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Ferdelman, T.G., Kano, A., Williams, T., Henriet, J.-P., and the Expedition 307 Scientists Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 307 Expedition 307 summary1 Expedition 307 Scientists2 Chapter contents Abstract Challenger Mound is a prominent mound structure covered with Abstract . 1 dead cold-water coral rubble on the southwest Irish continental Introduction . 2 margin and was the focus of 12 days of scientific drilling aboard Background . 4 the JOIDES Resolution during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Scientific objectives . 7 Expedition 307. Site summaries . 8 Specific drilling objectives included the following: Preliminary conclusions. 12 1. Establish whether the mound roots on a carbonate hard- Preliminary scientific assessment . 13 ground of microbial origin and whether past geofluid migra- References . 14 tion events acted as a prime trigger for mound genesis. Figures . 17 2. Define the relationship between mound initiation, mound Table . 34 growth phases, and global oceanographic events. 3. Analyze geochemical and microbiological profiles that define the sequence of microbial communities and geomicrobial re- actions throughout the drilled sections. 4. Obtain high-resolution paleoclimatic records from the mound section using a wide range of geochemical and isoto- pic proxies. 5. Describe the stratigraphic, lithologic, and diagenetic charac- teristics, including timing of key mound-building phases, for establishing a depositional model of cold-water carbonate mounds and for investigating how they resemble ancient mud mounds. Two further sites, located down- and upslope of Challenger Mound, completed a transect to (1) constrain the stratigraphic framework of the slope/mound system, (2) identify and correlate erosional surfaces observed in seismic sections, and (3) investigate potential gas accumulation in the sediments underlying the mound. Drilling revealed that the mound rests on a sharp erosional boundary. Drift sediments below this erosion surface consist of glauconitic and silty sandstone of early–middle Miocene age. The Miocene strata end abruptly in a firmground that is overlain by the late Pliocene–Pleistocene mound succession. The mound flanks are draped by late Pleistocene (<0.26 Ma) silty clay deposits 1Expedition 307 Scientists, 2006. Expedition 307 summary. In Ferdelman, T.G., Kano, A., Williams, that frequently contain dropstones. T., Henriet, J.-P., and the Expedition 307 Scientists. The mound succession mainly consists of floatstone and rudstone Proc. IODP, 307: Washington, DC (Integrated formed of fine sediments and cold-water branching corals. Pro- Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/ nounced recurring cycles of several meter scales were recognized iodp.proc.307.101.2006 in carbonate content and color changes and are most probably as- 2Expedition 307 Scientists’ addresses. sociated with Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles. A role for hy- Proc. IODP | Volume 307 doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.307.101.2006 Expedition 307 Scientists Expedition 307 summary drocarbon fluid flow in the initial growth phase of to 1500 m along continental margins and shelves of Challenger Mound is not obvious either from litho- the northeast Atlantic margin from Mauritania to stratigraphy or from initial geochemistry and micro- Arctic Norway (Freiwald et al., 2004). High- biology results. We found no significant quantities resolution seismic surveys revealed that the mound of gas in the mound or in the subbasal mound sedi- structures can reach widths of several kilometers ments, nor were carbonate hardgrounds observed at (Henriet et al., 1998; De Mol et al., 2002) and heights the mound base. of 350 m (Kenyon et al., 2003). Among the northeast Microbial effects on mound and submound diagene- Atlantic, the most intensively studied cold-water sis are subtle. We detected the methane–sulfate tran- coral buildups are located in the Norwegian shelf, sition only in the Miocene silt and sandstones un- Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight, southwest derlying the mound, where methane concentrations of Ireland. Along the Norwegian shelf, extending and prokaryotic cell abundances increase with in- from 62°–71°N, cold-water corals form reefs up to 30 creasing depth. In the mound succession, interstitial m high at 200–400 mbsl. The highest densities and water profiles of sulfate, alkalinity, Mg, and Sr sug- largest continuous reefs occur along the continental gest a tight coupling between carbonate diagenesis shelf break and on the edges of shelf-crossing trenches and microbial sulfate reduction. Decomposition of and morainic formations (Freiwald et al., 2004). organic matter by sulfate reduction (organoclastic) The Porcupine Seabight area surpasses the Norwe- may drive the biogeochemical processes of mineral- gian offshore area in terms of size and frequency of ogical transformation by (1) producing CO2, which cold-water coral buildups. Sixty-six Belgica mounds enhances aragonite dissolution and (2) increasing have been mapped by means of swath bathymetry overall dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, and two-dimensional (2-D) seismic. In the Hovland which allows (calcium-rich) precipitation. Further- mound province, 39 mounds have been identified. more, periods of rapid sedimentation overlying hia- In total, 641 Magellan mounds over a total area of tuses left distinct signals in the interstitial water ~1500 km2 have been mapped by 2-D and three- chemistry of the Pleistocene sediments that sur- dimensional (3-D) seismics (Huvenne et al., 2003). round and partially bury the mounds of Porcupine This estimation of the mound population is underes- Seabight. timated because the 2-D seismic grid is not dense enough to cover all the mounds in the area. Based on the mound density in this province (1 mound/ Introduction km2), it is estimated that there are at least 1500 Ma- gellan mounds. In total, 1600 mounds could appear The well known warm-water coral reefs developed in in Porcupine Basin. Recently, more mounds have shallow-water tropical to subtropical regions with been discovered in the northern mound provinces of typical carbonate depositional environments. How- Porcupine Seabight, which will significantly increase ever, the discovery of large-scale deepwater mounds the total number of mounds in the basin (De Cock, associated with cold-water corals extending along 2005). the northeastern Atlantic continental margins raises interesting questions about their structure, origin, The mounds reach heights of up to 250 m and and development. Cold-water coral banks from widths of up to 5 km and are enclosed by siliciclastic contourites (Van Rooij et al., 2003; Huvenne et al., depths where light cannot reach were first described 2003; De Mol et al., 2002). The mounds in Porcupine by Teichert (1958) off European coastlines. He drew Seabight have been the focus of more than 20 cruises the attention of geologists to the fact that coral in the last decade. Sediments and video images col- frameworks thrive in high latitudes and/or deep en- lected on the seafloor indicate that they are com- vironments and emphasized the similarities with monly colonized by a diverse biota including deep- tropical coral reefs. Neuman et al. (1977) discovered sea corals Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata and that benthic invertebrates including corals and other invertebrates (Foubert et al., 2005; Huvenne et crinoids construct mounds (called lithoherms) sev- al., 2005). Despite this diverse and large data set, eral hundred meters wide and 50 m high at 600–700 knowledge of the internal structure, initiation, and meters below sea level (mbsl) along the Straits of growth of these impressive seafloor features within Florida. They were considered to be an exceptional Porcupine Seabight has remained elusive. Explana- case of coral development in deep environments, but tions of the origin and evolution of the Porcupine contemporaneously similar structures had been rec- mounds revolve around two scenarios that can be ognized in numerous seismic profiles collected from considered as either competing or complementary the northeast Atlantic. hypotheses: (1) oceanographic and environmental Currently, the mounds associated with cold-water conditions control mound initiation and growth azooxanthellate corals are known to occur at depths (e.g., De Mol et al., 2002, 2005a; Huvenne et al., Proc. IODP | Volume 307 2 Expedition 307 Scientists Expedition 307 summary 2003, 2005), and (2) hydrocarbon seepage initiates tions and fault lines. Henriet et al. (2001) suggested microbial-induced carbonate formation and indi- that conditions in the Magellan mound province rectly fuels coral growth (endogenous control) (Hov- during glacial periods were probably suitable for gas land et al., 1998; Henriet et al., 2001). hydrate formation and that the decomposition of The oceanographic or environmental hypothesis gas hydrates could trigger a submarine slide. Later states that the most important condition stimulating phases of gas seepage would then be focused by this mound development is the interaction of hydro- and buried slide to specific locations, causing the ringlike sediment dynamics. The position and strength of structure in the Magellan mounds. The oceano- currents provide not only the nutrients for coral and graphic and fluid seepage scenarios could have acted other benthic biota but also clear stable substrates in a complementary fashion: microbially induced for settlement of coral larvae and inhibit the smoth- carbonate hardground