National Park. The abundance rating was based on the Identification of all species follows the following scale (Buden, 2000): taxonomy of Inger (1966), Iskandar a. Common: at least 30 (1998), Liem (1973), Van Kampen sightings/day in suitable habitat (1923) and Yang (1991). and under optimal weather conditions.
Figure 2. Ten survey sites of herpetofauna diversity study in Gunung Halimun National Park. (1) Citalahab; (2) Cikaniki; (3) Cianten; (4) Cigadog; (5) Cibunar; (6) Gunung Botol; (7) Legok Karang; (8) Cikeris; (9) Gunung Wangun; (10) Gunung Bedil.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION subfamilies, the Raninae and the Dicroglossinae. Frog fauna in Gunung Five families of frog that exist in Java Halimun National Park was were represented in Gunung Halimun comparatively rich, including 24 National Park: the Megophryidae, the species of the 33 species of native Bufonidae, the Microhylidae, the Javan frogs. Twenty-five species of Ranidae and the Rhacophoridae. In amphibian in Gunung Halimun the park, the Bufonidae consisted of National Park consisted of two species two subfamilies, the Adenominae and of Megophryidae, five species of the Bufoninae. The Microhylidae only Bufonidae, one species of had one subfamily, the Microhylinae, Microhylidae, twelve species of whereas the Ranidae consisted of two
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Ranidae and five species Vertical distribution : In Gunung Rhacophoridae. Halimun the frogs can be found at elevation 800 to 1700 meters asl (Gunung Botol). Species Accounts :
AMPHIBIA B. Family BUFONIDAE ANURA B.1. Subfamily ADENOMINAE
A. Family MEGOPHRYIDAE Leptophryne borbonica (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1827) Leptobrachium hasselti Tschudi, 1838 Ecological notes : Leptophryne borbonica is a primary forest frog, Ecological notes : Leptobrachium they are found at slow moving hasselti is restricted to primary water at Cikaniki and Loop Trails forest of the main area of Gunung in the Citalahap and Cikaniki Halimun National Park. They can areas. be found on the forest floor, under Abundance rating : At Cikaniki and shrubs and among leaf litter Loop Trails the frog is common. around Cikaniki Trail and Loop Vertical distribution : The species is Trail in the Cikaniki and Citalahab found between 600 to 1500 areas. meters asl in Kalimantan (Inger Abundance rating : The frogs are 1963); but in Gunung Halimun found fairly common at Cikaniki National Park, this frog can be and Loop Trails. found in abundance at 1000 to Vertical distribution : These frogs 1200 meters asl. have been observed on the forest floor at elevations from sea level in Ujung Kulon National Park Leptophryne cruentata (Kurniati et al. 2001) to 1200 (Tschudi, 1838) meters asl in Gunung Halimun National Park and Gede- Ecological notes : Leptophryne Pangrango National Park (Liem cruentata is a primary forest frog, 1973). they are found at stream bank of fast moving water at Cikeris primary forest areas. Megophrys montana Kuhl & van Abundance rating : At Cikeris the Hasselt, 1822 frog is scarce (only 5 individuals were recorded). Ecological notes : Megophrys Vertical distribution : The species is montana is a mountain forest frog found at 1500 meters asl. In that usually forages on the forest Gede-Pangrango National Park, floor. In Gede-Pangrango the they found in Cibeureum waterfall frogs are restricted to primary at the elevation above 1000 rainforest (Liem 1973), but In meters but less than 2000 meters Gunung Halimun the this species asl (Liem 1973). has a wide distribution and can be found in primary, secondary or Note : This species was listed as disturbed forest. Endangered under criterion B1ab(v) Abundance rating : In Gunung (IUCN, Conservation International and Nature Serve 2004). Halimun the frog is common.
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B.2. Subfamily BUFONINAE (Kurniati et al. 2001); It is uncommon in Gede-Pangrango Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829 (Liem 1973) and Gunung Halimun. Ecological notes : Bufo asper occurs Vertical distribution : The frog can along the banks of rivers, creeks be found from sea level in Ujung and small streams in primary and Kulon (Kurniati et al. 2001) to secondary forest, but sometimes 1500 meters from sea level (Liem they are found in small streams 1973). In Gunung Halimun it is near paddy fields or human usually found at elevations habitation. In Ujung Kulon the between 600 to 1000 meters asl. frogs occur in Nypa mangroves on riverbanks in the Cijungkulon area near the sea (Kurniati et al. Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799 2001). In Gede-Pangrango (Liem 1973) and Gunung Halimun the Ecological notes : Bufo frogs usually occur along in melanostictus is never found in riparian habitats withinin primary primary, secondary or degraded and secondary forest. In some forest; they usually found close to places in Gunung Halimun the or in human habitations. This is frog is found at small streams why it is absent from Ujung Kulon close to paddy fields or human (Kurniati et al. 2001). In Gunung habitations. Halimun the frogs have a Abundance rating : In Gunung widespread distribution. Halimun the abundance of the Abundance rating : They are frog depends on altitude; it is common in low elevation (600 common at elevations around 800 asl), but rare at high elevations meters asl. (1500 asl). Vertical distribution : The species Vertical distribution : The frog can can be found from sea level be found from sea level up to (Kurniati et al. 2001) to 1000 1500 meters asl. It is relatively meters asl. rare at high altitudes.
Bufo biporcatus Gravenhorst, 1829 C. Family MICROHYLIDAE Subfamily MICROHYLINAE Ecological notes : Bufo biporcatus is usually found in degraded habitat. Microhyla achatina Tschudi, 1838 In Ujung Kulon this frog is found in marshy Chrysopogon Ecological notes : Microhyla achatina dominated Banteng grazing area in Gede-Pangrango and Gunung near Cigenter River (Kurniati et al. Halimun has not been found in 2001). In Gede-Pangrango it is primary or secondary forest, but in restricted to Rarahan, along Ujung Kulon the frog is village clearings or footpaths widespread throughout wet areas, (Liem 1973). In Gunung Halimun swamps and damp leaf litter in it is widespread in footpaths along primary forest (Kurniati et al. tea plantation, fishponds or in 2001). In Gede-Pangrango this human habitation at elevations species is found on the banks of 600-1000 asl; they are never quiet pools or in water-filled abundant. ditches along the road to Rarahan Abundance rating : The frog is rare (Liem 1973). In Gunung Halimun (under 5 sightings) in Ujung kulon it is widespread in the main part of
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the national park, concentrated on Abundance rating : Common in banks along slow moving water, Gede-Pangrango (Liem 1973) fishponds or paddy fields. In and Gunung Halimun. Citalahab and Gunung Botol this Vertical distribution : In Java, the frog occurs in grassy peat frog occurs from sea level up to swamps close to tea plantations. 1500 meters asl (Liem 1973). In Abundance rating : It is fairly Gunung Halimun National Park, common in Gunung Halimun. this frog is very common at Vertical distribution : Microhyla elevations from 1000 to 1200 achatina is endemic to Java. It meters asl. can be found from sea level up to 1500 meters asl (Liem 1973). In Gunung Halimun, it is abundant at Rana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837) elevations from 800 to 1000 meters asl. Ecological notes : Rana erythraea usually occurs in ponds with aquatic vegetation (Alcala & D. Family RANIDAE Brown 1998), disturbed D.1. Subfamily RANINAE freshwater habitats such as irrigation ditches (Inger & Huia masonii (Boulenger, 1884) Stuebing 1989) or in stagnant water in lakes, ponds or paddy Ecological notes : Huia masonii is fields at less then 250 meters asl restricted to primary or secondary (Iskandar 1998). In Gunung forest along swift or fast-moving Halimun the frog is found only in mountain streams. Individuals paddy field that are harvested usually sit on rocks, boulders or once a year in Gunung Wangun vegetation along streams. area (Muhara Resort). Abundance rating : In Gunung Abundance rating : In Gunung Halimun it is common to about Halimun this frog is uncommon 1000 meters asl. Vertical distribution : In Gunung Vertical distribution : Huia masoni is Halimun, the frog is found at endemic species to Java. In elevation 700-900 meters asl. Gede-Pangrango the species occurs up to 2000 meters asl (Liem 1973), but in Gunung Rana hosii Boulenger, 1891 Halimun it occurs at elevations from 800 to 1000 meters asl. Ecological notes : Rana hosii is restricted to primary or secondary forest along swift or fast-moving Rana chalconota (Schlegel, 1837) mountain streams. In Gunung Halimun it lives sympatrically with Ecological notes : In Gede- Huia masonii. Pangrango (Liem 1973) and Abundance rating : In Gunung Gunung Halimun Rana Halimun the frog is common in chalconota has not been found in restricted areas. the forest. In Gunung Halimun it Vertical distribution : In Kalimantan occurs in slow-moving water, the frog can be found at fishponds or paddy fields. In elevations about 300 to 1200 Citalahab this frog is found in meters asl (Inger 1966). In grassy peat swamps inside tea Gunung Halimun National Park, it plantations. is abundant to about 1000 meters asl.
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Rana nicobariensis Vertical distribution : These frogs (Stoliczka, 1870) are abundant from sea level to 1000 meters asl. Ecological notes : Rana nicobariensis in Gunung Halimun is found in paddy Fejervarya limnocharis Boie, fields, roadside ditches or 1835 cultivated areas; but in Ujung Kulon the frog found in the Ecological notes : Fejervarya forest, widespread throughout limnocharis in Gunung the main parts of Ujung Kulon Halimun and Gede-Pangrango (Kurniati et al. 2001). (Liem 1973) does not occur in Abundance rating : The frog is rainforest, but in Ujung Kulon common in Gunung Halimun this species is widespread and also in Ujung Kulon throughout the main parts of (Kurniati et al. 2001) and the park in or near freshwater Gede-Pangrango (Liem 1973). (Kurniati et al. 2001). In Vertical distribution : In Gunung Gunung Halimun this frog is Halimun the frog is abundant usually found in roadside in paddy field at elevations ditches, fishponds, paddy from 600 to 1000 meters asl. fields and in any temporary pools. Abundance rating : Common at D.2. Subfamily DICROGLOSSINAE Gunung Halimun, Ujung Kulon (Kurniati et al. 2001) and Fejervarya cancrivora Gravenhorst, Gede-Pangrango (Liem 1973). 1829 Vertical distribution : These frogs can be found from sea level to Ecological notes : Fejervarya 1500 meters asl. In Gunung cancrivora at Gede-Pangrango Halimun, it is very abundant (Liem 1973) and Gunung between elevation 600 to 1000 Halimun does not occur in meters asl. rainforest; but in Ujung Kulon it is found in primary forest at swamps near Jamang and to Limnonectes kuhlii the south of the mouth of the (Tschudi, 1838) Cigerter River (Kurniati et al. 2001). This frog is tolerates Ecological notes : Limnonectes 0 salinities up to 2,8 /00 (Alcala kuhlii is a mountain frog and is & Brown 1998). They occur in usually found in stagnant or freshwater and brackish pools slow-moving water in shaded (Alcala & Brown 1998). In places. In Gede-Pangrango Gunung Halimun the frog is the frog is restricted to usually found in paddy field, rainforest habitats (Liem they live sympatrically with 1973). In Gunung Halimun it Fejervarya limnocharis. occurs in slow-moving water in Abundance rating : It is common primary, secondary or in Gunung Halimun, Ujung degraded forests or in open Kulon (Kurniati et al. 2001) areas. In Citalahab it occurs in and Gede-Pangrango (Liem grassy peat swamp in tea 1973). plantation. Abundance rating : Common in Gunung Halimun at
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elevations about 1000 meters never abundant in temporary asl. pools or stagnant water. Vertical distribution : In Gunung Abundance rating : Common in Halimun it can be found at Gunung Halimun, Ujung Kulon elevation between 1000 to (Kurniati et al. 2001) and 1500 meters asl; but it is most Gede-Pangrango (Liem 1973). abundant at elevations of Vertical distribution : These frogs about 1000 asl. can be found from sea level (Kurniati et al. 2001) up to 1500 meters asl (Liem 1973). Limnonectes macrodon (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841) Occidozyga sumatrana Ecological notes : Limnonectes (Peters, 1877) macrodon does not occur in rain forest at Gunung Halimun. Ecological notes : Occidozyga In Ujung Kulon it has been sumatrana is usually found in recorded only along the puddles among human lighthouse trail and about 5 km habitation, in forest or south of Cidaun, they occur in secondary clearings (Iskandar freshwater and brackish pools 1998). In Ujung Kulon it is (Kurniati et al. 2000). In found in marshy areas near Gunung Halimun the frog is Jamang and the mouth of found in paddy fields, fast- Cigenter River (Kurniati et al. moving water, slow-moving 2001). In Gunung Halimun it water or stagnant pools. occurs in muddy pool close to Abundance rating : In Ujung human habitation and in paddy Kulon the frog is found fields. occasionally (5-20 sightings) Abundance rating : In Ujung (Kurniati et al. 2001), but it is Kulon the frog is occasionally common in Gunung Halimun. found (5-20 sightings) (Kurniati Vertical distribution : In Gunung et al. 2001); but in Gunung Halimun, the frogs are Halimun it is rare (under 5 abundant at elevation from sightings). According to 600 to 1000 meters asl. Iskandar (1998), this species has never been found in high numbers, although it is not Limnonectes microdiscus rare. (Boettger, 1892) Vertical distribution : These frogs can be found at sea level in Ecological notes : Limnonectes Ujung Kulon (Kurniati et al. microdiscus is restricted to the 2001) to 700 meters asl. In rainforest, and is usually found Gunung Halimun it is found at in a temporary pools or elevations above 700 meters stagnant water. This species is elevation. never found in swift moving creeks or streams. It is E. Family RHACOPHORIDAE widespread throughout mainland Ujung Kulon, where Nyctixalus margaritifer (Boulenger, it is found in or near freshwater 1882) (Kurniati et al. 2001). In Gunung Halimun the frog is Ecological notes : Nyctixalus margaritifer is an endemic frog
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to Java. In Gunung Halimun it occurs in primary forest, where Ecological notes : Philautus it lives among shrubs that are vittiger is endemic to Java. close to water. The frog has only been found Abundance rating : In Gunung among vegetation in humid Halimun this frog is rare. shrubby areas (Iskandar Vertical distribution : It is usually 1998). During field surveys in found in rainforest from the Gunung Halimun, the frog was lowlands up to about 1200 found only at Loop trail in the meters asl (Iskandar 1998). In Citalahab area; they sit on Gunung Halimun it occurs at leaves among shrubs that are elevations up to about 1000 close to water inside primary meters asl. forest. Note : The species is listed as Abundance rating : In Gunung vulnerable because its extent Halimun this frog is rare. of occurrence is less than Vertical distribution : In Gunung 20,000 km2, its distribution is Halimun it is found at severely fragmented, and elevations above 1000 meters there is continuing decline in asl. The type locality of the the extent and quality of its species is Pangalengan, West forest habitat in Java (IUCN, Java at an elevation 1200 Conservation International, meters asl (Van Kampen and Nature Serve 2004). 1923).
Philautus aurifasciatus Polypedates leucomystax (Schlegel, 1837) (Gravenhorst, 1829)
Ecological notes : Philautus Ecological notes : Polypedatus aurifasciatus is a mountain leucomystax is the most tree frog, it is only found in the common tree frog in Java. In forests and away from streams the lowland, this species is or pools. In Gunung Halimun It abundant and usually occurs lives among shrubs in mossy near human habitations, in forest, and usually found on cultivated land around the leaf about one meters fishpond or permanent pools. above the ground. In Gunung Halimun, the frog Abundance rating : Common in was found in temporary pond mossy forest on Gunung Botol close to paddy field in Cisitu, within Gunung Halimun Ciparay Resort. In Gede- National Park at elevations at Pangrango the frog was only about 1700 meters asl. found in Cibodas Botanical Vertical distribution : In Garden, has non been found Kalimantan, this species can in mainland Gede-Pangrango be found at elevations of about National Park (Liem 1973). In 1000 to 3000 meters asl (Inge Ujung Kulon the frog was 1966). In Gunung Halimun found widespread throughout these frogs were found at mainland Ujung Kulon, they elevations from 1000 to 2000 live in low vegetation, meters asl. especially above or near freshwater (Kurniati et al. 2001). Philautus vittiger (Boulenger, 1897)
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Abundance rating : Abundant rating of this frog is depend on Ecological notes : In Gunung altitude. In Gunung Halimun Halimun and Gede-Pangrango and Gede-Pangrango (Liem (Liem 1973), Rhacophorus 1973) the frog is rare, but in reinwardtii is a tree-dweller; it Ujung Kulon the frog is is usually found 2 to 3 meters common (Kurniati et al. 2001). high in trees or shrubs along Vertical distribution : In Java P. quiet pools. In Gunung leucomystax has a very Halimun it is found in extensive vertical distribution degraded forest and also from the coast up to 1500 found among tea plantations meters asl (Liem 1973). that are close to water at elevations from 600 to 1000 meters asl. Rhacophorus javanus Boettger, Dimensions of snout to vent 1893 length : Adult male 40-56 mm ; adult female 65-79 mm. Ecological notes : Rhacophorus Abundance rating : In Gunung javanus is an endemic frog to Halimun and Gede-Pangrango Java. This tree frog can be (Liem 1973) the species is found in rainforest or open common. areas. In Ujung Kulon this Vertical distribution : The frog species is found in lighthouse has an extensive vertical trail area near Cidaun, where it distribution, from sea level up occurs among low vegetation to 1500 meters asl (Liem in Arenga and Calamus forests 1973). (Kurniati et al. 2001). In Gede- Pangrango the frog is usually found in pools or in slow Five families of frog that exist in Java moving water on water plants are represented in Gunung Halimun or shrubs in primary forest as National Park : the Megophryidae, the well as in open areas such as Bufonidae, the Microhylidae, the the Botanical Garden (Liem Ranidae and the Rhacophoridae. In 1973). In Gunung Halimun it the park, the Bufonidae consists of two occurs among shrubs that are subfamilies, the Adenominae and the close to slow-moving water in Bufoninae. The Microhylidae only has primary forest; it is also found one subfamily, the Microhylinae, among shrubs in open areas whereas the Ranidae consists of two such as tea plantation or peat subfamilies, the Raninae and the swamp that are close to water. Dicroglossinae. Frog fauna in Gunung Abundance rating : in Ujung Halimun National Park is Kulon the frog is rare (Kurniati comparatively rich, including 25 et al. 2001), but in Gunung species of the 33 species of native Halimun and Gede-Pangrango Javan frogs; 25 frogs species in the (Liem 1973) it is common. park consist of two species of Vertical distribution : This from Megophryidae, five species of occurs from the lowlands to Bufonidae, one species of about 1700 meters asl. Microhylidae, 12 species of Ranidae and five species of Rhacophoridae (Table 1). Rhacophorus reinwardtii (Schlegel, 1840)
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Table 1. Families, subfamilies and species of frogs in Java and in Gunung Halimun National Park. Species in Gunung Family Subfamily Species in Java Halimun National Park Leptobrachium hasseltii + Megophryidae Megophrys Montana + Leptophryne borbonica + Adenominae Leptophryne cruentata * + Bufo asper + Bufonidae Bufo biporcatus + Bufoninae Bufo melanostictus + Bufo parvus - Kalophrynus minusculus - Kalophrynus pleurostigma - Microhylidae Microhylinae Kaloula baleata - Microhyla achatina * + Microhyla palmipes - Huia masonii * + Rana chalconota + Raninae Rana erythraea + Rana hosii + Rana nicobariensis + Fejervarya cancrivora + Ranidae Fejervarya limnocharis + Limnonectes kuhlii + Dicroglossinae Limnonectes macrodon + Limnonectes microdiscus + Occidozyga lima - Occidozyga sumatrana + Nyctixalus margaritifer * + Philautus aurifasciatus + Philautus jacobsoni * - Philautus pallidipes * - Rhacophoridae Philautus vittiger * + Polypedates leucomystax + Rhacophorus javanus * + Rhacophorus reinwardtii + (*) species endemic to Java; (-) species absent; (+) species present.
In Gunung Halimun National Park, Frog, Rana hosii; Pygmy Creek Frog, amphibians occupy two major macro Limnonectes microdiscus; Pearly habitats: primary forest and disturbed Three Frog, Nyctyxalus margaritifer; areas. Nine species are virtually Gold Striped Tree Frog, Philautus restricted to primary forest, these are: aurifasciatus and Wine-Colored Tree Hasselt’s Litter Frog, Leptobrachium Frog, P. vittiger. hasseltii (restricted to leaf litter); Hour- Glass Frog, Leptophryne borbonica; Disturbed areas, which include Bleeding Frog, L. cruentata; Javan secondary forest, degraded forest, Torrent Frog, Huia masonii; Poisonous cultivation, human habitation, paddy
118 THE AMPHIBIANS SPECIES IN GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 15(2):107 – 120. field and roadside ditches, are widely held as the primary cause for inhabited by a variety of species. The the loss of amphibian species together Hornet Frog, Megophrys montana is a with reduction their population size leaf litter specialist, and occurs in (Gardner 2001). primary, secondary or degraded forest. Paddy fields are a favorite The present management of the park habitat for several frog species. In is essentially non interventionist with Gunung Halimun National Park, five respect to forest succession. These species are very abundant in paddy are suitable for the maintenance of a fields, such as the Javan Chorus Frog, diverse herpetofauna especially Microhyla achatina; Cricket Frog, amphibian and no alterations to this Rana nicobariensis; Rice Field Frog, strategy. However, recently Gunung Fejervarya cancrivora; Grass Frog, F. Halimun National Park has a plan to limnocharis; and Stone Creek Frog, L. increase tourist access. Evidence macrodon. from experienced park guides suggests that this disturbance has Some species that inhabit paddy fields depleted a previously healthy are found in small numbers, including population of amphibian. the Green Paddy Frog, R. erythraea and the Sumatran Puddle Frog, Occidozyga sumatrana. In Gunung ACKNOWLEDGMENT Halimun National Park especially in southern part, F. cancrivora and L. Special thanks to Mr. Hiroo Uehara, macrodon are regularly collected and chief advisor/JICA team leader on sold in the market for human LIPI-JICA-PHKA Biodiversity consumption. Because of this activity, Conservation Project in Indonesia these two species occur in low period 1999 to 2001 and Dr. Toshinao numbers in southern parts of the park. Okayama, JICA long term expert on However, in these areas F. LIPI-JICA-PHKA Biodiversity limnocharis is very abundant, because Conservation Project for the strong it occupies the niches of these two support from the beginning of the species. Two species of tree frogs project. I am also grateful to Mr. Kojiro occur in tea plantations. The Javan Mori, chief advisor/JICA team leader Tree Frog, Rhacophorus javanus and on LIPI-JICA-PHKA Biodiversity Javan Flying Frog, R. reinwardtii; they Conservation Project in Indonesia are both abundant in tea plantations from 2001 to 2003 who provided but are usually restricted to peat excellent administrative support during swamps or permanent pools inside the field work. plantations. The author was also fortunate to have Although more than half of the local people in Gunung Halimun amphibian species that found in National Park whose knowledge, Gunung Halimun National Park are enthusiasm and efforts contributed numerous in disturbed habitat, greatly to the success and enjoyable including edificarian, ruderal, conduct of the field works. Research agroforest, disturbed native forest and and field work in Gunung Halimun secondary vegetation; but they are National were funded during 2001- vulnerable ecologically. At the present 2002 by Nagao Natural Environment time, the exploitation by human activity Foundation (NEF), Tokyo, Japan. such as gold mining, logging, and habitat modification give significant contribution to habitat destruction. The destruction of ecological system is
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REFERENCES IUCN, Conservation International, and Nature Serve. 2004. Global Anonimous. 1997. Summary of field Amphibian Assessment. survey of biotic component in
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