NAIION AL SKI PATROL
OutdoorEmergency Transportation
Principles of TobogganHandling
t-t \ I
The NSP Polcies and Procedurerhanual as ameded constitutes the approyed natio@l policies ofth€ NatioDal Ski Patrcl System, Inc. All other publications are edu@tion l ddments md my or my not re{ect ment NSP policies.
I N5P MISSIONSTATE M E NT I NSP providcs cducation and tEiDing iD
- credentialed outdoo. em€rqeDry care! and - ransponamn servrccs.
This enables metubers and other stakeholde,s to servc the outd@r recreation community.
NSP continually *plores new opportunitics lbr membershipand associationenhancement.
q\ ni Edlcatim Asistant, Eltabetl, lreon Editor,Rebe@ W. AyeB Oesisnand Layout,Enzed D6ign C@r lllustEtion, /Van.ySfarl Photography,Jo@thtu Se/.owitz,C{l Obanen, Cd Mutch,C$.ade ToboggaETn6e R.Fate, and Ctifford Chemins. Modelsptovided by the vailBeaw Oeek SkiPatrot (Cob6do), Jek@ Hoh/Stuw King SkiPatol (WyffiingL and the Beat Mtuntaj^ SkiPabol (Caryqnia).
@ copyristr 2005 by Ndional ski Pdrcl syd.m, rnc.
A[ nghb re*rwd. No pad of Ourdot EneryEncy TE zniztid: Pri^.;pl6 ol roboggan Hadlins na l,e rcrfodued, dor.d in a retfnal system,or t nsmited, in any form or by any meanFel..tonic, me.hankal, phdocopyiis, re.sdins, d dh.Ri5F thotn the prjor wirei pemissim of rhe Narional skj Pbrol tyd.m, Irc.
1335. van Gordo Sl..et, SultaI00
tsBN 0-9297521 5-5
Print.d in th. United Statesof Aneria @ r.i*eo * .e.rd* pape
OUTDOORF]VERGENCY TRANSPORTATION Acknowledoments
hc National Sli I'atrol .xtends a sincerethanl you to all tho volunteeredtheii lime and energyin the devclopdenl, review,and .ditins ofthis manual.These contribu- tions arewidely recosnizcdby the NSI' Board ofDiredors, th.: division d;ectors, the lransportation Programdirector and division supeNisors,rhe patrol direclors/repre scntalives,the national educationdcpartmcnt, md other srowspoftsorganizations. Those who lent their dpdlise in the creationofthis manurl ire lisled as lollowsl
WilliamSachs ..... NationalChair Cliflord Chewning . . . National lianspoftalioD Prosram D;ecror
National TaskCommitteet Mike Baker ...... FormerAssisia.t National Chairman tsobtsarci ...... Pacifi.NorthNest Division Rob Benda ...... IntcrmounrainDivision l)ebl)ani.ls... .lastern Division Cree Carman PrcfessionalDivisn,n KevinJohDK,n ...... lnlermountainDivis;on RandyMcNcil ... BasternDivision JerryMuszynski ...... far WestDivision JulieRust ...... ProfessnnalDivision Jeii S.hmidt ..... Ccntal Division
NationalTransportation Committee ALP]NE Mike Callahan ...... AlaskaDivision DanSomalski ...... CenhalDivision Kcith R,mcroy ... EasternDivisnn Mikc Staszewksi...... BuropeanDivision Lancc Vaughan . l-ar West Divisbn RandyEck ...... lntermountainDivision Bruce Amrine . . Northern Division RogerGiesley ...... I'acificNorthwcst Division Mark Gagc ...... Rocky Mountain Division HowardTilley ...... SouthernDivision
SNOWBOARD R;cbardlathlop . AlaskaDivlsn,n BobGood ...... C.ntralDivision Danicl Counis . Burop.an Divisbn RobBenda ...... lntermountainDivisrcn Bruce Amrine . . Northem Division Bob Barci...... Paci6cNorthwcsl Llivision Kcmeth Clarson . . . Rocky Mountain Division ClarkBell ...... SourhernDivision
ACKNOWLEDGMENT' NOR D1C Kenneth Powcrs. . AlaskaDivis;on Jefschmidt ...... CtenlralDivision PeteSnyder ...... IlaslemDivision Jay Ellinewood . EuropeanDivisn n Gwynne Pugh . . Fa. West Division Kcvin Johnson ...... Intefmountain Divisi,)n Bob Brophy ...... Norrhun Division BricGeisler ...... Pa.iiicNo hwestDivision KellyMcDevitt ...... RockyMountain Division PennyDimler . SouthernDivision
Othercontribuling NSP mernb€rs .. fd'rem D,v,,.un MorganAmstrong ...... SouthcrnDivision LindaBanhel ...... C..tralrtivision R{)bst Be.naros . Easre.nDilision Ed Berry...... EasternDivhion JayBiggs ...... l)a.i1icNo.thwestDivision, John Bolanda rastern Division Brct Brunner ...... Northem Division J€fBureess...... EasternDivision Phil Clritcher ...... Soufteh Divisjon TyDamon...... CenhalDivisbn BillDich ...... CenrialDivisbn LisaDoughty ...... RockyMountain Division BudDor' ...... FarwestDivision John Du ...... ltasteln Divisior Don Duthaler ... DasternDilisn,n Dick trvcrefi ...... NorthemDivision Tim Gaffn€y .... CcntralDivision Bd Gatclr ...... PacificNorthwcst Division l)imiti Gerdla;s ...... EasternD;visbn Bruce Geria.h . Northern Divisn)n BobGood ...... Cen|ralDivision RogerGrcsley ...... Pa.ificNoilhs,cst Division Daylc Hadden . Central Division Kcrstin Hammarbdg Jr.1Hd\l In, CenrralDivision LindaJacobs .... CcntralDivision Mai. Juvis ...... truropcanDivision r.rl J.rsc.. fr,\,:, Dv,s,on DcnnisJohnson Ccntral Division DanaJordan ... Cascadelbboggan John Kearing .... ClenftalDivision I'eterKeibel ...... BasternDivisn,n WaherLanel€it ...... PacificNofhwest Division
OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION Michael I-oy . . . Far West Division JoeMcNeer ...... SouthernDivision LeahMorgan .... CentralDivision BelaMlsils ...... llasternDivision Ce.aldNoe ...... ProfessrcnalDivision TonyOrtega ...... CentralDivision BenI'acal ...... Int.rmountai.Division RobeitParlhursr ...... FarWestDivision FrankP€tcrscn ...... RockyMountain Dilision IrcncP
National Office Staff ElizabethMason ...... EducationAssistanr Rebe..a \V Ayc^ ...... Directo. of Communications/Editor KyleHanv,n ...... AssociateDirector, Edu.ation Pro$ams Lci{Borqcson ...... lbrmerEducation Director JudyOrer ...... Forme.Education Di.ector
Chapter 1 lechnical Reviewer ChadieMacArthur ...... PSIADemo Tean
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS M OUTDOOREI14ERGENCYTRANSPORTATION Tableof Contents
INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTgR 5 ln.iderrS.ene Purpoeof the l4anlaL...... 1 49 Risk|4anasement...... 1 General Pdnciples ...... 50 PatrollerResponsibilities.. -...... -...... 2 TransportationManeuvers ...... 50 Customi2ingthe [4anua|...... 4 Approachinsthe IncidentScene andSecurinq theToboggan ...... -52 CHAPTER 1 skiing ard Snow6oa/ding Posjtioningthe Patientin theToboggan Ski(s robaggan Nancling 5 lbr andP.eparing for Transport...... 54 GeneralPrinciples.. -...... ,.... 6 Summary...... 56 OperatorFundamentals ...... -...... ,,... 6 TraininsExercGes...... 57 FundamentaLMmments...... ,,..8 AdaptjngBasic SkiLlsto Caryinq Equipment ..lJ CHAPTER 6 Operating a Loaded summafy...-...... , , ...... 14 Toboggan 59 TrainingExercises...... 14 General Principles ...... 60 ThnsportationManeuvers ...... 62 CHA PT E R 2 labaggens and Relatad Tw@HandlaToboggare 17 Descendingand Ascending the FaLlLine ...... 63 GeneralPrinciples..... -...... -...... 17 Nl@inqDirection Chang€...... 68 IobogganTypes...... 18 T6wrsinq...... -..69 TobogganComponents...... -- -...20 StaticDirection Change ...... 71 Toboqgan5to69e and Inspection Pmcedures .26 PowefStop ...... 72 RescuePacks...... 28 Parking-...... 72 Summafy...... 29 Fod Hadle ToboggaB TrainingExercises...... 29 DescendingtheFall 1ine...... --. I 3 CHAPTER 3 brr:rr and €oute lvl@ingDirection Chanse...... -. 75 31 TEveBing...... -75 GeneralPdnciples ...... -.....J2 Adaptiiqto Terainand Snow Conditions . . . . . 76 Temainand Snow Conditions ...... -...32 Slmmary...... --...... ,,...71 Routeseledion..,,,...... -..35 TrainingExercises ...... - -...,.,,.. 71 summary...... J5 CHAPTER7 aelafs TraininqExercises ...... ,. J6 GeneraLPrjnciples ...... 88 CHAPTER 4 Arrenti.:: an Urlaaded Static8e1ay,,...... -...... 88 lnboggan 37 Dynamic8e1ay ...... 90 Gene€lPrincip|es ...... - . . . . . 38 Summary...... , , , , . . . 91 Positioninthe Handles...... -...... J9 TraininqErercises ...... ,,...... 91
StaticDirection Change ...... -- -...,,,,42 INDEX...... r09 PowerStop...... -...... 4J FourHandleToboggais ...... 44 Summary...... 45 TEiningE}ercises...... 45 VJii OUTOOORE M ERGE NCY TRANSPORTATION Introclucl10r'l
PURFO9E OF Ti.iNlllANUAL mcmbers.Thc associaLion.its borrd of Thc'National Ski Patrol'sOurdoor Ern.rgen.l dire.tors. irs emplorees,and rts mcmb* lidnrporrdiori I'rin.ipl$.y'li)bl](lan Hdn,llin1 shir assumcno liabihi\' \\'harsoc!.. arising maDualis $titren for ski anJ sno{board oui o{ or rclarcd ro, an! damageor injut! patrcll$s $ho operaletoboggans dnd for rhat ma! occur duc 10 thc applicationo{ rhe inslru.i.rs Nho tral rhem in rhis spc thc inlormarjon and frinciplcs presented .ializ.d a.tilitl. Thc guldelinescontaulcd ir this manual cmphasizekev skills for cor nolline a toboggansaii'l! in the outdoor RI5K MANAC€i{EIIT 'lhere environmcnt uith proficiencrrcon{idcd.e, are mherent risks in sliing, snorv- and a\rd.nc* \laneuvers are describccl boardine,and operatne a toboggan. for a rariety ofcquipmeni. including alfinc lndiricluals may mitigatc nan! ol these (liled heel). t.l.ma.k (frcc hcel and nord,c risks thr.ugh fainng, pract,cc.and atten Llov ill). snorboarl, or crosscounrry tileness. Despte rhese.fi,rts. hou'ever. the inhcrnt risks ofthes. acrilities ma! llis manual is inrendt'clto serveas a rcsuk n iniury or c!.n dcath resource;n onjuncrion *i$ local prot
psIfiOLLi* RE 5 p O l.l5 i 6 I t ! T I e 5 \i,ur linressleleL $ttl uttinar..h d{c,mine Pcr thc NSP'SJoinr Star.rtJ,r ofLndcF rour abiLr o .njol rour spoft, borh as srandinss;h rh. \arional jjli Arcas recreationand a \ocarion. \oune of old, Asy,ciatxD (\SAA), areamandgcmcnr n.$ pro or old hand, \'our nrnesslc!e1 \,itl d.iefriies r}r rcss,nsibilniesofa parrollcr detennine lour rist ol injury and ability ro Unlesseiplicitlv rra;ned aD.lassigncd r., improve performancc. su.h tasls by ari:amanaqemcnt, NSP A roral titncssprrsram nusr balancethe mcmbcrs should .ot operaieaerial lilis. n..ds for ndibilir_\,,srr.ngrh, and endurarcc. us. exflosiles, adjLlstbindings or orher Alpinc aDdii,lemark ,lftrg anclsnowboard- cquipm.nt, proli.le skl/sno{board instnlc ;q trnlL t() buil.l srreDslhdispropo bnat,ny non or p.dorD odrcr scr!;rs thar are Dot ro llcxibihy and endlrance.Cioss countrl parr ol a parrolle.'s resporsibili\ Everr skiershare drc bcnenrofbuildineborh patrollcrslmuld underakc only thosca.riv; .Ddufanceand strcn$h. ResardlessofllN dcs lor \r'hichh. o(hc hasbccr spccificalll pa(i.ular.oDbinatio. ofsno\!spo(s, an) trained and assign..l. B\ lollo{,;.!. this program shoul.lb. supplemorrcd*rrh a a.hice, pa|rollcrs tr'ill prote.r rhcDS.hcs $ell-roundedcondLrbnins tlogr{m rhar lsaLnsrman\ arcasoi rot.nriaL liabih\. in.lud.s fl.aibilit\ fainDe \\rhenpa,licipatin!.m\Si'fal Igacrn Basic.omporerrsofa.ondirioni.q iries,NSIrm.mbcrs arc regutredro follow prosran in.lude acri\iri.'s rhar n)cus on starclaws (includingany applicableportior rh€'lollotrine: ofthe state slier salctvact), the wnren I \Ioror.onrrol. s!.h as coorctinatn,n, policiesofarca managcnrcnr,the \S| pio balanc., and agiLn\ erah su .lnres.and \our Rcsponsibiliry I Aerobic and araerobiccapacit,r Co.l., a bchaliof (aldard prmulsated br I illus.llar sttneth and.n.luranc. \SrL\ and endorscdb"- thc NSP a Nlus.l. Hcxibilirl and ioinr moblllr"-
2 OIJTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION In addition to targeting the basiccltr nr the nstructor's judgment, rhe sludent ments ofcondnn,ning, !ou can improve .annot complcte the program objer.tivcs speciliccomponr:nts of perlomance with cven with alailable reasonab!eac{a,mmo ex.rcis.s that imitarc thc moleDent pat dations.The insfuctor also may n:strict i(Jns ofa particuldr aclivit,v'l his is rhc |he srudent'spa.ticipation whcn it ntav basicprinclple ol faining know! as speci- bc significantll detrimental t<,the othr 6city. Fi$t you have to understandih. studenrs'abilit! to.omplet.: thc.bjectiles molements ofyour sport ln simple terms, all snowsportsiDvolve progress;ns down (or up) a snos' (r,red Sti.ldenteWith Disabilities {l Alpineskins her) NSP.ducati()n programsare not subject rebma$ sriiis (f@ hel, rc.dic dNnh{i) to larvsn:qulatins prblic a..oiimodanons lB with respectt<, accessibilit!. Nelertleless, rvhereverpossiblc, NSP dcs;es ro prolide {f sm*ueraine its cdr.alion progams io all elieiblcp*sors crc$-count.yskiins (tack andskate) rvhocan meet the reasonobler.quircments ifih o1 rhc program. \\'rhln the sisniJicant dme aDdbudqet constraints of a norprofit organization,NSP instructors $ill strive to proride reasonableacc<,mnodarions ro An1' pat of a slopc or trail ma\, be ste.p studentsrvith disabilities.It;s inLlmbenl or flat, smooth or moqllcd. groomed or upon pnrsp(1ilc sludenrsto bfing reLevanr un Erooned. or am combination rhcrcoll disabiliticsto thc artenlior oi lhe instru.t()r, Ilcrc are somc des.riprions ofthc varbus andto proposcancl rvorl our a pia! with thc tcrrain cordnions and cha.actc.;st;G pai insiructor lor reasoDableac.omnodad)ns rolers Nay en.ouni.f $liilc maneuvcrng that Nill dc.r the requirementsofthc frceram dnd rhe needsof the student. I Groomed. Snoir cornpactc.l and slrlace.l Thc instruclor has discretionto rcstnct by groomiDg equipment rhc participation01 a studcnt in all or anl I Packed powder. Snow.onpacted by part of re program.R, instancc,the skicr/snowboarrLcr traliic or groomine instructor ma,rrestrict p;' ;cipation Nhere, I Moeuls. SpaceclDounds ofnrm sno$ provid.d here. Lilesisc. ii rou are a! OtT creale.lnarurally b! skier,sno$boar.lcr insrrucror vou can us. dri! spaccLo kccp natiic or aniiiciallr bl qrooDing lrhiclcs. rrackofuselirl ranrine roolsancl pcrspcctives I Hca\I wet snow.Snonsith a hieh that mar nor bc rcflcctcd iD thts mdnual moisrure coDr.nr causcdb! a storm (,\ddiriofal lislruct{,r r.sou.cesand cor or b nretrnrgard hft:zing. r;nuing educarioniniormarion tbr robogean I B.€akablecrusl. A lalcr, usualll on irainingand prograns are arailabLt,ria rht rop, oi denscl\ ra.kcd or ic1 snor ovcr NSP ircbsLteat rvu(nsp.ors.) sofLsnou, unablc to suppon a skier, On a simil.r ropic. rhc c('nn,ftee hopes snorboarcbr's \icisht. rhar "-outrjll us. th. ma.ual to cnhanc. th. I Crud. Uneroomed..!r up, or inslghts and.:afefien.c \ou halc e,in.d ar tr..k..l sn.N rhe lo.alle\cl. Rc.o!.nizi'rg lh somc.f I Firm snor/hard pack. Firn snov dresedps and crcrcisesma! pela;r n, compactcdb! skicrhowboard rratfi. or localor rcsn,nalapproachca. rhc comm;ri.e groomine lc}icles. asksrhat 1ou sharetht,sc insiehts v) rhar I Posdei Ncq'h fallcn unpackedsrori. toborreantraining ac.ossrhe countn car bc I llar rerrain..\ slopew,th mi.;nal prrch. cnricbd for all patrollcrs ,\I ofih.sc lo.at. I Terain drop. An! abrupt n.eaiile cusr,nized tr,chnic}rcsand p.rspectiles slopc.ldiatnr.. may ol1crconsideraue raluc to your li,llo$ I Uphill. r\n\ posirile siop. drviatnnr. patollcrs in orlrer dilislons an.l acrossrhe I Do$nhill. Anr nceat^c sl{4rcdc!'iarion. qreaLstr,sDowboafd rcsorrs alfii;ared $ith rhc Natn,nalSki Patrol lnu nocr knowwhat CUSTOMiZIT.{C TflE MA[,UAL rteacouLd spark a ner,,more effecrirc The NSP Natiodal Tianstotation t.achins approach. ai)mmitlee has spcnt many houru culhi Pleasetake thc opponunir) to .onLribuic nating edreral fflnciplcs. nujor leamiDg ro th;s fro.e$ b\ scndineIour sreqenjons pomrs, and h.lptirl ll]Ilts 1ortlris manual to NSP TransponarionCommittec Chaia trascJon rhe invaluablccontriburions ol 133 Sourh VaDcordon .strc.r, Suile 100, tobogga. haDdLersan.L nstructon rhrough Lak.wood, Clolorado80228. \bu ma1.a1so our tlr .ornq Tlc comr rte haspursu.d e mail )-ourromnrents ro rhc NSP ..luca- ihis endea\orin a eood fairh elIort to con- rion LleparLmcntat educarion(t,nsP.ore soli.lateand locus the ourdoor €hclgcnq \our srgscsti(msma! be uscd in SIJ ranstortation euidcljncsfor roboeean Pdtrcl Md1dzitg,Pointds (.rh. insti!.ror's op.raro.s and nstru.iors slefi.r), and,/orin furur..dirions 01 'l The iansportation Comm irr.. r.cos Outdoq Entatenq Ttdns|.rtorion.Regardtcss nizes that as 1ou pradice t hes. prin.iplcs of hos' rire) ar. dissemi nared,! our insiqhrs rou ma\ discov.. rhat somc olthc roboe and contrihutions mar lcad io nnproled gar haD.llinqrechniques Nnh u,hr.l vou proccdurcsfor the care and transporr of are lahil;ar are nor includcclD this manual injurcd or iil outdoor cnthusiastsrhroush but ar dcrivcd from lour penonal cxperi- our lhe .ounr4, en.c or \oxr n*rudors kDo!\ledgcan.l dpertise. for this reason.Ounl.or Emtrya.) lidnspdrdtun dnrrains spaceIix notcs ;rt L. . l.",hr"rr,r,r,". 1o doun )ou. own re.omm.ndations. ta.dcs. or rcmindc6 to co.rplcmcnr dr. inlbrmaftn 4 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANsPORTATION CIIAPTER ' tqltrup *r=ri ffi *#wh**:r-#{r:6 %m;ililm"f,**r T,:i:*3il$ff *gr-r M*ru# tt ru6 s a patroller you are entrusted with ties, and examples of skiing/snowboarding the important task of using toboggans and tobogean-handling exercises.Practicing to transport injured or ill outdoor these movements often will help you become enthusiasts from the slopes or backcountry more versatile and confident durinq actual trails to the next level of care. To control a toboggan operations. toboqqan in the safest, most expedient man- ner possible, you must have a solid basis in fundamental skiing or snowboardine skills. $Lsnrru6xwwr?krstr{Y xc#ru$ This chapter contains general recommen- ffi nlpine skiing(fixed heet) dations to help you learn more about these $ Telemarkskiing (free heel, nordic downhitt) skills as they pertain to tobogean handling. Included are descriptions of these move- @ Snowboarding ments, sugqestionsfor learning activities, , ,'::,6re55-ssuntry skiing (track and skate) guidelines on warmup and stretching activi- GENgRAt PR!l\:f Ipl-C5 and in good condition, and try to stay on I Demonstrate the essential movements slopes that are appropriate for the activity ofefficient skiing/snowboarding as as well as your proficiency level. defined by the Professional Ski Instructors of America (PSIA) and the Gbjectives American Association of Snowboard The toboggan handler will Instructors (AASI) and as described in I demonstraie proficiency in the maneu PSIA-AASI training materials. vers required to control a toboggan in I Use the PSIA and AASI skill levels- varied conditions, and which instructors use to identify a skier/ I demonstrate maneuvers on alpine, tele- snowboarder'soverallproficiency-as mark,snowboarding,orcross-country reference points in toboggan training. equipment as defined by area manage- I Enlist the expertise of PSIA- and AASI- ment or the public lands administrator. certified instructors when learning skiing/ snowboarding techniques. Also use them Maj*r Learning Foints as a resource for providing appropriate Demonstrate the fundamental movements exercises for fundamental skills. common to skiine and snowboardins. I Identify and comply with the level of skiing/snowboardingproficiencythat *aiancing mcvem*nts area management or the public lands 1. Maintain equilibrium (fore and aft; side administrator requires of its patrollers. to side). This entity-not the patrol--deter- 2. Make movements to regain balance. mines the required proficiency levels of its patrollers and the equipment they €dge contral rnpvement: will use in the course of their duties. 1. Use your ankles, knees, hips, and spine I Recognize the need to prepare your to adjust the degree ofyour body's tilt body for skiing/snowboarding, toboggan in relation to the equipment. handling, and training activities. Follow 2. Apply and adjust the angles between general guidelines for warming up, your equipment and the snow. stretching, and using proper lifting techniques. Acknowledge your comfort Rctary movemenis level, and make it a priority to stay 1. Make movements that occur in a circu- healthy and injury-free. lar motion around a vertical axis of your body. *PERATOR FUNDAMEn:?ALS 2. Makemovements that originatefrom ThissectioncontainSthegeneralcriteriacertainjoints(yourhipsandankles,but for the skiing/snowbaarding movements not your knees). required to serve as the front or tail rope 3. Actively guide or steer your equipment operator of a toboggan (table 1.1). Also (with your femurs) . included are the primary toboggan-handling maneuvers for operators on alpine skis, tele- Pressure cgntrsl l::overlents mark skis, a snowboard, or cross-country skis. 1. Leverage your weight to control the Always use good judgment when per- equipment. forming these or any other patroller training 2. Adapt to terrain changes using propul- exercises.Try to find a spot for training and sion movements of your ankle, the ball practice that is away from slope-side traffic. ofyour foot, your knee, hip, and spine Also, make sure your equipment is tuned (as in skating and sidestepping). 6 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION Blend the fundamental movements in P i+{} T{:: i " i Alpine skier various snow conditions, including powdeq packed powder, moguls, groomed snow, hard pack, crud, and on flat terrain. Be able to I demonstrate the ability to maintain a centered and balanced stance, I use edge/pressure control through anqulation of the hip, I exhibit rotary movemsnl-51ss1i1g nnd pivoting with the whole body and with upper/lower body separation, and I practice a solid stance with upper and lower body separation. f{*ipf#i ftrn?5 I Match the basic skills and technique adaptations with the terrain and snow conditions on any given day, practicinq these techniques in corridors. TAgLT1.,1 SKIING/SNOWBOARDING MANEUVERS RELATED TO TOBOGGAN HANDLING Alpin* and Ye{*noarkSkiing Snowboarding f rcse-cor.rntrySkii*g X Wedge I Climbinglstairstep I Diagonalstride (traditional) X Wedgeturn (rearfoot out of binding) * Doublepole (with and S Sidestep I Skating (onefoot out without kick) X Sidestip of binding) J Sidestep : I Stemturn t 180-degreejump turn I Wedge I Movingdirection change I Sidestip,toeside and T Wedgeturn (transition) heelside , Heringbone X Short-,medium-, and I Skiddedturn x Kickturn long-radiusturns I switch (fakie) I Stem turn * Faltingleaf , Fatlingteaf, toeside and I Traversing(ctimbing and X Traversing,both sides heelside descending) * Herringbone : Pivottransition Short-,medium-, and * Parallelturn (skidded) t Movingdirection change Iong-radiusturns X Skating {transition) * Stepturn * Kickturn Traverse,toeside and I DiagonalV-skate I Parallelturn (carved) heelside * Skating(V1, V2. and * Telemarkturn Short-,medium-, and V2 alternate) long-radiusturns I Sideslip Carvedturn T Fatlingleaf I Parallelturn , Telemarkturn CHAPTER1: SKIING AND SNOWBOARDINGSKILLS Adapt follow-the-leader exercises to vari- F F{gT0 i . ? Telemarkskier ous training situations. Master one skill in a progression before moving to the next. For example, begin with edging exercises, then add rotary movement drilis. Do traverse exercises and progressions, steering exercisesand progressions, angulation exercises ofthe knee and hip, and exercises for upper and lower body separation as described in PSIA-AASI publications. $ Experiment with different stance angles and fore-and-aft binding place- ment to determine how they affect the operation of your snowboard. Incorporatetransition moves into a flat spin on unchallenging terrain (on snow, not jumps), rotating clockwise, then counterclockwise. Fii f* *&&: € fci?&L M*V g &*€ fdYg Skiing, snowboarding, and toboggan handling-in addition to the training you without loss of strength. The first rule of do to prepare for these 261iyi1igs-21s 2ll any training activity is to limit the risk to physically demanding pursuits that should yourself and the other participants. Always be preceded by gentle warm-up and stretch- warm up and stretch the muscles before ing exercises.You can avoid residual discom- engaging in strenuous physical activities fort and the potential for injury by taking such as skiing, snowboarding, and tobog- the time to adequately prepare your mus- gan handling. It is essential that each train- cles for high-energy movements and tests ing sessionbegin with ample time for of endurance. warm-up and stretchingacrivities. Take the time to do these activities before Flexibility and conditioning don't happen practicing the fundamental movements of overnight; it takes time, repetition, and dis- skiing and snowboarding. Then, work on cipline to improve in this area. That said, the fundamentals in safe, unchallenging physical conditioning is not a focus of this situations until you have increased your manual, and each individual is responsible confidence and proficiency to the point for his or her own level offitness. In general, that you are ready to move on to the next instructors should take into consideration level of difficulty. their students' overall fitness when deter- mining the type and level of activity to W*rrx-xp e*d $*r*te*:i*g incorporate into the training session. Flexibility is an important area that is all Contrary to popular opinion, warming too often neglectedduring training activi- up and stretching are not the same thing. ties. Flexibility can be defined as the ability Before stretching, it is extremely important to flex, extend, or rotate the body's joints to warm up. Stretching a cold muscle could through their extended range of motion Iead to injuries, including muscle tears. Five 8 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION to 10 minutes of a light cardio exercise can Hold for 15 to 30 seconds,Repeat on help warm up the muscles and get the body both sides with increasingly greater flex. ready for the stretching and training activi- I With skis on and using poles for balance, ties. A warm-up is thought to improve the gradually turn one leg out so that the tip body's range of motion and prevent sore- ofyour ski is pointing toward the back ness. Warming up means loosening the and the tail is pointing toward the front. muscles and raising the body temperature Hold for 15 to 30 seconds and repeat on and heart rate gradually to prepare the body the other side. This exercise stretches for exercise-an important factor in the both the quadriceps muscles and the cold, outdoor environment. hamstring muscles. Select a 5- to 10-minute warm-up activity based on the location and training environ- Note; Remember not to force the muscles, ment. This could consist of a simple hike but to slowly increase the range of motion to a meeting location or a smooth warm-up to resistance. run on an easy trail. "from Begin the stretching routine the FniLlsa*d *xqreisssf*r Skiing head down" as suggested in the following lW*v*c'n*ntsand S$**Ds example: Reprinted, by permission, from Alpine I Do 10 to 15 head rotations in both Technical Manual: Skiing and Teaching directions: roll your chin down to your Skills. 02002 by the Professional Shi chest, then to the left, to the rear, and to lnstructor s of America. the right, then back to the chin. (Be sure not to overextend your head backward, Sometimes when teaching, you need to which can cause excesscompression focus on one particular movement or skill. ofthe cervical vertebrae.) Next, do 10 to The drills and exercises presented below 15 forward shoulder rotations, gently are suggestions for teaching particular rolling the shoulders in small circles movements and skills to alpine and tele- while keeping your hands at your sides. mark skiers, but it is important for you Repeat in the opposite direction. to realize that they are not progressions. I Extend your arms horizontally out to Instead, they are used to isolate and high- the sides and make 10 to 15 small and light particular movements and skills. Use large circles in both directions. Repeat them as part of a progression and tie them in the opposite direction. back into blended skiing. Recognize that I Rotate your hips in increasingly larger many more exercises exist than are listed circles, with your hands on your hips for here. Also notice that many of the exercises balance. Do 10 to 15 rotations in both that you use to enhance one movement or directions. skill can carry over to another, Remembeq I Swing each 1egforward and then back- the focus that you and your students ward 10 to 15 times, using ski poles choose is what makes the exercise work. for balance. I Keeping one foot flat on the snow, step **i*ncing and 5t*nc* forward with your other foot and hold ooooo for 15 to 30 seconds to gently stretch o Hop in ski boots, but without skis your calf. Repeat on the opposite side. and poles I Slowly stretch the inner thigh by step- O Hop with skis.on flat terrain ping sideways, keeping one leg straight o Shift weight fore and aft on two skis and flexing the opposite knee laterally. while stationaryto feel the ball, arch, CHAPTER1: SKIING AND SNOWBOARDINGSKILLS and heel ofthe foot (rocking horses) release your edges and slip down and o Get super tall and super short while across the hill, then reengage your edges doing a straight run on two skis and continue across the hill) o Hop with both skis while in a straight run I Railroad track turns (start in the fall line in a fairly wide parallel stance; make ITIII large, patient sidecut turns in the fall I Ski without poles line by merely tipping both legs at the I Thousand-step turns on gentle terrain same time, engaging the edges and (constant baby steps throughout the allowing the skis to turn; the terrain turn) should be fairly gentle as speed increases I Small leaper and hop turns (slight hop when done cleaniy) into the air at the start of the turn; land a 180 and 360 spins on the snow on and finish the turn on the ground) gentle terrain aaaaa Ratary Mavern*ntE I Thousand-stepturns ooooo I Leaper and hop turns with and without O Ti-rrning movements while off the skis "figure ski poles O Make 8s" on two skis in a large O Spiess turns (18O-degreeturn in the circle on flat terrain air; land parallel and on edges with a O Hop to a wedge position on flat terrain solid pole plant, then jump up and O Tirrn skis to a wedge position on turn 180 degrees in the air) flat terrain I Javelin turns (pick up the inside ski and cross its tip diagonally over the outside I I I I I ski throughout the turn, keeping the ! Sideslips on a gentle slope inside ski suspended through the arc I Hockey stops of the turn) I Foot arcs without skis (use poles for balance) [e!ging Movernr:nts ooooo aaaaa O Sidestep up a gentle slope without skis O Pivot slips (sideslip,then spin skis 180 o Sidestep up a gentle slope with skis on degreeswhile on the snow;then O Gentle traverses on a green slope sideslip,all whilemaintaining a constant O Herringbone up a gentle slope speed) O Wedge stops on a gentle slope a Spiessturns a Stem turns (use one ski as a platform TITTI while you place or skid the other ski out I Skate without poles across flat terrain to start a turn) I Thousand-stepturns Step turns (stand firm1y on the downhill I Sideslips and hockey stops ski while it is edged; pick up the uphill ski and place it either parallel, diverging, aaaaa or converging to the downhill ski, then I Spiessturns step onto that ski and move into the I Javelinturns new turn) I Edge-setreleases in a traverse(traverse Tarrelin trrrnq J*'""_"*^|i" acrossthe hill with your edgesengaged; OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION I r*s:i,rl* 1I* i'i*; r rr * l1 itFJ*T# 1 "# Snowboarder oocoo o Hop in ski boots, but without skis and poles o Get super tall and super short while doing a straiqht run on two skis o Hop with two skis on flat terrain o Shift weight from foot to foot (lift the ski that you are not on) o Press shins into fronts of the boots (take shins off the fronts of the boots; repeat several times) ffiF**€ ffi Small leaper and hop turns € taverse acrosssmall bumps (practice S &depe**i**s{**" S***ab**rding absorbingterrain, keeping conlacl The following drills and exercrsesare sug- between the skis and the snow) gestions for teaching particular movements € Sideslips and hockey stops and skills for snowboarding, but it is impor- € One-ski turns on flat terrain (lift inside tant to reahze that they are not progressions. ski off snow through the turn) Again. recognizethat many more exercises exist than are listed here. aaaaa I Spiess turns (land soft like a cat, then BEi;*re ikii;c hard like an elephant) I Switch traverse-Move across the fall I Extension turns (change edges with an line in a backwarddirection. ewtpnqrnn mmra l I Forward traverse-Move across the fall i Skiing gentle bumps with no pole plant line in a lorward direction. or pole touch I Hopping-Hop up and land softly, i Retraction turns (change edges with a simultaneouslyon borh tip and tail. rorran+inn mm,o\ ldgirr;3rili; F,i* r:J i ;:1 iH*v* :'rrc nl: I Heelside and toeside sideslips in a Movements and skills can be viewed and narrow corridor-Vary the edge angle developed independently of each other. to vary the speed. Most of the exercises listed previously I Falling leaf-Initiate a traverse, return involve some type of blending of more than to a neutral edge, reverse direction. one movement or skill. For example, when I Thrusting-Accelerate by extending focusing on a clean and precise edge set flexed legs on a downslope. and edgecontrol while practicingspiess I J turns-Make a turn in a single direc- turns, you still have to rotate your legs tion until coming to a stop uphill. 180 degreesto get to the other set of edges. I Garlands-Steer the board from a You also need to manage pressure when traverse into the fall line, then back you land so that you do not jar your back to the original direction, and continue and iegs. Last but not ieast, remember to this seriesof maneuvers. land in a balanced stance so your skis do I Hopping uphill-Hop uphill toeside not shoot out from under you. or downhill heelside CHAPTER1: SKIING AND SNOWBOARDINGSKILLS 11 !:;.,i1 l.:l'::.::..: ,.:):.:.t,-..:::.',..:t"lj:-,i', :t:-::.,,:,,',::'.i:;:: wa,vof upper and lou,er bodv rotation as I Stationaryjump turns-Make a 180- u ell as weightingand unueighr ing. degreejump turn, landing in the same I Toesidero heelside-Change the point location. of snou-to-board contact from the toe- I Pouerstop (hockel'srop)-Flex the side edge to the heelside edge by wav of ankles, knees, and hips rvhile pivoting upper and lou,er body rotation as well as both feet across the fall line to come to rveiqhting and unweighting. ^- ;--^lt^+^ ^+^^ drl 111r111EUrALCDLUP. ,'..-...,:,:, :.,,:t . i:..:..:::, ::: :,.': :, |. :'.4| j ::t.:..,: |.: X Jump turn, spin right; and jump turn, Foru ard to switch- \tr hile moving spin left. loruard and leadingwith rhe rip of I Sidestep ascent with one foot free. the snowboard, perform a 1SO-degree ! W'edge dance-Push or step on one maneu\rer and continue in the same foot, then the otheq rvhile moving down direction, now leading with the tail. the fall line. Srvitch 16 f6y1y616l-While morinq forrvard and leading rvith the tail of 4* :: p-:i,r:!*;i1 f*:- {. ;"*;:-**;;* f i'ii the snou'board, perform a 180-degree *!';ii:''g maneuver and continue in the same The follou,ing driils and exercises are sug- direction, norv leading u'ith the tip. gestions for teaching particular movements Heelside 16 169sids-Qhange the point and *kills for cross-counlr)track and skare of snou-to-board contact from the skiing, but it is important to realize that heelsideedqe ro the roesideedge by thev are not proqressions.Aqain, recognize ir"ll il: 1':":fLri cross-countryskier 12 OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION that many more exercises exist than are Other Maneuvers listed here. I Kick turn left and right, with and with- out poles. Saiance5killE I Sidestepup and down the hill. I Diagonal stride-Move the arms and legs in a cross-lateral (opposite) motion, ADAPTIN€ BAgTC SKILI.S TO as in walking. eARRYTf\l&EQUrpf*r€NT I Step 1u1n-\,{aks a turn by maintaining The realities of the outdoor environment one ski as a platform and stepping the are such that patrollers must travel on skis other ski into a converging, diverging, or a snowboard while carrying a variety of or parallel position. equipment from one location to another, be it down an icy ski slope or across a Edging5kilts rugged backcountry trail. It is essential I Herringbone-Stepuphill with the skis that patrollers transport equipment in in a V-shapedposition. such a manner as to reduce the potential I Skating-Position the skis into a V shape for injury to themselves and others. and make a strong push-off from ski to Applying basic movements of efficient ski, so that you are gliding onto the skiing/riding as described in PSIA-AASI diverging ski and then back to the origi- training materials is essential when carry- nal ski. ing and transporting equipment. (Note: I Skate 1u1ns-r\ssglerate around corners It is important to never demonstrate incor- with the skis in a V-shaped position. Step rect methods, as this could cause injury.) off of one ski, then onto the diverging Here are some suggestions for how to ski, and bring the other ski parallel. carry out this function safely and efficiently. Upper and Lower Body Separation Objective Shitls The toboggan handler will demonstrate I Diagonal stride with poles-Alternate effective fundamental skills while trans- the movementsof the arms and legs (as porting a variety of equipment on different in walking) to glide. types ofterrain and snow conditions. I Sliding on skis-Shuffle the feet without lifti-- rh.- Major LearningPoints I Gliding on skis-Move both skis with a I Adjust your speedand skiing/riding static body position; move from ski to style to the equipment you are carrying, ski, shifting weight to the gliding ski and the terrain, the weather,the snow condi- remaining centeredover that ski. tions, and the skiier/snowboardertraffic, I Double poling-Use both arms to push if necessary, on the poles simultaneouslyfor forward I Use both hands,if possible,to better momentum. support the weight of the equipment, maintain balance,and manageany Wedge 5kills wind resistance. I Skiddedand carvedwedge comparisons I Recognizethat your turns may be less I Gliding and brakewedge comparisons polishedthan when free skiing or riding. I Maintain a clearfield of vision. Trans!tionSkills I Emphasizecaution and goodjudgment I Wedgetransitions (pivot and skid) while transporting any equipment. I Sidesliptransitions CHAPTER1: SKIING AND SNOWBOARDINGSKILLS 13 *{etrpf*iFi*mts to prepare yourself sufficiently for the task I Use an available empty toboggan to at hand: warm up and stretch before you ski transport equipment to the scene. or snowboard, operate a toboggan, or engage I Use a large bag with shoulder straps to in any other rigorous activity. Incorporate store equipment in the toboggan and elEcient skiing/snowboarding movements keep it dry. This also makes carrying the into your transportation techniques to help unused equipment easier and safer. strengthen your proficiency and reduce the I Use tape to secureloose items into one chance of injury and fatigue. Finally, don't compact bundle, which will make items forget to comply with proper lifting princi- easier to carry. ples whenever possible. These common-sense patrolling credos 5 U fr?{t44 RY are well worth heeding, They can benefit Moving a toboggan down a steep, icy slope you personally while contributing to the or across a backcountry trail requires consid- safe, elficient transport ofyour patients erable stamina, skill, and confidence. Be sure across the snow-covered slopes and trails. rRAlNrht6 EXERClsss. Thereare numerousdrilts designed to help patrollersstrengthen their overallskiing and snowboard- ing proficiency,which witt increasetheir versatilityand confidencewhen transportinga toboggan. Individualdrilts describedin previoussections can be madeeven more challengingwhen combined asfotlows: I Havetrainees start from a straightrun and pivotskis into a sideslip(trying both right and teft). I Encouragethe group to vary the speedat which they pivottheir skisinto a sideslip(slower can be harderbut is more measured). I Teltthe patrollersto do a straightrun. then moveinto a sideslip,fatting teaf, and backto a straightrun. I Havethe traineestry kick tufns on flats and varyinginclines, with and without poles. I Havethe traineespractice a skatingtraverse to maintainand gain altitude (the downhittski skates,and the uphittski stepsup the slopeon a steeperpitch). I Whencombining sidestepping with a forward glide,the traineesshould {ocus on steppingthe tail of the skia tittlehigher than the tip of the ski. I Beforetrainees try this with a toboggan,have them try different handpositions while perform- ing the abovetasks. For instance, they can practicewith their handson their hipsor on their headsto devetopbetter balance.Also they cantry this with backpacksof differentweights. "heavier" Pointout to the group that they may discoverit is easierto turn their legs undera torso providedthey are progressivein their steeringand pivoting. "mirror" "copy-cat" I Practice of skiingwith any of these maneuvers.Have the traineesfollow an experiencedskier/snowboarder or instructor,mimicking their actionson a varietyof terrain andconditions. I Mogul conditions:When skiing moguls, trainees shoutd concentrate on establishinga rhythm, weightingthe outsideski futtyon its insideedge and maintainingcontinuous, ftuid vertical motion.At the initiationof eachturn, they needto rememberto projectthe body down the hitt in the directionof the new turn. To unweight,they shouldtry turning on the tops of the moguls. As they approachthe mogut,they shouldkeep their kneesloose and flexingto absorbthe continued > 14 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION TnAINING EXERCtSe5:. continu:ed mogul.The traineesshould touch the insidepole to the snowslightly forward and downhillwhen crestingthe mogul,steer the skisaround the pole,and pressthe skisdown againstthe backside o{ the mogulto completethe turn in the trough. Havethem vary the edge angleto makecarved or skiddedturns. The group shouldpractice absorbing moguls between turns while maintaining a constantspeed. i Powderconditions: Turning in powderis a slowerprocess than turning on packedsnow. Have the traineesstart with a strongup-unweighting at the beginningofthe turn. Theyshould actively steerthe insideski to help initiatethe turn. Tellthem to extendand usea twisting/pushing motionwith both feet to guidethe ski tips toward and acrossthe fall line.They shoutd flex to absorband finishthe turn. Havethe group start with long-and medium-radiusturns, then progressto short-radiusturns. On short-radiusturns, when the traineesfeel the resistanceofthe snowagainst their skisat the end o{ oneturn, they shouldrelax and let the snowpush their feet, skis,and kneesupward (unweighting).Then they needto push,twist, and steerthe ski tips toward and aooss the fatl tine and the tails of the skissideways. On steepslopes, tell them to pushthe skisdown into the snowat the end ofthe turn to controlspeed. f {| naapt the aboveexercises for snowboardmaneuvers where applicable. I $ Usingcommercial and fabricatedtoboggans, have trainees work on devetopingstamina and enduranceover distance and variedterrain, with necessarypatient careequipment (Oz pack, backboard)loaded in the toboggan. I Havethe group practicecarrying a smallbundle of untied bambooon variedterrain to strengthen their balancingskills and con{idence. I Havethe traineespractice carrying other patient careequipment on variedterrain to strengthen their balancingskills and confidence. &*tes: CHAPTER1: SKIING AND SNOWBOARDINGSKILLS l3 Tmh#ff#ffi F":ffi mr:# ff-ry&-ftm# ffiqru$pre=*vt€ ecause you may need to operate dif- characteristics of various toboggans. Also ferent types and configurations of included are generally accepted guidelines on toboggans in the course ofyour duties the storage, inspection, and care of tobog- at an alpine resort or backcountry area, you gans and other transportation equipment. should familiarize yourself with all of the transportation equipment available at your s grd tr*aAL p gqgr**apL*$ area and learn to use it before the occurrence fl Understand all of the components of the of an actuai emergency situation. area's toboggans and learn the methods This chapter contains useful information for using all accessoriesand anchors. on the design components and performance * Be familiar with the features of different toboggansand learn which types are gx"*w% best suited to certain situations (depend- %*xwg\'{&wwwgw w*rlery ing on terrain, weatheg snow conditions, ffi rupin"skiing (fixed heet) distance to destination, and the operator's mode of travei, i.e., skis/snowboard or a d& Tetemarkskiino (free. Iteel, nordic downhill) snowmobile or other all-terrain vehicle). ffi Snowboarding I Develop systematic, routine habits for - - Cross-countryskiing (track and skate) inspecting all components of each type oftoboggan used at the area. ?*****ehi TYp€s them inflexibie in a fixed position. This Depending on the environment in which you Iocked-handle position enables the operator patroi (an alpine resort versus a backcountry to apply or reduce pressure to the body of area) and the policies of the local area man- the toboggan, which enhances the operator's agement or public lands administration, you control when the toboggan is loaded. The may use one or more different types or con- tail rope attached to the rear of the tobog- figurations oftoboggans. Patrollers in the gan allows for the tail rope operator to per- alpine downhill environment (alpine skiers, form back-up braking and control slippage. telemark skiers, and snowboarders) tend to Four-handle (fixed-handle) toboggans use two-handle (locking-handle) or four- (photo 2.2) usually consist of a bathtub- handle (fixed-handie) toboggans whereas shaped shell made of fiberglass or metal patroilersin the backcounlryenvironment with four separate metal pole-style handles tend to use commercial portable types or that can be inserted and locked in a fixed improvised toboggans fashioned from skis, position. When the four-handle toboggan poles, and other items they carry to the is loaded, the two operators have a differ- incident scene. ent kind of control over the toboggan than Two-handle (locking-handle) toboggans they would with a two-handle toboggan. In (photo 2.1) consist of a shell that is usually other words, because each person has two made of fiberglass or Kevlar material; handles, they both have a direct connection attached metal handles; and a tail rope. to the toboggan. This requires particularly The front handles may be placed in a hinged coordinated teamwork to operate efficiently. position for a flexible up-and-down move- Four-handle toboggans are used most often ment during unloaded travel, or they may in off-trail rescues and in steepe6 more be secured with locking mechanisms, making adverse conditions. FFe*Y# ft . t Two-handletoboggans p F3#T# 18 OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION Commercial portable toboggans (photo I When the handles are unlocked, you can 2.3) are relatively lightweight two-piece flex or pivot the toboggan, enabling it to units that are carried by the patrollers and be towed by a mechanical device. assembled at the scene.These are typically ! You can unlock the handles and fold used at nordic centers or in the backcountry. them down for easier storage and uphill Improvised toboggans (photo 2.4) are francnnrtetinn created from materials and equipment that the patrollers have on hand, such as skis, F**r-ile**l* T*i:l* g*rr poles, and tarps. These are used when no Here are some common features of four- commercial toboggans are available. handle toboggans: I When two peopleare operating lhe "make **je*?iv** toboggan, they can light" (i.e., The toboggan handler will elevate the toboggan running surface ! describe the features of the four tobog- above the snow) over flat terrain when gan types identified in this manual, and the toboggan is loaded, thus eliminating € identify the types of toboggans used at resistance from the snow surface and the home area. allowing easier and quicker transport over flat terrain or in wet, heavy snow. fl4*j*n!***:"x'aireg F*i*:*s P # *l T# ? .4 Improvisedtoboggan T;rrc* * e n i i* Tr-:*,: g ;* rr* Here are some common features of two- handle toboggans: il You have more flexibility with unlocked handles.The tobogganis easierto maneuver and transport at high speeds while stiil allowing the fins to dig in and track through the snow. (Note; It is strongiy advisable to lock the handles when transporting heavy loads such as a patient or equipment so you can use the chain brake for control.) m6+Si# fr. I Commercialportabletoboggan CHAPTER2: TOBOGGANSAND RELATEDEQUIPMENT I With two operators, the four handles ffi*lpfax&ffiimt* provide added stability when traversing f For details on improvising toboggans, and when belaying into and out of a site. please refer to Mountain'liauel and Rescue 'IiainingManual I The four handles provide added maneu- (NSP 1995) and Nordic verability in deep snow and the ability (NSP1ee8). to make the toboggan light enough for I Familiarizeyourself with the various the snowpack. toboggans used at your home area. I The rear operator provides additional I Be aware ofwhen and why these tobog- stability, allowing the team to make gans are used based on their features tighter turns and make the toboggan and performance characteristics. light, enhancing its suitability for off- I When visiting other areas, observe trail terrain. which types of toboggans the patrol I This type oftoboggan provides the uses; find out why the patrol uses a par- operators with the option to use the ticular type oftoboggan for a specific chain brake for even more control. situation so you can learn more about possible applications and adaptations. C*mnr*rci*l FsrlabiE T*b*qqan: Here are some common features of com- Y*****46* e*s4p# rd & ru?s mercial portable toboggans: Features vary on different toboggan types, I This type of toboggan is a lightweight but here are some common components two-piece unit that can be disassembled among the equipment used in outdoor and carried to the incident scene, then emergency transportatron scenarlos. quickly assembledro transportrhe I Shell (photo 2.5).The main body of the "sled" patient to the destination. toboggan, this is the curved that I The operators can use the commercial carries and supports a patient and/or portable toboggan either with or without equipment. It may be constructed of the handles. fiberglass, Kevlaq aluminum, or wood, I This toboggan is appropriate for use in depending on the model. The front of "bow," all seasonsbecause it can be set on a litter the shell is referred to as the and "stern." wheel apparatus. the rear is referred to as the I This toboggan is appropriate for use in I Fins (photos 2,6,2.7). These metal low-angle rescues because it is light and pieces vary in length and width to sup- easy to transport. port tracking and maneuverability in different terrain and snow conditions. ir: pravis*d T*i:*g;a ns Bolted to the bottom of the toboggan, "edges." Here are some common features of impro- the fins serve as its vised toboggans: I Handles (photos 2.8,2.9). These sturdy ! They are portable; they can be assembled handholds provide a direct connection and disassembled easily. between the operator and the toboggan. I They are relatively lightweight, which They may consist of stainless steel, alu- makes them ideal for longer evacuations minum, titanium fiberglass,rope, webbing as well as uphill and downhill transport. with padded shoulder or waist harnesses, I They are fashioned from materiais the or other fabricated devices. Handles can rescuers carry with them aiong with the be attached in a fixed or hinged manner patient's skis and poles. to the front and/or back ofthe toboggan. I They have a harness, allowing for hands- The operator(s) uses the handles to con- free operation. trol speedand direction. 20 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION Ft4#T&#.* Fin P9{*?# ff"? Fins €$E{ & ?& ff . * Handles,two-handle toboggan F fti*TB P. S Handles,four-handle toboggan CHAPTER2: TOBOGGANSAND RELATEDEOUIPMENT ffiaj*r il**r*i*g F**mts g # *:'* E.: S Hitchoin for fixed handles di:*li li Is usually one-piece but can be two-piece. & Features an anti-suction tunnel and cambered base. fi Has a wide nose. 3 Has a rolled edge to keep snow out and provide for easy lifting. Contains accessoriesattached at strategic locationsthat serveas belaypoint s. Is constructed with metal skid plates that minimize the drag on flat terrain and pro- vide abrasion resistance to rocks, ice, etc. Is constructed with bow guards that act as a buffer between the shell and the P 4 *T* i3.ra 4 Hingedhandles chain brake. ffi,t iiir: il Long fins provide better tracking when the tobogganis turning. I Short fins enhance the toboggan's short- radius turning ability. & Deep fins are used in soft snow & Shallow fins are used in harder snow ff Canted fins offer a more positive con- nection to the snow on a steep traverse. 6 Offset fins offer better snow-surface grip _"-'"_.-5*___in irrporrlar ferrain *;i:*i*: Fixed hondles ffir the followingbenefits: 5 They provide better speedconlrol L^^^ ^ :". '-ease uELdunE yvu Lall r1lrr or decreasethe weight of the load on the chain break. X They a11owyou to fold the handles back S They provide better trackinq ofthe tobog- for ease of storage and uphill transport. gan becauseyou can increaseor decrease X They a11owyou to attach towing acces- the weight of the load on the fins' edges. soriesat pivot anchor points. I They allow you to lift the toboggan B You can attach the handles to the tobog- directly. gan with locking boltt or caprivepins. X Hitch pins a11owyou to secure handies as needed (photo 2.15). L*i *l X They ailow for easy storage and uphill Hinged handles(photo 2.16) ffir thefollowing trrnsnnrtatinn benefits: X They allow for ease of handling; they are fr Theyprovide better handling in undu- unlocked when the toboggan is empty and '*!!__5latino terrain9!-__"ii'' locked when it is loaded. CHAPTER2: TOBOGGANSAND RELATEDEOUIPMENT 23 They allow the operator to effectively P$*#TG t.n? Handlelocn apply the chain brake and release the braking action when required, They appear in various configrrrations of aluminum plates, rigid casting, and hinged fiberglass plates (photo 2.17). e hainfirnk* I The front operator applies weight and pressure to the bow ofthe toboggan to"- enp-aoe-__5*5- the chain into the snow for speed controi. I The chain can be strapped or tied rear- ward to maintain engagement. I The chain is strapped to the handles ,&"cre * s* ri* r when not in use. I Patient cover/tarp-Shields the patient I Adaptations include the use of multiple from inclement weatheq snoq or other chains and rope leashes, debris and helps to keep the person warm, dry, and feeling secure without Taii **p* compromising accessto the patient's I Enablesthe rail rope operatorto assisr head for monitoring or treatment. the front operator with braking the tobog- I Patient pad-A durable padding gan as needed. (e.g., foam) that provides additional X Allows the tail rope operator to help the insulationfor the patient. front operator maintain the track of the Webbing-Flat woven nylon that is toboggan during steep traverses. either single thickness or tubular. tr Allows the tail rope operator to help the Because of its strength-to-weight ratio, front operator pu1l the toboggan through it is preferred for such applications as flat terrain, wet snow conditions, and on slings and harnesses. uphill stretches. Carabiner-A hinged. gated device C Can be used as a belaying device. that provides a quick attachment method between ropes and a piece of hardware, Peti*nt Streps eliminating the need for tying and I A variety of strap types are used for untying knots. It also provides a smooth commercial and fabricated backcountry sliding surface for belay systems. toboggans: Prusik cord-A pre-tied loop of small- * 1-inch nylon webbing using a 1-inch diameter rope (5 to 7 mm) that is applied metal-plated, spring-loaded buckle as a hitching implement to another rope long enough to secure different-sized of greater diameter. When weighted it patients. grips the larger rope with considerable - Webbing with Fastex" buckles or friction; when unweighted it may be slid Velcroi* cravats, duct tape, and rope. along the iine without resistance. The I Patient straps are often used to secure prusik cord is used primarily in ascend- the tail rope and toboggan pack in an ing rescues to prevent the toboggan unloaded toboggan. from losingelevarron during extracrion. Pulleys-A free-wheel device used to pro- vide a mechanical advantage so less effort OUTDOOREM ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION is needed to raise or move loads. Pulleys hitch that attaches to a snowmobile so it also reduce rope friction and prevent can pull a tobogganalonq cat-tracks, unnecessary damage to the working rope. downhill, through the backcountry, or Locking carabiners-Carabiners that other terrain. contain an additional twisting, locking & Litter wheel (photo 2.19)-A special- collar to prevent the gate from opening. ized transportation device used to move (The ANSI 877.1: American National loboggansor rescuelitters orer all rypes Standard for Passenger Ropeways of terrainwrrhout dragging or slidrng. requires the use of this hardware for The litter wheel is used mostly when ropeway rescues.) there is no snow on which a toboqgan Rope-A connective haulinq device used or litter can be s1id. lo link rescueequipment to rescueper- & Carry handles-Loops of rope or web- sonnel. Rope is usually made of nylon or bing attached to each end of a toboggan polyester fiber in varying diameters and to allow for easy gripping and lifting of tensile strenqth. the equipment. The handles are usually Belly chain-A secondary braking positioned in pairs at the front and rear device attached and secured to the bottom-middle of a toboggan. The r.?i.-i .i"N T{:} !.1. '1i. Litter wheel belly chain is usedon ertremell sleep, icy, and hard-pack conditions for added sliding friction. Specialized rescue equipment-This category includes items such as harnesses, belayinq ropes, crampons, anchoring devices,etc. Snowmobile tow bar (photo 2.18)- Heavy-gauge steel tubing with a swivel P r; i ;'ii i.i 1 3 Snowmobiletow bar CHAPTER2: TOBOGGANSAND RELATEDEOUIPMENT 25 for easy access.They also serve as a and while giving consideration to the good anchoring attachment for securing environment, a toboggan at an incident site. I inspect a stored toboggan utilizing a I Snodspray guard-A protective device systematic procedure to check com- that can be attached on the snowmobile ponents for safety and function, tow bar and the front ofthe toboggan to I inspect a toboggan positioned in a help protect the patient and other con- standby location using a quick-check tents from the snow spray created by procedure, and the snowmobile. E follow area protocol to determine reason- I Chairlift carrier, loaded and unloaded- able condition of a toboggan and proce- A device that is designed to assist the dures for repair or removal from service. patrollerin transporting loboggans uphill, via a chairlift. There are numer- #xj*r L*ar*ir:g F*€l:€* ous configurations of this equipment. 5i*;'ag * (Note: Use only per area protocols.) I Choose storage locations that protect I Backrest-Structural material that is the roboggan from grooming equipment placed in a toboggan so the patient can sit and the general public but that are still up and lean against it during transport. accessible to the patrol. Useful locations include the top ofa rise.near sno\ - *"€*ipf*x€*"€€xt* machine storage, and near high-traffic I Many areas have more than one style intersections (photo 2.20). of toboggan; others may have the same I Use mid-mountain storage locations style of toboggan but with different in addition to mountaintop locations configurations. Become familiar with so that toboggans are readily available to all types of toboggans and toboggan incident sites lower on the mountain too adaptations at your area. (photo 2.21). Likewise, develop emer- I Devote adequate time to training and gency caches throughout a nordic trail practice with each before an actual system to enable ready access. emergency occurs. I Consider using a simple culvert or pup-tent style storage unit on the hill. ?*ffi**GAru5?#*e*€ &r1t* I Provide appropriate flags or markers to grugp€gTi*ruP**ex *e"ig g5 idenrily tobogganlocations. The maintenance of toboggans and tobog- gan accessorieswill contribute greatly to 5*tup the durability and performance of the I Position the toboggan so that the equipment. Make sure to store all equip- contents and the toboggan itself are ment appropriately, complying with the protected from inclement weather, sun area's procedures. Also be sure to conduct exposure, and wildlife. Anchor the regular, careful inspections ofthe equip- toboggan securely. ment to ensure that everything is in good I When setting up for the day, make sure working order at all times. the bottom ofthe toboggan is facing away from the sun. Ifthe bottom is heated it *bg*c€fw*a will stick to the snow On stormy days, The tobogganhandler will reverse this procedure so equipment will I stow the tobogganin the appropriate not fill up with snow or rain. storagelocation using areaprocedures 26 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION F F€* ? * # , 3 * Toboggansare placedat the top of the mountainfor readyaccess t, ',.j ..:: "teepee" in =p*rii*n F Fi*?* A. #'! A toboggan situated Patrollers refer to daily toboggan checklists in a strategicspot on the mountain-neara busy intersection as well as quick checklists for toboggans in standby locations to ensure that trans- portation equipment and rescue packs are in good condition and are ready for service at all times. Table 2.1 (page 28) outlines the procedures commonly included in both types ofchecklists. *€e{p€a;lH€n** I Store the equipment in such a way as to minimize exposure to the elements and prevent problems with snaps, buckles, and tie downs. I Prevent common problems by setting handlebar locks, securing handlebar pins in place, repacking old rescue pack com- ponents, inspecting the bungee cord on the chain brake, checking the tail rope length (usually 20 to 30 feet), prevent- ing the buildup of snow or ice on the bottom of the toboggan, and storing it away from direct sunlight. CHAPTER2: TOBOGGANSAND RELATEDEQUIPMENT )1 I Use the samemethod of inspection Sbjectiv*, from front to rear. Develop a routine. The toboggan handler will demonstrate the I ffi Ifyou carry a toboggan and don't set proper preparation ofa rescue pack for stor- "cheat it up very often, carry a sheet" age in a toboggan. with instructions for setup procedures. Fj!*jcr LearniargFsixts nrsciix PAeKs T*bcggan **seue F*eks To a large degree, your ability to provide I Package a toboggan rescue pack to secure quality patient care depends on whether the contents and protect them from the you have access to appropriate and useable elements, using the area's standard equip- equipment. The emergency care supplies ment and following local policies and and equipment used in patrolling may vary procedures. depending on the environment in which I Wrap the pack tightly, pulling the cover you work (i.e., the materials used by alpine snugly around it. patrollers will differ to some extent from the I Secure the pack in the toboggan in a materials used by cross-country patrollers). way that keeps the pack tightly togetheq, The following section addresses the proper leaving space for a toboggan strap to preparation of this equipment so it can be pass through to hold it in place. stored in a toboggan for later use. I Make sure that the pack contains the OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATiON area's standard list of supplies and is s# ffiffi&*Y packed the same way each time. This Toboggans are just like any other mode of approachwill ensurea consistenrset transportation in that the people who oper- of supplies at each incident site. ate them must first learn about the unique I Identify and follow the local procedures performance characteristics of the equip- for storing and recycling rescue packs ment and devote ample time to training. and their components for future use. Set a personal goal to learn as much as you can about the subtle (and not so subtle) h**9p€xi*ir:€* diflerencesamong the transporration I Laminate copies of the area's rescue equipment used at your area-and how equipment list and put one in each those differences may be amplified by cer- rescue pack. tain terrain or snow conditions. It is impor- I Rotate rescue packs among toboggans. tant to get in the habit of inspecting and Air out used packs to allow the contents maintaining not only the toboggans but to dry. Replenish the contents and rotate also their contents so that everything is in them back into service. top working order each time you receive the * Refer to NSP's Outdoor Emergency Care inevitable call for assistance. In addition, manual (most current edition) for a keepyour skills sharp by continuing to complete list of rescue pack equipment. praclicewith the lransportationequipmenr I Refer to the appendix of this manual at your disposal whenever possible. for a list of equipment suggestions for Careful attention to these areas can the cross-country patroller-basic patrol increase your chances ofhaving a safe, effi- pack, group equipment, emergency cient toboggan-handling outcome, regard- cache,etc. less of the contributing factors. Ye&I${1r\16KXsR€r$W5 & Dividetrainees into pairs.Have the paftnerstell eachother a[[about the toboggantypes usedat their homearea, making sure to identifythe componentsand performancecharacteristics of each. K Havethe traineesdescribe the major differencesbetween a two-handleand a four-handte toboggan.Discuss the runningstabitity of this equipment. 6 Developa team competitionwith the objectivebeing the constructionof an improvisedtoboggan usingskis and poles. S Providescenarios in whichthe traineesdiscuss the featuresand benefitsof varioustoboggans. Alternatively,have trainees explain which toboggansare suitablefor specificsituations. * Developan activitythat providesthe traineeswith an opportunityto explainthe importanceof eachcomponent (how and when to use). * Havetrainees practice how to properlystore toboggans in designatedlocations with appropriate identificationmarkers. Adaptation: Tour toboggan storage locations at your area. * Havetrainees practice anchoring toboggans in setuppositions under various mountain conditions. * Set up a tobogganwith defectiveparts and an incompleterescue pack. Have trainees inspect and pointout problems. & $ Havetrainees assemble an improvisedtoboggan on a regular basis. X Assignpaftners to mentor and checkeach other's procedures on inspectingthe toboggan's componentsand conducting the initiaIsetup. & Havetrainees practice packing a rescuepack and securingit in a toboggan. continued > CHAPTER2: TOBOGGANSAND RELATEDEQUIPMENT Nctes: OUTDOOREM ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION -'f,*rnm*n *r-:# ffimuem %mfl*mf,t*re errain, weathe! snow conditions, the In route selection, what works in one location ofthe incident, the distance instance may not work in another, requiring to the aid room or other destination, you to constantly consider new variables. skier/snowboarder traffic, the nature of the This chapter contains guidelines fbr evaluat- patient's injury or illness, and even the type ing ali the factors so you can make the right of toboggan-all affect your decisions about choice for the situation. which route to takewhen transporting loaded and unloaded toboggans across %*&WgW&& WW e*Zw *&W.WY g*&?^&% downhill slopes or backcountry trails. This confluence is further complicated by the ffi Rtpin"skiing (fixed heet) unpredictability of the outdoor environ- {m Tetemarkskiing (free hee[, nordic downhilt) ment, the sense of urgency to protect the patient from the elements, and the need to ffi Snowboarding get the individual out of the cold and to the Cross-countryskiing (track and skate) next level of care. rll:l: MOSTDIFFICULT wffie MOREDIFFICULT nO: EASIEST €grugxetpffigr*eaFLas isn't necessarily the right one for the situa- I Learn the best routes on each trail, that tion (photo 3.1). Given these uncertainties, is, which are the most appropriate for toboggan handlers must know how their various circumstances. Realize that the skis/snowboard and the toboggan tend to condition of a route may change from react to specific terrain and certain types of one day (or hour) to lhe next. Each situ- snow so they can make informed decisions ation presents a unique mix of environ- on which route to take. mental and logistical considerations. I Be knowledgeable and experienced in *bj*e?ive toboggan-handling maneuvers before The toboggan handler will recognize how attempting them in actual situations. terrain and snow conditions affect toboggan This is particularly important when maneuvers and demonstrate how these fac- applying new skills on challenging ter- tors influence roule selection. rain or in difficult snow conditions. ! Try to practice on various types ofter- ffi*j*r t*xrn*a"egF*is?€s rain and snow conditions when attempt- FIat T*ri";:in ing to master new skills and techniques. tr Decreases your speed. I When selecting a route, at all times I Increases your level of fatigue. make choices based on the safety of the I Increases your need to manage your toboggan handlers as well as considering energy level (pace yourself). the safety and comfort of the patient. I Usually requires you to lift the front of I Realize the importance of traversing skills the toboggan when approaching the flats and practice them religiously; you will so you can maintain momentum through use them often to access the best route. the area. I Become comfortable descending in the I May require you to obtain rnechanical fall line when on steep, smooth, or mogul- assistance(i.e., a snowmobile or other ed terrain; this will help you prevent the a1l-terrain vehicle). toboggan from slipping out unexpectedly. I {ft May require additional personnel to pull the toboggan (photo 3.2). E€ft&es#&Fd* gru*w c*ru*rY5*h€s Tr*ils The characteristics of the terrain and the I Limits your ability to traverse. ongoing changes in snow conditions may be I May involve a high-traffic area. such that the quickest or most direct route I May iimit space for diagonal stride or skating. I $'** ?* $ " t The most path direct of descentmay I ffi Sometimes makes it difficult for you not translateinto a comfortabteride for the patient to check your speed. T*ri*in *r*p I Limits the contact between the toboggan s running surface and the snow (photo 3.3). I Increases your speed. I Reduces your braking effectiveness. I Limits your options for traversing. I May be uncomfortable for the patient, depending on the nature ofthe injury or illness. 32 OUTDOOREIVIERGENCY TRANSPORTATION ;.::: i:: i i l-i;iiti::,,rIj.i-r: & Decreasesyour speed. * May require orienteering (use of a map & Increases your lerrel of fatique. and compass or q1oba1positioning sys- * Increasesyour need to manage your tem [GPS] ) to determine the quickest, energl lcr"l (paccyourtcl0. safest route to and from the incident. S Sometimes requires ascending belay techniques or climbing traverses. X May require you to obtain mechanical K Tends to provide a more comfortable assistance(i.e., a snowmobile or other ride for thc'^_'r*''.-"" naticnt all-terrain vehicle). # Enhances your edge control. ff - May require additional personnel to S Enhances lrour braking effectiveness and pull the toboggan. turninq ability. .f F * i* i;i ] ..ii TransoortinoTransportinga oatientpatient across fLaflat terrainin the backcountry f id{i}Ti"}l,ti.I Maneuveringa toboggan over a terraindrop CHAPTER3: TERRAINAND ROUTESELECTION irlt'J*i: May require additional personnel to pull il May be uncomfortable for the patient. the toboggan across a lonq span offlat X Limits )our roule choices. terrain or a cross-countryevacuation, X Reduces your braking effectiveness. @If you are on a snowboard and the I Challengesyour abiJirylo maintaincon- other patroller is on skis, you may want sistent speedcontrol. to be the front operator so you can help I Produces varied snow conditions, requir- breaktrail with a slighrlalling leaL ing you to make lrequent transitionsin your technique. *r**i**i* ir:::;1-,::' i::.-;* * May cause a fin(s) to release, requiring I May cause the toboggan or your you to keep moving the toboggan so the skis/snowboard to break through the fin(s) will reengage with the snow and snow, impeding your progress. force the toboggan back behind you. t Decreasesyour speed. t May require you to avoid the ridges and fl Is sometimes best negotiated by moving troughs of the moguls so you can keep somewhat diagonally to the fall line with the bow of the toboggan in the trough. a static direction change. @Tends to be lessslrenuous for a ***p, r"i*avv,L';*t 5::*'.* snowboarder than for a skier. E Causes snow to build up in front of the {3 May slow cross-country rescue opera- toboggan and the front operator. tions and require mechanical transport X Reduces your speed (photo 3.4). (i.e., a snowmobile or other all-terrain X Often conceals underlying terrain and vehicle). snow conditions. -G Muy require you to sidestep or belay down difficult terrain. F +4* T* 6. '{ Thestow process of movingan unloadedtoboggan through heavy, wet snow i!rr::. ir.;1n*ri G Offers the potential for higher speeds. * Reduces your braking effectiveness. X Sometimes requires you to belay the toboggan in difficult areas. * Makes traverses less effective and may require strict adherence to the fall line I Requiresyou to keepyour equipment well-tuned (i.e., sharp, smooth edges). ** ''*;ri*i' ft May require you to provide additional coveringslor rhe patient. * Often conceals underlying terrain and snow conditions. X Is often best negotiated by following a fa1l-1ineroute or a route slightly off the fa11line. t May require you to avoid flat terrain. * Usually requires you to ski/snowboard at a certain speed to maintain buoyancy. OUTDOOREM ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION H*lp€*i *€istts I Be awareo[your surroundingsat f Observe other toboggan handlers as they all times. maneuver through various terrain and I Avoid or alert unwary public of your snow, and recognize how these conditions approach or presence. affect their route seiection decisions. ! Use a direct fall-line descent when it I Move from one mogul to another by link- is practical and provides for smooth ing the sidewalls and faces of the moguls. transport. I Avoid the ridges and troughs. I Use the sides of the trails to provide the smoothest, Ieast-crowdeddescent. R**?€ g€L€e?g*r1i n Alter the route as needed to avoid As a toboggan handler, you must learn to obstacles. expect the unexpected and have alternate I Be aware of trail intersections and merg- plans for every contingency when selecting ers and approach them with caution. the route to and from the scene ofthe I Be aware of trail hazards and try to incident.Choosing the appropriateroure avoid them. entails more than assessing the terrain and I # # Be familiar with orienteering skills snow conditions underfoot and within and equipment. In the backcountry, sight; you must also think ahead, and be route selection is a key to quick trans- prepared to change your plan depending on port to and from the incident scene. various contributing factors as described in the following section. #cipfa:i#€n*ts I Slow or stop away from the incident scene *bj**?iv* (not directly above or beiow) to antici- The toboggan handler will demonstrate the pate your site approach and departure. ability to choose the most appropriate route I Do not descend in a fall-line route to and from the incident location, to the next directly above the site when getting level of care, under a variety of conditions. ciose to the site, if possible. B Ifyou are in a position to provide the &#*j*r L**rr:i*g P*€*?s toboggan handler with approaching Guidelines for traveling with a toboggan to instructions to the incident site, position or from the incident site: yourself 30 to 50 feet away frorn the site I Determine the safest and quickest route to allow him or her to slow and stop safely. based on I Consider using a whistle or calling out "On "On - terrain, your left!" or your right!" to - snow conditions, warn others ofyour approach through a - type of equipment, crowded area. - location of the patrent, - the patient's position, injury or ill- s#*4'4A*Y ness, and comfort, Outdoor emergency transportation requires - skier/snowboarder traffic, patrollers to identify and prepare for the - trail mergers, and numerous contingencies that may arise - patroller safety. when moving a patient in a toboggan across I Always take a moment to look uphill snow-covered slopes and trails. Whereas and downhill before departing. one route may be the most expedient, it I Look uphili before traversing. may be too steep or icy for the safe trans- I Ski or snowboard at a safe and con- port of a toboggan. Whereas another route trolled speed. may provide a comfortable ride for the CHAPTER3: TERRAINAND ROUTESELECTION JJ occupant, it may be too flat for the tobog- and equipment. They must learn to think gan handlers to sustain momentum and ahead-to have alternative plans so they deliver the patient to the next level ofcare dont have to problem-solve at a time when within a reasonable time. they need to focus on other concerns. Above Regardless of the situation, toboggan all, they must keep the safety and comfort handlers must be familiar with the nuances of the patient foremost in their minds, and ofthe terrain and knowiedgeable about the be aware of their surroundings at all times cause-and-effect relationships of conditions so as not to jeopardize themselves or others. ?ffi>\,1ruffigbq6w*zsx& Workingin varioustypes ofterrain and conditionsshould help the traineesmastef new skitlsand techniques.Toboggan instructors should realize that traineeswill approachterrain, route selection, and conditionsdifferently, depending not onlyon suchfactors as hitl and snowconditions, but also on the person'sstrengths and limitations.The followingexercises are a good wayto help trainees developthe individualskills and confidencerequired in tobogganhandling. X Usea trail map to familiarizetrainees with appropriateaccess and egressroutes with regardto positionedrescue equipment. * Identify snowconditions following a particutarweather pattern, and havetrainees discuss how eachtype of snowmight affectroute selectionwhen operatinga toboggan. & Havetrainees practice route selectionby doingfollow-the-leader (with or without toboggans) overvaried terrain. I Havetrainees visually inspect each trail at the areato determinepossible routes and approaches for varioustypes of incidentscenarios. Quiz patrollers on route choicesdepending on the specific trail and type of incident. &E*t*s: OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION #p*rmB€*ffiffi$re #mf,**#*# T#*n*ffiffiffia-* akingan unloadedtoboggan to an saf'ety of an aid room, awaiting ambulance, incident scene may seem like one of or other destination. "easier" the parts of the patrol's The action of bringing an unloaded response,yet it is a critical step in the tobogeanto an incrdenl scenerequires emergency transportation sequence and presents its own set of concerns. '&L\"WZ*& gq* Although the toboggan may be empty, ffi WW W'ZW WWyeV We% deliverinq it to the scene is no less urgent ff rupln" skiing(fixed heeL) (or stressful) a task than if it were occu- i5 Tetemarkskiing (free heel, nordic downhitt) pied. Someone who is injured or ill needs to be transported olT the slopes or trails, # Snowboarding and the toboggan is the device that will .. Cross-countryskiing (track and skate) deliver the individual to the warmth and tr preparation, training, and awareness.As lvith {i:'t 1}1V;**|. i i; I - i :,i' :..i t other aspectsof toboqgan handlinq, you * Choose a sa{'e,expedient route r'vith con- should spend considerabletime practicinq sideration for the skiing/snowboardinq the techniques described in this chapter and public and snow conditions. preparinq for all contingencies.Table 4.1 # Operate at a safe, constant, and controlled outlines the basic maneuvers that are used speed within personal limitations, u'hile r,r'hentransporting an unloaded toboqqan. using a variety of toboggan-handling man- Nofe: It is the preroqative of area man- euvers such as traverses,movinq direction agement or the public lands administrator changes, and static direction changes. to determine whether an unloaded tobog- # Be prepared to do a power stop in the gan rvill be operated bv one person (a front event of an unfbreseen obstacle or event. operator) or trvo people (a front operator and S Look around periodically to be aware of a tail rope/rear operator). This chapter add- vour environment and surroundinqs. ressesprimarily the front operator's function # Approach the scene in a judicious man- in transporting an unloaded toboggan to the ner; takinq into consideration such factors incident scenervithout the assistanceof as sccnc.af,'r1.paricnt lc,cation. and t,'r'- another patroller. rain features. 'r r ;i. Thisoperator makes toboggan handling Look easy futh* q'i 7I|*L* 4.,1TRANSPORTATION MANEUVERS Whetherpatrolting on skisor a snowboard,all patrollersdemonstfate a varietyof movementsto controlthe speedand pathof a toboggan(photo sequence 4.1). Here are the skiing/snowboarding maneuverscommonly used when transporting an unloadedtoboggan. &"1r*i**e*47*Lr*rszerk %b'tirzt, %**vtt'**a:t4.i*% {r *** -*a*?.r y 9*t+ir;q & Positionin the handles & Positionin the handles & Positionin the handles 6 Descent 4 Descent & Traversing & Traversing # Traversing ? Descentand ascent,and flats 6 Movingdirection change I Movingdirection change # Movingand static belays (forwardand backward) (heeland toe) (wideand narrowtrail and * Staticdirection change & Forwardand switch sidehitt) ff Powerstop # Powerstop 6 Movingdirection change (forwardand backward) # Staticdirection change & Powerstop f Tail rope assistance 38 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION p*gg€g*r* gru?*€g 3*&*d*L€s I Realize that a toboggan containing lots Whenever you transport a toboggan you of equipment may perform like one con- make constant adjustments in your body taining a patient. position and the placement of your hands [ ffiMove forward in the handles to allow on the toboggan handles. The following for ski clearance when you are making a section examines how these movements teiemark turn. can alter the direction and speed ofan unloaded toboggan. **g{&ru*g*;*"&ru* &s{€r€*9fr** Y#g F&LLLAru g,j{'**V:ru* *bj*c*iv** *rffitr*?3*ru{g{eru*g The toboggan handler will Descending and ascending the fall line with X demonstrate how to affect the tobog- an unloadedtoboggan requires consisrent. gan's operation by moving the body strong skiing/snowboarding skills. The need into different positions relative to the to arrive on the scene safely and expediently handles, and is imperative, requiring you to transport the F demonstrate how to affect the tobog- toboggan over any type of terrain and snow gan's operation by moving the hands to condition without incident. You will need to different locations on the handles. execute the principles ofefficient fallline skiing/riding and, to that end, make any ffiaj*r L**r*$aegF*€erts necessary transitions or direction changes ! Maintain a neutral, centered stance. with confidence and speed (photo 4.2). I Grip the handles so that your hands are slightly in front ofyour body and are *hj***€w** approximately hip high. The toboggan handler will I Rotate your upper body to face the fall I demonstrate how to operate an unloaded line as much as possible. toboggan while descending or ascending il Maintain a comfortable position in the the fall line on a variety ofterrain and toboggan handles. snow conditions, ffi*ipfxi **iret* Ffi*3'* €"* Transitiondurinqdurino a fall-linedescent * When operating an unloaded toboggan, unlock the handles so you can prevent the toboggan from swinging around on its nose. il For more control in hard snow condi- tions, use the chain brake and unlock the handles. ! Press down on the handles to apply more pressure to the chain brake as needed. Keep your body in proper alignment so the iine offorce exerted against the spine occurs in an essentially straight line down the vertebrae. This helps you maintain control ofthe toboggan, supports the downward pressure you apply on the handles, and helps reduce fatigue. CHAPTER4: OPERATINGAN UNLOADEDTOBOGGAN 39 ! demonstrate how to execute turns and much as possible, keeping in mind the transitions while operating an unloaded terrain, weather, snow conditions, the toboggan on a variety ofterrain and location ofthe incident, the distance to snow conditions, and the aid room or other destination, the I demonstrate recovery maneuvers on a skier/snowboarder trafEc, the nature of toboggan that begins to slide below you the patient's injury or illness, and even the type oftoboggan. *"4e$*rE-**rn!r:g F*€c??s Position the toboggan behind you, gen- ! Control direction and speed by using erally in the fall line, to keep it moving appropriate turns (linked wedge, stem, as smoothly as possible. parallel, telemark) and sideslipping Minimize your upper body movements maneuvers depending on your ability to keep rhe roboggan from swaying. level, the terrain, and the snow condi- Maintain a constant, controlled speed tions (photos 4.3-4.5). during the descent, turns, and transi- X Maintain a fall-line descent or ascent as tions (photo 4.6). B $+#Y* 4. # Wedge Fl'{*?* €.4 Transition P&{#re,4.$ Sideslip F F-lffi ?ffi '6. e A speedy run 40 OUTDOOREIVIERGENCY TRANSPORTATION F ri * Ti* 4. ? Heelside Fi'€F?*i 4"S Toeside l! To recover a toboggan that has slid B Look ahead and anticipate the unex- around in front ofyou, drive the tobog- pected so you can select the most appro- gan into an across-hill position in which priate route. Watch for changes in snow you are operating the toboggan like a conditions and pitch, and be aware of wheelbarrow. Drive the toboggan with moguls, trail mergers, and skier/snow- the downhill fin until it is across the hill boarder traf{ic. ^.^r :- ^ ^^r^ ^^^:+:^n arlq [1 4 Datc PUDrtru to stop. Then & Try to keep the toboggan in the fail line as reestablishyour hand positions on the much as possible for efficient operation. toboggan and continue downhill. & Maintain awareness of your surround- E @ Depending on l our abiliry.the ings at all times. terrain, and the snow conditions, use A @X;de on the heelside during a fallline appropriate heelside and toeside srdeslipto utilizeyour slronqesrleg sideslips to control your descent and muscles (the quadriceps). speed (photos 4.7, 4.8). & @Transition to toeside when conditions * *When ascending the fall line, a sec- permit so you can rest a particular mus- ond or third patroller should swing for- cle group or look uphill. ward to assist the front or uphill patroller. e + if conditions dictate, perform a static g*gavgffi* lf* * or dynamic belay. Refer to chapter 6, Tiaversing, or moving perpendicular to the Operating a Loaded Toboggan, for infor- slope, is useful for controlling speed when mation on tail rope operator functions. descending. It is also a good technique for * =:; When moving an improvised tobog- ascending a steep incline, as the criss-cross- gan, consider usinq a harness (such as a ing approach isn't as energ--depleting as a backpacking belt) to free up your hands direct ascent. so you can use your poles for forward Be cognizant ofthe need to keep the movement. toboggan under control at all times during a traverse. Make sure there is good traction i"€aip€xi*ir:t* with the fins so the toboggan doesn't slide "Twist" & the toboggan to set its control down sideways on the slope. A1so, avoid "parallel-to-the-fall-line" surfaces for tracking, that is, push down getting into a tra- on the downhill handle while pullinq up verse situation, which can make it difEcult on the uphi11handle. This will twist the for you to turn in the opposite direction. toboggan slightly, engaging the downhill Practice often with an unloaded toboggan {in with the snow surface for more effec- so you can develop awareness of the neces- tive tracking. saryturning radiusin thesesituarions. CHAPTER4: OPERATINGAN UNLOADEDTOBOGGAN 41 *hj*e?iv* I # # ffi To minimizeexposure to The toboggan handler will demonstrate skier/snowboarder traffic, try to avoid a smooth and confident descending or traversing across a trail to reach an ascending traverse with an unloaded tobog_ incident scene. gan under a variety ofterrain and snow I Should the toboggan slip, be prepared to conditions. bring it into the fall line by conducting the emergency recovery maneuver (the &4*$*rL**rer{xg Fsi*ts wheelbarrow) described on page 41. I Maintain your hand position on the I When conditions warrant (e.g., icy, hard_ handles with the uphill hand slightly packed, steep), use a moving belay during forward, toward the end ofthe handle, a traverse. and the downhill hand slightly back, ! Push down on the downhill handle while 5T&?gC*F*H€?t*cu eF,*eru*g pulling up on the uphill handle. This At one time or anotheq, you will need to will twist the toboggan slightly, engaging make a static direction change while operat_ the downhill fin with the snow surface ing a toboggan. While the toboggan is for better tracking. stopped, you do a stepping wedge, a kick E Pressure your ski or board edges as turn, or switch (if you are a snowboarder) appropriate to enhance tracking. so you can head in the opposite direction. I End a traverse by initiating a turn or This is generally done on steep terrain, or bringing the toboggan to a position in where there is no place to make a regular the fall line. turn with the toboggan because of a rock, I Maintain momentum to enhance the adjacent tree, very deep/crusty snow, or tracking of the toboggan. other obstacles that prevent the toboggan ! Use the traverse as infrequently as from continuing on its path. possible to reduce responsetime to the incident scene. #*j**e€v* | ##* Keep your legs bent and com- The toboggan handler wili execute a ba,lanced fortably apart, with the uphill ski slightly and stable static turn while operating an advanced to enhance stability. unloaded toboggan. I ffi Keep yourlower body flexed and relaxed, with your knees together when ffi*j*r L*ar*.a**gF*i*** possible and your weight slightly for-ward. I Stop the toboggan in a safe and secure I $ Ifyou are the tail rope operator, use location. a static or dynamic belay to assist the I Move toward the end of the handles. front operator with an ascending traverse. I Execute a balanced, stable, static direction change while holding onto the $**lB€a*lF****s handles ofthe toboggan. IJse either a I Look uphill and downhill frequently for stepping wedge turn, kick turn, or skier/snowboarder traffi c. switch (if you are on a snowboard). ! Plan your route to minimize traverses. I Make sure your skis/snowboard do not X Use a toboggan with reiatively long, make contact with the toboggan or a deep fins when you anticipate the need terrain feature. for stabletraversing. f Facingrhe new direction,resume a I Anticipate turning points and additional running position in the handles, traverses so you can prepare to change I Twist, then pivot the toboggan in the your technique or route if needed. new direction as you resume the descent. 42 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION & @You can ride switch and accomplish a across the fall line as you apply increasinq static direction chanqe without havinq to pressure and edge angle to stop the tobog- turn the snowboard around. This means qan. This section examines how to conduct you can ride from riqht to lefi or from these stops safely and efficiently with an left to right without having to chanqe unloaded toboqqan (photo 4.9). the current edge (heelsideor toeside). If you wish to ride a ne\v edgeJyou can per- **121*;fi'q'* form an on-sno\v transition soon after The toboqqan handler will demonstrate a resuming the descent. power stop v",ithin a reasonable distance in all conditions. i"li:ip.leri*i::::: & Stomp out a secure, flat platform before l4 * j *,r, 2*':*,:' ::,: *, r& V!,*-r tz't i, makinq a static turn & Maintain the toboqqan in the fal1 line * ftF tdp=:'- With a step or wedqe turn, use during a power stop. as u'ide a stance as possible. S Sideslip to brinq the toboqqan to a stop € {ft ai;;*:,.::::;ooOto the direction you are as soon as possible. turninq u'hen making a kick turn. & From a neutral yet fairllr tall stance, simultaneously flex your ankles, knees, ':!,-a-in;i *. l,i {j:,!,, and hips while pivoting both feet across Anyone who operates a toboqqan must be rhc fall line,Appll incrco.inqpressurc prepared to make an immediate, unexpected and edge angle until the toboggan stops. stop at any 1i6", and in such a manner as # Maintain balance over the center of your to maintain complete control of the toboq- skis or the middle of your snor'"'board. qan. This may be required to avoid a skier/ $ Be sure to maintain the toboqgan in the snowboarder who moves into the toboggan's fall line durinq the emergency stop to path, or to avoid an unforeseen terrain fea- retain control. ture or other hazard. The maneuver used to S Apply appropriate downward pressure stop the toboqqan immediately is called a on the handles to enhance the effective- "power stop," that is, pivotinq both feet ness of the chain brake. *1!.1 {: iili '},- !" Powerstorrstop CHAPTER4: OPERATINGAN UNLOADEDTOBOGGAN 43 t :;'i:,1 t ;:;1 :.::. :;l l:''r. t; t t;; 1,11.1;,..,::: :::': .:.":','..t: i:t ;,.:: ;-:",. :t, # Keep your upper bod,v facinq dou.nhill, # Securethe rear handles inside of the rvhile reaching dorvnhill and pushing toboq-qanto prevent unnecessarvtorque. your uphi11hand/shoulder {bru'ard. & Revier',.all of the Major Learninq Points e t{j;;a'i.:;lpKeep the edges sharp on your for the unloaded toboqq-an maneu\rers personal equipment. lisrcdin this, hrptcr'. X fl tl,'ort on obtaining a 1ou. (flexed) end- # If operatinq a four-handle toboqgan ing position r,r'ithout usinq the tobogqan a1one,move back cioser to the toboggan or toboggan handles for support. so you can hold the handles at their mid-shaft. This r,vi11allo\\, you to place ":' .,.:...:. :..,'a;. r': ;:, i; t.,ri . i:, :,::, :..]:.: :..: l: .:<'::l your hands at hip heiqht, r'r'hichrvi11 qive N{ost of the techniques for transporting vou more control. an unloaded four-handle (fixed-handle) & Nlakc ' '-"1r .1*,tisrons appropriale lo toboqgan are tire same as for trvo-handle the terrain, weather, snou' conditions, (locking-handle) toboqqans; hou,everthere and vour abilities to achieve a smooth, are some special considerations,such as quick descent and a safe arrival at the making sure that the rear handles are de- destination (photo '1.10). tached and secured in the toboqqan rvhen # Re{'erto chapter 6, Operating a Loaded you are operatinq it unloaded. This precau- Toboggan, for more infbrn-ration on tionarri measure r',rillhelp prevent added ofelating a lour-hcndlctohogtan. rear torque that can cause the tobogean to s\\1nq. :'i ;::i *1::,.;:, .:i' :..,'.::, # Using a lbur-handle toboqgan requires a '1..; l:. t;: :.,.:..:,; ,., tcam r'l'lbrtan.l contlant c,,mmunicction. The toboggan handler u.ill transport the * Both operators must u'ork to keep the fins unloaded lbur-handle toboq-qan safe11-and engaqed r,r,hileusinq a ihll-line clescent to expediently to the incident site. keep the tobogean shell lrom slippinq. Transportingan unLoadedfour-handle toboggan I j €*3ws" OUTDOOREI\4 ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION 5#14ffi&gY able for the patient, you can focus on get- When the call for a toboggan comes in, ting to the scene quickly. Even so, you time is of the essence and the patrol must must remain keenly aware of your sur- dispatch the equipment to the scene as roundings, and constantly be on the look- safely and expediently as possible. Because out for other skiers and riders. In addition, the toboggan is empty, and you don't have you must not jeopardize your own safety in to worry about whether the ride is comfort- the pursuit of a speedy arrival. T$?&t&,rrd Practicethe followingtraining exercisesusing two- and four-handleunloaded toboggans, as well as commercialand improvisedtoboggans (as appropriate). The more time the traineeshave to experi- encethe performancecharacteristics of variousequipment, the more versatilethey witl be with the differenttypes of toboggansand in different operatorroles. & Havetrainees discuss, simulate, and demonstratethe proper{ront operatorposition with a stationaryas we[[ as a movingtoboggan in variousterrain and conditions. 6 To hetptrainees build confidence,have them practicetheir brakingmaneuvers before they move any distancewith the toboggan. & Introducetrainees to the fin-set drill usingeither a lockedtwo-handle or four-handletoboggan on a well-groomed,low intermediateslope with no traffic. 'l " Pushdown on the end of the handlesto applypressuf e onthe bow,thus releasing the fins. Thiswitt cause the backof the tobogganto comearound toward the side. *. Whenthe tobogganis about90 degreesout of the fall line,tift up the handlesto set the edges of the finsback into the snow. S" Whenthe tobogganis backin [ine,repeat the maneuveron the otherside. X ffi @ €* Havetrainees skate on flat or very gentleterfain to developedging and pressuring skittswith an unloadedtoboggan. When done in a straightline (point to point),edging skills can be isolatedfrom rotary movementsand alsocan developweight transferawareness through side-to-sideand fore-and-aftmovements. Skating also helps develop independent leg actionand flexing/extendingmovements. & $ Havepatrollers on cross-countrygear practicemoving an improvisedtoboggan using basic diagonalstriding and skatingtechniques. Progress to stightlymore challengingterrain asthe grouprsski[[s improve. & In mogulshave trainees practice how much brakingcapabitity they can obtain by adjustingtheir handsor bodyposition in the handlesin orderto keepthe tobogganout of the troughsduring a descent. 6 Havetrainees demonstrate sideslips, turns, and transitionsduring a descentwith an unloaded toboggan. & $ Havepatrollers on cross-countryskis demonstrate various ascent techniques with an unloadedtoboggan. & Havetrainees demonstrate toboggan-handling techniques for terrain drops. e ffi @ + Havetrainees play foltow-the-leader through changingtefrain at a consistentspeed. Encouragethem to controlspeed by varyingthe sizeo{ the wedge and the edge and angleof their skis.Select terrain that is irregular(unchallenging, then morechallenging; flat, then bumpy;smooth, then with icy patchesor soft snow,etc.). CHAPTER4: OPERATINGAN UNLOADEDTOBOGGAN 45 TR&I&,Xru6€XK&€X$€$" e*nt{nu*d Havetrainees discuss and simulatethe proper positionon a static and movingtoboggan in variousterrain and conditions. Introducea trainingprogression in whichtrainees practice making as many turns as possible, progressingfrom usingbamboo or rope drills in pairsto simulateturns with the tobogganand thento an untoadedtoboggan. Showtrainees how to do the wheelbarrow maneuver.In a controlledclinic situation this is a tremendoustool for teachingpeople how to perform an emergencyrecovery maneuver on an out-of-controItoboggan. If the stern,or back,of the tobogganbegins to stip down in front of the front operator,he or shewitt be unableto sidestipbelow it to correctthe position.As the toboggancomes around, the front operatorshoutd do the fottowing: 1. Releasethe up-stopehand from the up-slopehandte as the tobogganmoves even with the operator. ?. Movethe up-slopehand onto the downhilthandle as the toboggancomes around. "old" 3. Usethe down-slopehand to graspthe free (up-slope)handte. 4, Hotdonto the tobogganas it continuesto comearound in front. ii" Grip the handlesas if the tobogganwere a wheelbarrow. 6. Sidestipthe tobogganbackward to a safeptace (i.e., out of the tineof skier/snowboarder traffic)where you canturn it around. 7. Resumeregular running procedures. I]ps; X Te[[trainees to makesure they weight the downhitlski for more control. I Remindthem to let go ofthe uphitthandte at the appropriatemoment, that is, astheir shoulders start to tufn out of the fatl tine uphilt.It is important not to let the shoulderstwist uphill; keep themfacing down-slope. I Encouragetrainees to practicetheir route selectionskills in mogulsby trying to keepthe tobog- ganout of the troughsand just up onthe mogulface. This comes in handywhen they can't keep the tobogganin the trough due to terrainconditions (e.g., extremely targe moguls). X Givetrainees ample time to practicethe falting-teafsidestip in moguls;this witt help them learn to controltheir speedwithout the aid of a chainbrake. I As a mogul progressionof the fattingteaf, encourage trainees to adjusttheir body height while doingthe fattingteaf to simulatethe changingheight of the tobogganhandles during runs through moguls.Have them experimentwith standingtall to squattingdown or bendinglow and then backto standingtalt to see how this affectstheir contfol. I As traineespractice with unloadedas well as toadedtoboggans in crustedsnow conditions, encouragethem to usea stancethat allowsindependent leg action. t As traineesdescend off ofthe falt line in wet snow,have them practiceusing the tobogganshett asa majorcontrol surface to hetp with tracking. I S Introducethe twist progressionon firm snow.As traineestraverse with a tobogganduring a descent,tetl themto twist the handlesto increasetracking, that is,tift the uphitthandte white apptyingpressure to the downhilthandte to createa twisting effect white keepingthe toboggan flat on the snowfor maximumcontrol. Then, they merelyreverse the applicationat the beginning of a movingdirection change. continued > OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION TW e,KWXY"e& ffiKWW€X%W%, {*yxtir6we& & Havetrainees experiment with how their body positionfore and aft wilt affecttheir controlof the tobogganwhen traversing.When they shift their weight back,theytend to diminishcontrol, increasespeed, and movethe tobogganout of the fatl-tinetraverse. When they center their weight,this tends to reducespeed but mayinhibit the abitityto maintainan idealtraverse line becausethey are putting lesspressure on the ski/snowboardedges. When they put their weight sltghtlyforward, with a relaxedstance, this helpscontrol both the speedand directionoftravel, keepingthe traversein the best possibleline to meet the objective. & Practicelong traverses on variedterrain. Makesure trainees spend sufficient time on their edges so they can gain the feel of the propertraverse position. "ride & Showtrainees how to the wa[[s."Walls and steepinclines are found on manycat tracks, and theseare great placesto practicetraverse stance and toboggantracking. Have the trainees skiwith toboggansup onthese inclines and work to maintaina stable[ine. & Chooseuneven terrain or icy conditionsfor practicingbalance and edge controlduring traverse maneuverswith an unloadedtoboggan. e ffi # f==Have trainees descend a slopeusing a traverse,kick turn, traverse,wedge turn, tfaverse, wedgeturn, then traverse kick turn. They should repeat this to the bottomof the hitl.Have them performthese maneuverswithout a tobogganfirst, then with a toboggan.Encourage them to try to minimizethe motionof the toboggan. g # @ f*$ Havetrainees practice kick turns in a varietyof conditionsand terrain with and without a tobogganand with andwithout poles. (Some situations may warrant a kickturn in the tail rope position,so practiceis advisable.) & Demonstratepower stops,first without a tobogganand then with one,and havetrainees do the samemaneuvers. * Havetrainees practice doing power stopswhile movingat a reasonablespeed with a toboggan. Encouragethem to performthe stopin asshort a distanceas possible white keeping the tobogganuphilt and in the fall line.The tail of the tobogganshould not movesideways during this maneuver. & Encouragetrainees to wedge or sideslipto a powef stop with a tobogganto becomeaccustomed to thesemovements. Set up a narrowcorridor and havethem perform edge-to-edgeturns to a short swing. X Demonstratea belaytechnique over a terrain drop and havetrainees do the same.Encourage themto anticipatethe decreasein loadand then the suddenincrease in loadas the toboggan creststhe terrain drop. ffi*€*s: CHAPTER4: OPERATINGAN UNLOADEDTOBOGGAN 47 : H'rr*€#* e=t %**ffi# f-4mtr#ff#rffi#ffiq quick assessmentof the scene and These are critical steps in the overall emer- the surroundings will provide you qency transportation effort. with essential information about the safety and stability of the situation and the probable mechanism of the patient's injury %L'swzw&wwc*zw wffiwT s*&w% or nature of illness, among other factors. ffi Rtpin.skiing (fixed heel) This chapter addressesthe manner in $ Telemarkskiing (free heel, nordic downhitt) which you enter the incident site with the toboggan, manage the scene, initiate patient @ Snowboarding care, and secure the person and any equip- ,.. Cro..-.ountryskiing (track and skate) ment in the tobogganlor the departure. : a .'-11';.1 . ,'r * 1-r,Y*s* :.Fr F * ,.*.C" =i: u"i*u*.g-"J +Z :: =3 e$ '.,T' a+hi +l ,& :$*g *"-* # &g|\{gRALPNTF.ICTPLES - Use clear and concise communications. I Anticipate the best final approach to the - Establish a safe, unobstructed inci- incident scene. dent site. I Perform an inirial scene size-up as you - Use proper lifting techniques for res- approach, for scene safety, possible cuer safety as described in Outdoor mechanism of injury or nature of illness, Emergency Care (most current edition). and input (ifappropriate) from a first I Position and secure the toboggan and all responder on scene. of the other equipment in preparation I Determine the final position of the for lifting the patient into the toboggan. toboggan after considering factors such I Secure the patient and/or equipment in as the patient's position, any existing the toboggan. hazards, the terrain, the snow conditions, I Visually and physicaily check the tobog- the skier/snowboarder traffic, and your gan and its components before departure anticipated route of egress. to ensure everything is positioned cor- I Be alert to obstacles and hill traffic. rectly and secured in place. I Adhere to the following scene manage- ment procedures: TRAru5 PSNTATISP: f,4AP-!g UVE RS - Have one patroller in charge. How you bring equipment to the incident - Make quick, correct decisions and scene will vary slightly depending on your actions. mode of transportation (i.e., alpine or tele- * Ask the first responder about the mark skis, a snowboard, or cross-country advanced preparations such as whether skis). That said, table 5.1 outlines the gen- a toboggan anchoring platform has eral steps of managing the incident scene been prepared. that are applicable to all rescuers. OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION b Thble 5.2 lists the front operator's maneu- steps are para-llelfrom one sno\\,sports \rers to aliqn and secure the toboqgan in discipline to another, but there are certain place at the incident scene.Several of these distinctions, as indicated, 3U'&*{T. *.?, IRONT OPERATORMANEUVERS &.lp1x* *rt* "{ ';: "', *2*rnr.r?' 5?,1}nt2 5rz*'*;*te;tr&irt"; t';t* ::*'arl, f V *:?,i f4* q Atignthe tobogganper- # Alignthe tobogganper, i ALignthe toboggan per- pendicularto the fall line. pendicularto thefall Line. pendicularto the fall line. # Setthe brakingdevice. & Setthe brakingdevice. ? Setthe brakingdevice. * Removeyour uphill ski and & fake your reaf foot out of * Removeyour uphill ski and placethe tail in the uphilt the binding. placethe tail in the uphill camyhandle on the front o{ * Whenyou needto backa carry handleon the front of the toboggan,perpendicu- tobogganinto position, the toboggan,perpendicu- larto the fatlline. placethe tail of the tobog- larto the fatlline. 4 Slideout of the handles ganlevel with the desired & Stideout of the handles and movealong the down- location,pushing it likea and movealong the down- hill sideof the tobogganto wheelbarrow. hilLside of the tobogganto the rear(maintain contact S Slideout of the handles, the rear(maintain contact with the toboggan). alignthe tobogganperpen- with the toboggan). * Removethe downhillski dicularto the fa[[Line, and d Removethe downhillski and placeit in the uphitl movealong the downhill andpLace it in the uphil. loopat the backof the sideof the toboggan loopat the backof the tobogganperpendicular to (maintaincontact with tobogganperpendicular to the fall line,when at the the toboggan). the fall line. rearof the toboggan. e Jamthe tobogganhandles * Lockthe tobogganhandles & Lockthe tobogganhandles intothe snow. in preparationfor running in preparationfor running * Removethe snowboard the loadedtoboggan. the loadedtoboggan. completely. 3 Undothe patienttie-downs %, Undothe patienttie downs & If possible,wedge the and openthe rescuepack. andopen the rescuepack. snowboardalong the down- & Markthe incidentsite to '& Markthe incidentsite to hiltside of the toboggan. alertthe public,if necessary. alertthe pubtic,if necessary. * Usethe patient'sequipment to anchorthe toboggan:if skis,put themthrough the loops;if a snowboard,jam the boardbetween the frontof the tobogganand its crossbar. & Lockthe tobogganhandLes in preparationfor running the loadedtoboggan. & Undothe patienttie-downs and openthe rescuepack. * Markthe incidentsite tcr alertthe public,if necessary. CHAPTER5: INCIDENTSCENEMANAGEMENT 51 tl :: i32 ;i i1:l ri t :n*'t,n * t ?i{- i i::?- tl'2, & demonstrate effective scenemanaqe- 'i,: '* 'l f, { t t ii it t: ii *.i lt ti t|; ment throuqh cfficicnt resuur('cmanagc- l'ili***iLl -o.r'."1".]i.- ..,,,--..1 nersrrnnal On your initial approach to the scene of an and communications tools, and incident with the toboqqan, you must move & demonstrate how to use various anchors forward with caution so you can make a to secure a toboggan at an incident site. quick overall evaluation ofthe situation. You will need to note the patient's location {4*2'::: L**ri:i** ?*:r:i' r. relative to anv terrain features or hazards & During the final approach to the inci- that may be present and also determine dent scene,decide rvhere to position the where you will finally secure the toboggan toboqganbased on thc patient'spo.i- .o that it is closcto the patientbut doet tion. thc terrain.an1 existinqhazards, not obstruct emergency care procedures or the snou, conditions, availableroom for block the path of oncoming skier/snow- mancuvering.and the likell roureof boarder traffic. In addition, you must con- eqress(photo 5.1). sider the 1ike1yroute of egress before € Slou' or stop before and to one side of securing the toboggan in place. A11of this the incident site to allorv for maneuvering strategy-occurs u'ithin mere seconds,but it rhe tobogsanduring the finalapproach. p^ can save precious minutes overall. De ^..,^-^aware OI ^f Cnanglnq^L^^^;^ ClrCUmSlanCCs and locations, and adjust your approach {}i:jii*:;;*l accordingll'. The toboqqan handler will * Mark the incident site to aiert the public. * explain and demonstrate how to safely & When possible, position the long axis of .L ^.. :- ., | .-, dPPr udl 11 dll lllL lUU rl r scenewith an the toboggan across the fal1 line for best unloaded toboqgan and securethe rusr.r^. \^^..,-^1 u"' ^-.r ,^bilirr. tobogeanproperll rn pr-eparationof & Secure and stabilize the toboggan by one l^^ll^.- ^ ^^+l^-+ a PaL rrrrr, or more of the lbllorvinq techniques: Arrivingat the incidentscene OUTDOOREN4 ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION S S L1T* . * Usingskis to anchorthe toboggan * Place anchoring devices (skis, snow- board, and other devices) through the r6nPs at each end ofthe tohoooan and into the snow (photos 5.2, 5.3). * Place anchoring devices along the doun-rlope side of the toboggan. * Place anchoring devices between the front (and rear) handles. * Tie the toboqganto a stationaryobject, * Have another rescuer(s) hold the tobopran''"-55_^^ ^^^in r.--'--oosrtion. * If necessary,stomp out a long, wide, stable platform using skis, snow- boards, or boots to compact and exca- vate the snow (photo 5.4). * Ju- the toboggan handles into the snow. Use this technique in combina- tion with another technique, not alone. ryH *T# S . F Usinga snowboardto securethe * F.noaoethe chain brake. tobogganin place * Secure the handles and prepare the tail rope for loaded operation; ifusing a four- handle toboggan, install the rear handles. S Undo the patient tie-downs and open the rescue pack. [ @ Use your toesideedge uhenever possiblelor rhe final approachto the incident scene. (-\Iote:tainers should provide demonstrations on entering the scenefrom both heelside and toeside.) #*€p$a:9***a:?s & Mark off or ciose terrain park features surrounding an incident scene. & Place the rescue pack over the rear fins to help stabilize the toboggan in place, depending on the snow conditions. Pf'{*T* S.4 Providinga long,wide, stable # * # Drop rhe chain in your final platformfor the toboggan approach. It will be engaged under the toboggan and ready to act as an anchor. Consider packing cut-off ski poles or other stake-type devices in the toboggan pack. (Skis with turned up tails and snowboards are ineffective anchors.) When using a snowboard to mark a scene, place the board on its edge with the base "barricade" uphill to the incident scene. Be sure to anchor the snowboard securely. CHAPTER5: INCIDENTSCENE MANAGEMENT 53 I $ Carry alternative anchoring devices maneuvering, the type of toboggan, and such as poles or pickets. the likely route of egress, and f S If possible, enter the site on your toe- I demonstrate proper patient positioning side to facilitate the final approach. and loading into the toboggan, and I #Find a nearly level spot to construct securing for transport. an improvised toboggan, then move it to the patient ifthe patient is in on Major [.earn€mgPeir:ts sloped terrain. *etermininqthe Patient'sFcsition in I & Be especially aware of marking an th* Tobaggan incident scene on a race course or past I Position the patient with the head uphill blind or descending corners. in the following situations: - Injury to the head, eye, face, neck, or FSgTTT*hIgN{*THg PATIgT?Tru upper extremity THg T&$**SAruEruD * Shortness ofbreath PRgPAftI'USTOR YRATSFQRT - Unresponsive or diminished level of (Refu to the current edition of Outdoor responsiveness Emergency Care or local protocol for addi- * Suspected cardiac emergency tional information.) - Very steep terrain I Position the patient with the head down- As recommended in Outdoor Emergency hill in the following situations: Care (fourth edition), after splinting and - Cardiac arrest providing other emergency care, you and/or - Shock the other rescuers on the scene will need to * Hypothermia lift the patient into the toboggan, being - Lower-extremity or pelvic injury careful not io aggravateany existing - Abdominal injury (unless the patient injuries or illnesses. is short ofbreath) When positioning a patient in a toboggan, I Place the patient in a position of comfort follow the general rules for managing the (usually head uphill) if he or she has a injury or illness and the patient's comfort. chest injury. Placing the patient directly on a canvas I Place the patient intherecouery position litter or tarp will make removal from the (photo 5.5) if he or she is experiencing toboggan easier.Wrap the patient in a nauseaand vomiting or is unresponsive blanket or sleeping bag covered with a tarp for nontraumatic reasons. or other snowproof and windproof cover, and strap him or her in securely without PH$TS S,S Therecovery position putting pressure on the site ofinjury or in such a manner that might impede emer- gency care during transport. *bj*etives The toboggan operator will I describe the principles of patient posi- tioning in the toboggan based on the nature and extent ofthe injury or illness, the number of people able to assist, the terrain, any existing hazards, the snow conditions, the available room for OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION ! Place the patient tn a sitting position if he * Other considerations for transferring or she is having difficulty breathing or into a toboggan: has an upper extremity injury. Consider * Assess the patient's mobility and using a backpacking chair or another res- his or her abiliry to assist. cuer to serve as a backrest for the patient. * Determine if there is a need to I Tr1 ro keep rhe patient's head away improvise equipment based on the from the track of a towing snow machine special needs ofthe adaptive patient /^^^....t- , L *. ^. if the injury allows. This will keep un- \LUrrDUrr Lllc rrluDr currenledition wanted snow from blowing onto the o{ Outdoor Emergency Care for infor- patient's head. mation on special populations). Use ! * In rolling backcountry terrain, place the patient and that person's guide, the patient in the position of comfort, as ilone is nresenr.r_.'"'_-'r as_ a resourcelor the head position will change as the how best to handlethe palient. terrain features change (photo 5.6). If you are the patrolier in charge of the lifting maneuver, make sure the other Liitirg i*t* ilr*'i-*i:r.';9":r: rescuers know which transfer technique { Before you lift the patient into the tobog- you will be using given the terrain and gan,be sure to assessthe following factors: the nature of the patient's injury or ill- * Position ofthe patient in the toboggan ness, and check to see that the patient is * Natureand extentof the natient's in the appropriate position for you to injury or illness execute the maneuver. * Par ianl ...^^..i- ,.- or unresponsrve Perform the move smoothly without * Patient "mohilirv-ahilitv """ -J _- "-J to-.- .^"-''"asqist compromising the injury or illness. * Number of people able to assist (Consult the most current edition of * Ta.rei. {qteon flat nr -ao,,lorl) Outdoor Emergency Care {or information * Conditions (hardpack; poor footing; on rescue lifting techniques.) soft, deep powder) Ensure that the patient clears the side * Typ" of toboggan (with/without bas- nf_-_ the "^_- tnhoooan ".-"-55*_' ket-height of edges) Positionand securethe natientin the toboggan (photo 5.7). + ?i# ? * .* . * Placingthe patientin the position Secure the patient's equipment on his o{ comfortin backcountryterrain or her uninjured side, or ask another patrollerto transport the equipment. Fle*€* #"3 Securinga tobogganin placeon an anchoringplatform with the handleslocked CHAPTER5: INCIDENTSCENE MANAGEMENT 55 I Monitor the patient before moving I + If additional patrollers are available, the toboggan. ask them to pack down the snow in front I Check the equipment and the incident of the toboggan, which will provide the site before leaving the scene. Flave other patient a smoother ride in deep snow. patrollers clean up the site and eradicate any holes or other terrain irregularities 5U#3ffi&*Y that might make the site unsafe. The scene size-up entails identifying real or potential hazards and preparing your final F*i*i"e LE*,.:i::*!h* $c*n* approach accordingly. You should not I Clear the incident site. approach the patient until you have dealt ! Fill in all holes. with these hazards in a way that eliminates I Remove or mark hazards per local or minimizes risk to both the rescuers and protocol. the patient. I Tiansport the patient's equipment and Always use proper lifting and moving any unused patrol equipment. techniques, and maintain coordination and I Collect and dispose of any biohazardous communication with the others who are materialsper arearequirements. assisting.Your safety,rhe safetyof rhe I Verify that the toboggan handles are other rescuers, and the safety of the patient locked (if appropriate). all depend on proper lifting techniques and I Check the rig pins or bolts. on the team's ability to maintain a proper I Position the chain brake for use as hold uhile lihing and carrying. needed. Also, be sure to conduct a safe egress I Select and communicate the appropriate from the scene using appropriate toboggan- route to the tail rope or rear operator handling techniques and maintaining good and to any other assisting patrollers at communicalion with the tail rope/rear the scene, on route, or at the base station. operatoq other patrollers, and the base. Take the toboggan to its destination using 9*cE.p€*trHiert* the safest, smoothest, and shortest route, I Use safe lifting procedures whenever and try to avoid jostling and bumping the lifting the patient or heavy equipment, patient. Strap the patient's equipment on as described in the most current edition the side of the toboggan opposite the injury of Outdoor Emergency Care. with any tips pointing toward the patient's I Encourage the patient to assist as much feet, or have another rescuer carry them. as possible without adding to the injury Never leave a loaded toboggan unattended. or exacerbating the illness. I Be prepared to adjust your toboggan- handling techniques when the patient is sitting up; this changes the toboggan's .-^t-' ^{ -"o.'i+.' X S Many improvised toboggans tend to plow into the snow and gather and push snow in front. By placing the patient several inches rearward and adjusting a tarp several inches forward, the tobog- gan will ride higher on the snow and plow less. OUTDOOREM ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION TRAINTNGEXEREISE$ Set up variousscenarios with differentcontributing factors (steep terrain. a mock hazard,a patient with a life-threateninginjury, etc.) and havetrainees practice approaching the scenewith a tobog- gan basedon theseconsiderations. * Havetrainees practice backing a tobogganinto the sceneand usingthe wheelbarrowapproach to parkthe toboggan. * IncorporateOutdoor Emergency Care training objectives for incidentscene management into the tobogganapproach, securing, and departufeexefcises. * Havetrainees practice techniques for markingincident sites. * Havethe group practicemaking a [ong,wide, stableplatform to securethe toboggan,using variousmethods such as stompingdown the snowwith skisor boots,or tamping it down with your ski poles. I Havethe traineeslearn and practicethe localarea's equipment inspection procedure to use beforedeparting the incidentscene. X Havetrainees practice lifting maneuversfor variousinjuries and illnesses.Have them experiment with tifting/positioningthe patient headup, headdown, sitting,and when the patient is ableto assist.Atso have the group practiceremoving adaptive skiing or snowboardingequipment from a patientso they can placethe individualinto a toboggan. S Havethe traineesreview all the localpolicies on transpoft positionsfor variousinjuries. E Discussdifferent types of specialequipment concefns for variousinjuries (e.g., equipment for a shoulderdislocation that would allowthe patientto sit in a toboggan). X Discussthe prosand conso{ different patient positioningin a toboggan. X Havethe group practicesecuring a patient'sequipment in the toboggan. #*t*e: CHAPTER5: INCIDENTSCENE MANAGEMENT 57 #re*rmff€n=ffi-f#ti###ffiffiffi il*m#m# ow that you've delivered the tobog- serve as either the front or tail rope operator gan to the scene, provided the nec- in a two-person toboggan-handling opera- essary emergency care, and secured tion. Likewise, your area may have four- the patient in the roboggan.ir's time for handle toboggansthat require the team the final phase of outdoor emergency trans- portation: exiting the scene and transport- ffiwwewwwwY ing the patient to your destination without %*xwgw& sx*w% further incident. W*EAtpine skiing (fixed heel) Depending on your area'spolicies, you {# Tetemarkskiing (free heel, nordic downhitl) may be called upon to serve as the sole oper- ator of a loaded toboggan. While you should S Snowboarding be able to transport a loaded toboggan on - Cross-countryskiing (track and skate) your own, you should also be prepared to fl.i' =*. ...++ !: F* € effort of a front and rear operatoq and you * Utilize your ski/snowboard edges, the may need to train and practice your skills toboggan chain brake, and the toboggan accordingly. Overall, the more you know body configuration to maintain a safe, about the functions involved in transporting consistent, and controlled speed a loaded toboggan, the better the chances of (photo 6.2). a safe, expedient experience for the patient, I Be prepared to perform a power stop in for you, and for the other rescuers. a reasonabledistance. .frlofe:Whereas the following general E Select an appropriate route to provide for principlesand t ransportationmaneuvers a smooth, continuous, and obstacle-free apply to all kinds of toboggans, the remain- run in order to maximize the patient's der ofthe chapter content is divided into comfort and safety. 1riu'ssgs1i61s-two-handle toboggans and I Look around periodically for potential four-handle toboggans. hazards and skier/snowboarder trafEc. *grliH*&s" Pffi{rqe gFL€s T.::i &*p*.:'fi**r' Upci*t*i fr*ri'Jp*r*t';r I Comply with the 1ocalpolicies regarding I Operate the toboggan at a safe, consis- the use of a tail ropefrear operator; tent, and controlled speed within per- whether or not the patrol uses a tail sonal limitations. ropefrear operator is at the discretion I Anticipate changes in the terrain and of areamanagement. snow conditions, and be sure to commu- I Maintain a stanceand position relativeto nicate these variations to the tail rope/ the rope that allowsmaximum maneu- rear operator. verability and control over the toboggan. ! Maintain a stance and position relative * Look around periodically for potential to the handles that allows maximum hazards and skier/snowboarder traffic. maneuverability and control over the X Be aware that the level of training for toboggan (photo 6.1). a tail rope/rear operator should be com- X Remain in the fall line as much as possi- parable with the level of training for a ble for maximum control while braking. frnnf nnorafnr P C'*#T* &. $ Changinghand positions on the handlesto maneuverthe toboggan OUTDOOREIVlERGENCY TRANSPORTATION ffifid"tYf1 L 9 The front operatorusing a varietyof maneuversto controlthe toboggan I Hold the rope in both hands; never tie P * ffif ffi &. S The tail rope operatordemon- the rope to your body. stratinga good positionup the fatt line Hold the rope in front of your body most of the time for u adequate control. Occasionally,as when encountering a steep pitch, you may need to use a belay position (particularly ifyou are on a snowboard). Hold the rope at mid-thigh level for ! maximum control (photo 6.3); avoid holding the rope too low, because this will dispiace your center of gravity and .l may cause you to lose your balance. Keep the rope loosely coiled and move it ff iliffiT6 & " 4 Helpingthe front operator back and forth from one hand to the maintaincontrol on steeoterrain other in order to take up slack and avoid grrLdrrHlgtlt ^_"__".-r.-_*'"_'frnnt onerafor Support the front operator by suppiying a braking and/or steering component for the toboggan, if appropriate. Stay in the fall line to keep the back of the toboggan from sliding or swinging CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 61 away from the front operator's direction I Demonstrate teamwork at all times. of descent. Regardless of sliding equipment, cooper- I fi {l{|Realize thatyour primary role ation is essential in operating a toboggan. as tail rope/rear operator is to assist the I Maintain verbal and visual communica- front operator and provide a safe descent tion with each other while moving the when terrain and conditions warrant. toboggan to its destination. I {SBe prepared to shift positions to assist I {N:Use additional operators if needed to the front operator as the terrain warrants facilitate moving direction changes. (i.e., move to the front to help the front operator pull the toboggan uphill, then TRANSFORTATIONMANEUVERS back to the rear at the crest ofthe hill). Anyone who operates a toboggan must possess an aptitude for route selection, a Teamwork willingness to maintain communication I tavel at a speed that is commensurate with the other operatoq and a commitment with your skills, the skills of the other to teamwork. In addition, whether patrolling operator, the terrain, snow conditions, on skis or a snowboard, operators must weather, and the patient's condition while demonstrate a variety of movements and maintaining verbal communication with turns or transitions to control the speed the other operator and/or any other pat- and path ofa toboggan. Tables 6.1 and rollers who may be skiing/snowboarding 6.2 list the skiing/snowboarding maneu- alongside the toboggan to help monitor vers commonly used to transport a the oatient, loaded toboggan, OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION TASL€6.2 TAILROPE/REAR OPERATOR, LOADED TOBOGGAN Alpine and TelernarftSkiing Snowboarding fnoas-countrySkiinE il Traverse 3 Traverse & Traverse & Descent * Descent I Descentand ascent t. Movinq.,-..''Y direction9..99!lvll chanor'gllqllvg t Movingdirection change il Movingdirection change f, Sidestipto wedgeturn t Sidestipto skiddedturn E Sideslipto wedgeturn H Fattingteaf to di-agonal I Fatlingteaf to diagonal 6 Fattingleaf to diagonal fattingteaf fattingteaf falting leaf E Staticbetay S Staticbelay I Staticbelay gw*"tr&r€* Lg ?* *** *e145 3 use an effective combination of operator Whether )ou are transporringa patient in a skills and toboggan maneuvers to provide two-handle toboggan by yourself or with the patient a safe and smooth ride, and another patrolleq you will need to use appro- I execute the terrain-drop maneuver priate techniques for descending and ascend- as needed. ing the fall line, making a moving direction change, traversing, making a static direction ffi*j*n L**e"a:€ngF*€*:?s change,executing a power stop (if necessary), ir'*rl **r:r*l*r' and parking the toboggan. The following I Use the front operators edgesas the sections contain detailed information on primary braking device and the chain how to conduct these maneuvers safely. brake as the bochupbraking device when operating a loaded toboggan. *g€**ru*5ru*&ru* &sesru*g#* I Lift and twist the handles to obtain 3* fr Sea_LC_3ru g maximum leverage "i"rvr- and control over the l"i* n* i * T*hr:g g* r: loaded toboggan. Descending and ascending the fall line with F In moguled terrain, try to keep the a loaded toboggan presents a different set of loaded toboggan in the troughs or on considerations than when traveling with an the uphill sides of the moguls to avoid unloaded toboggan. Now you have the added jostling the patient. concern of the patient's safety and comfort, ! When usinga chain brake.keep ir in requiring you to simultaneously monitor the contact with the snow. individual and the surroundings (i.e., terrain, I When the cresting over moguls or other snow conditions, skier/snowboarder tralEc, terrain features, lift the toboggan han- etc.). You must also adapt your toboggan- dles to lessenthe pressure on the chain handling techniques to compensate for the brake and avoid stalling the toboggan. additional weight as well as maintain com- f, Because speed and momentum will munication with the other operator (if pre- increase as the loaded toboggan passes sent) to ensure a safe, efficient outcome. over each mogul crest, prepare to edge harder on your skis/snowboard and apply *bj**t€v** more pressure to the handles to keep the The toboggan handler will chain brake in contact with the snow. I descend with a loaded toboggan in varied ! Do not allow the loaded toboggan to terrain and snow conditions as a front turn when you transition from a wedge operator and as a tail rope operator with to a sideslip and vice versa. stabilirl and control, CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 63 .5 ffi +.ffitUse a herringbone or sidestep to P * Xl:T+ . ij' Toe-to-heelsequence ascend with a loaded toboggan. # utF= Use a combination of skiinq techniques-including sideslip, u'edge, telemark and parallei turns-to control a loadedtoboggan as drctaredb1 the ter- rain, snow conditions, and your ability level (photo 6.5). # E{F= Use a wedge or sideslip-to- wedge transition to heip control your descent with a loaded toboggan. @ Use a stairstep technique to ascend r,ritha loadedroboggan. "r @ Ute a combination of riding tech- niques including falling leaf (forward to switch and switch to forward), sideslip- ping, and linked turns to controi a loaded toboggan as dictated by the terrain, snow conditions, and your ability level (photo sequence6.6). i: il *:'S *, tr Usingvarious skiing techniques to ensurea controlled,safe descent OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION Maintaininqten sionon the tail rope and holdingit at mid-thigh level FHGTS S.9 :F L . Maintain tension on the tail rope to help regular stance (left foot forward) on the control speed, provide lateral stability, heelside edge, use your left hand to grasp and prevent the toboggan from slipping the rope with your palm up and your arm sideways (photo 6.9). Maintaining tension flexed so you can compensate for the in the tail rope is not to be confused with changing rope tension. Use your right steering the toboggan, which is the front hand to belay the rope around and behind operator's responsibility. your right hip. Reverse hand positions Increase tension on the tail rope if the for a goofy stance (right foot forward). front operator needs or requests your I S Whe" making a fall-line descent on assistance. the heelside edge, follow the front opera- Be prepared to adjust your position due tor's direction, either traversing forward to variations in the fall line. or switch. Call out if you begin to lose your posi- I * Hold the rope loosely when descend- tion so that both you and the front oper- ing, keeping tension as needed to provide ator can take appropriate action. control. In steep terrain with an impro- Maintain a flexed and stable stance to vised toboggan, expect thefront operator avoid being pulled off balance. Anticipate to shift to the rear (uphill) position to the time and distance you would need to assistyou. react to sudden changes in terrain or regain control. Teamwork Maintain an appropriate distance from I Ifyou are the front operator, constantly the toboggan to avoid contact with it. scan the route for obstacles, changing {t$ Hold the rope loosely so you can terrain, and variations in the snow con- discard it as needed; do not tie it off to ditions. Communicaie that information anything (e.g., your waist, clothing). to the tail rope operator and adjust the {} Wh"" making a fall-line descent in a route accordinslv. OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION I If you are the front operato4 anticipate I If you cannot comfortably reach the the tail rope operator's route and adjust toboggan handles in steep or otherwise your route as necessary. challenging terrain, place one hand on the crossbar for more control (photo 6.10). $**!.pfu[${istt* I Keep your skis/snowboard on the sides Fr*rrillp*rat*l of the moguis to place the toboggan in I Realize that the operation of a loaded the correct position and to increase the toboggan occurs with the front operator effectiveness of your ski/snowboard edges. inside (between) the toboggan handles. I Try not to let the toboggan rotate when Some areas have adopted an outside-the- the middie is in contact with the snow handles method of operating the tobog- but the fins and brake chain are not, gan; this is used primarily in moguled I If you are forced to turn on a mogul, terrain. The use of this technique is at once you are over the crest, get back into the discretion of area management. position quickly so you can control the I Slightly lift the handles to help the speed ofthe toboggan. toboggan fins remain in contact with the I Wedge your hips against the crossbar to snow. This will also add weight to your enhance control in steep terrain. Persons ski/sn6q,,fs31d edges as well as increase of smaller stature may find this helpful the toboggan's ability to track in a stable in many situations. manner on either a high-angle or low- I Try to keep your shoulders and hips per- angle traverse. pendicular to the fall line for maximum I Try to keep the toboggan as level as pos- control. sible to provide a comfortable ride for I Avoid over-pressuring the handles; this the patient. can lower the bow ofthe toboggan enough tr Anticipate the moment the chain may to disengagethe fins and cause the tobog- lose contact with the snow surface so gan to slip. you can increase the pressure on your I Determine if a belly chain should be ski/snowboard edges. added for resistance. A toboggan with a I When possible, make quick visual checks belly chain must be run on or near the ofthe toboggan's position, the tail rope fall line; it does not traverse effectively operator's location, and the patient. on firm snow. : ffi*&Look uphill for oncoming [F$3 * TS 6, I * Placingone hand on the cross- skier/snowboarder traffi c. bar for more control I Be aware that your emergency care belt could interfere with your operation ofthe toboggan. Consider stowing it in the toboggan along with the patient, if there is room. I S If you are on alpine skis with a turned up tail, be aware that they can send a lot of snow spray into the front ofthe tobog- gan. You can avoid this by skiing with the tails closer to the nose of the tobog- gan. You can also bundle up the patient -l,# or have a protective barrier (sno/spray guard) shield him or her, as long as this doesn't obstruct your view ofthe person. CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 6i I S Starr heelsideand try to mainrain I Make constant adjustments in the that position whenever possible for length of the rope in moguled terrain. maximum stability. * Be aware that terrain conditions can tr $Ifyou are skiing uphill, keep your affect your braking power. poles behind your feet to prevent your 3 @If you are the tail rope operator you skis from slipping back. should ride switch when possible in I $Always have at least two points of order to maintainthc ontimrm tail contact with the snow (e.g.,one pole rope position. and one ski) when climbing. I f{ When pulling a hear,1,load, take l'* a r:: iry* r k shorter ski steps to make climbing uphill ! The more pressureon your equipment easier and save your leg strength. Ifyou edges, the more effective your braking "step" call one ski stride a you can count action if you are correctlyangled to "step, step, pull." the hill-but only to a point. Excessive "chattering" pressurecan lead to or T*ii **p* r*perei*r washing out. I Avoid allowing excess slack in the tail I On fiat terrain, if you are the tail rope rope; having to manage extra rope will operator you should move forward and increase your reaction time and overali pull with the rope to help the front oper- effectiveness. ator maintain the toboggan's forward X Consider placing knots in the tail rope momentum, at intervalsof6, 9, 12, and l5 leet from the rear of the toboggan. These will serve r4*vgru**tg€*Ts*F* *$*&ru* g as hand-holdsto help you maintain ten- Tr+*- ii * r:d l+ T* i:* g g * * sion on the rope (photo 6.11). In transporting the patient to the aid room, E Your downhill hand should be closest to awaiting ambulance, or other destination, the toboggan to maintain a stable skiing/ you ma) find it necessaryto changerhe ridins noqitinn ^_-___5r""^'_-_'' direction in which the toboggan is moving ! Keep the rope parallel to the fall line to avoid an obstacle.access a better route, behind the toboggan. This will help you etc. Again, this maneuver is complicated stay in the fall line too. by the need to monitor the patient's safety I Look uphill for oncoming skier/snow- and comfort while remaining aware of the board traffic. surroundings (i.e., terrain, snow conditions, skier/snowboarder tralEc, etc.). Also, you F ffiffiTffi 6. $ I Usingknots in the tail rope as will need to adapt your toboggan-handling hand-holdson steepterrain techniques to compensate for the additional weight as well as maintain communication with the other operator (if present). Here are the general guidelines for executing a moving direction change with confidence ---.".'---.''*-'-Jand afficianc-t *fuj*ct*v** The toboggan handler will I select the best location to initiate and complete a transition (turn) relative to the route, terrain, and snow conditions, and OUTDOOREIVIERGENCY TRANSPORTATION 3 use skiing,/snowboarding maneuvers that p *i *T* *, 1 * Maintainingan awarenessof the are appropriatelo lhe lerrain, sno\\ con- tail rope operator'sposition at all times ditions, and personal ability level. &€a$*rL**r*$r'*g F*€at*s fr*r"ii *p*r*t*r I Consider the route, terrain, snow condi- tions, and skier/snowboarder traffic when deciding whether to change the direction of the toboggan. I Recognize the specific performance characterist ics oFthe transportation equipment being used and the aspect, or position, ofthe toboggan relative to the terrain. T** ff?t:*r:.! I Be prepared to initiate a moving direc- ! After initiating the direction change, the tion change during a traverse or while front operator should stay in or near the descending the fall line. fall line until the tail rope operator com- I Execute any direction changes at a con- pletes the direction change and resumes sistent and controlled speed. Use a his/her regular position behind the combination of transitions and braking toboggan. techniques in a variety ofterrain and X The tail rope operator should increase snow conditions. the rope tension to help the front opera- I When maneuvering the toboggan with a tor with turning as needed. tail rope operator, maintain awareness of that person's position (photo 6.12). F€*lp€xl$"€€*tt* Select and communicate the intended f, Never go into a moving direction change line of descent and maneuvers to the tail or transition faster than you want to come roPe operator. out of it. i Consider the use of a tail rope on steep, T*ii i<*p**psr*t*r narrow terrarn. I Avoid making a simultaneous transition I Unweight the chain brake slightly before with the front operator so that one person a moving direction change to maintain is in a position of stability at all times. consistent speed while turning. I Follow the front operator's line oftravel I Direct another patroller or bystander to and adjust your handling techniques to pack a route for you by sidestepping or maintain speed and control. sideslipping ahead of you, if possible, so tr Maintain control of the toboggan and that you may descend safely. your position above and behind the toboggan before. during, and after a ?R&AiCRSErd* descending direction change. Tw*-i-iandi*Tr:b*g gan I Adjust the rope length for adequate When transporting a loaded toboggan, you braking tension and to help control the will need to traverse the slope or trail at tobogganduring the transition. some point to control speed, avoid obsta- I # In the backcountry, shift to the front cles, or access the best route. Again, this or uphill side to assist the front operator maneuver is complicated by the need to when ascending. monitor the patient's safety and comfort CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN When traversing, maintain a balanced when you are able to ride switch on and stable skiing,/snowboarding stance, either the toeside or heelside. keeping the tail rope taut to prevent the ffi Move your downhill ski slightly for- toboggan from slipping sideways. ward and move slightly forward in the & Wh"" traversing, use the heelside edge handles during a traverse. ofyour snowboard whenever possible for * Consider using climbing skins during optimum control. an uphill traverse, Teamwark ST,&YlePgRge?i*hJ e HAtrfrE I !{pWhen on a high-angle traverse, a Twc-HandieTab*gEan tail rope handler on a snowboard may You may find it necessary to execute a be forced onto the toeside edge in order static direction change in certain situations, to follow the toboggan's path. The oper- such as when moving a loaded toboggan ator may not be able to exert sufficient over a drop-off or other terrain irregularity, energy to be an effective brake in the To conduct a static direction change, you event assistanceis required, as being on must stop the toboggan and make either a the toeside edge means the upper body stepping wedge turn, kick turn, or switch is twisted down-slope and the lower body (if you are on a snowboard), then resume is oriented upslope. Therefore, commu- your position in the handles and pivot the nication is essential before switching toboggan in the new direction to continue operator positions or to discuss an alter- the descent, Again, this maneuver is compli- nate route selection. cated by the need to monitor the patient's I * In a backcountry downhill traverse, safety and comfort while remaining aware additional patrollers will need to move ofthe surroundings (i.e.. terrain, snow con- to the rear to assist with speed control ditions, skier/snowboarder traffic, etc.). and to keep the rear of the toboggan Also, you will need to adapt your toboggan- from slipping down the fall line. handling techniques to compensate for the I # In a backcountry uphill traverse, addi- additional weight as well as maintain com- tional patrollers will need to move to the munication with the other operator (if pre- front and uphill side ofthe toboggan to sent), Here are guidelines for executing a assist with uphill travel and to help keep static direction change with a loaded tobog- the rear of the toboggan from slipping gan in a safe, efficient manner. down the fall line. Note: If there are two toboggan handlers, both should not perform the static direction 14elpfulF{ints change at the same time. (As one operator I Vary the pressure on the handles in order performs the maneuver, the other stabilizes to find the optimal position of stability. the toboggan.) I If you are the front operator, ski/snow- board with the handles at a slight angle Sbieetive to the fall line so the toboggan will plow The toboggan handler will execute a con- through the crust and the chain will dig trolled static direction change while main- into the snow to control speed. taining contact with the toboggan handles. I Avoid over-pressuring the handles, which can lower the bow ofthe toboggan enough Melor &"*arr*!ngFeints to disengage the fins, causing the tobog- I Stop the toboggan in a safe and secure gan to slip. location, I {!x You will be more effective traversing I Move toward the end of the handles. CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 71 t ###Execute a controlled static the patient and the increased momentum direction change while holding onto the of the toboggan. ln addition, it is important handles ofthe toboggan using either a to warn the other operator (assuming one is stepping wedge turn or a kick turn. present and you have time to do so) that you I Make sure your skis or snowboard do are about to conduct the maneuver. Here are not make contact with the toboggan or guidelines for executing a power stop safely a terrain feature. and efficiently with a loaded toboggan. I Resume a running position in the handles facing a new direction. *hj**tier* I If there are two operators, do not attempt The toboggan handler will demonstrate a to perform the static direction change at power stop with a loaded toboggan within a the same time. reasonable distance in all conditions. I Pivot the toboggan in the new direction as you resume the descent. f**j*r €-*erat*mgF*f x'xts t S You can ride switch and accomplish a i If you are the front operator, maintain the static direction change without having to loaded toboggan in the fall line during a turn the snowboard around. This means powef stop. you can ride from right to left or left to * Let the tail rope operator know in right without having to change your advance that you will be making a edge (heelsideor toeside). Ifyou wish power stop. to change the edge, you can perform I From a neutral stance, simultaneously an on-snow transition soon after getting flex your ankles, knees, and hips while underway. pivoting both feet across the fall line as you apply increasing pressure and edge #*[pfaelF*imts angle to stop the toboggan. I Stomp out a secure, flat platform before I Maintain balance over the center of the making a static direction change. skis or the middle of the board. t With a step or wedge turn, use as wide a I It's important for either the front opera- stance as possible. tor or the tail rope operatorto maintain I Look in the direction in which you are the toboggan in the fall line during the turning when making a kick turn. emergency stop to retain controi. I Apply appropriate downward pressure p*wg* 5?*r on the handles to enhance the effective- Tw*-i"'inndl* Tcb*gg*n ness ofthe chain brake. Because safety is the primary concern when operating a loaded toboggan, you may find F4eipfaalHfrrts it necessary to make an immediate, unex- : ffi#&Keep the edgessharp on your pected stop at any time and in such a man- personalequipment. ner as to avoid an obstacle or unforeseen I Keep your upper body facing downhill. hazard while maintaining complete control of the toboggan. The maneuver used to stop tr&*Kgru* "power the toboggan immediately is called a Tv,r*-H*n*l*T*b*gg*n stop," in which you pivot both feet across At times you may need to bring a loaded the fall line while applyingincreasing pres- toboggan to a controlled stop in order to sure and edge angle to stop the toboggan. attend to the patient, adjust equipment, or A loaded toboggan further complicates this because you and/or the operator are overly maneuver because of the added weight of fatigued. To park the toboggan, notify the 72 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION other operator (ifpresent), and be sure to hea'"1,,wet snow. A benefit of this type of locate a place that's safe for the patient and toboggan is that both operators have fixed you. Make sure the toboggan is oriented handles, enabling them to maneuver the perpendicular to the fa1l line-preferably to equiprnent as a team. As with any scenario the side of the slope e1 11ail-s16i does not in which lwo operalorsare transportinga obstruct oncoming skier/snowboarder loaded toboggan, communication and coor- trafEc. Here are guidelines for parking a dination are essential. It is also important loaded toboggan and securing it in place. to maintain good visual and verbal commu- nication with the patient. The following *bj*et€rr* section examines these and other nuances The toboggan handler will ski,/snowboard and of four-handle toboggan handling. pivot across the fall line, using the control surfaces of the loaded toboggan to park it. *95€9ru*8ru*Ye"'€x FALL a-grug Fc*r- !-i*;":*i* T*b*;g;:n &**j**"L***'"*€ctg F*in*s One of the ways in which a four-handle ! Park/position the toboggan perpendicular toboggan is different from a two-handle to the fall line in a stable place such as a toboggan is that the front operator's move- "amplified" mogul trough or other terrain feature in ments are for the rear operator. the snow so that the toboggan is secure In other words, because both operators have and safe. Stomp out a platform if needed. a direct connection to the toboggan, the rear I After parking the toboggan, determine operator feels the front operator's move- whether you need to ask another rescuer ments immediately (and vice versa). This to approach from below and assist the is important when descending the fall line, patient, adjust equipment, or make because any direction change will greatly other necessary adjustments. influence the dynamics of the toboggan. In addition, both operators must be aware of F**€'p€ae{*tn*s the increased momentum caused by the I If either operator is too fatigued to extended rear handles as well as the added continue, be sure to park safely and weight of the patient. regain strength before continuing. I If either operator is too fatigued to *bj**tiv*s continue and another patroller is skiing/ The toboggan handler wiil snowboarding alongside, have that indi- I demonstrate front and rear operations of vidual take the other operator's place, a loaded four-handle toboggan, and assuming there is time to do this and it I descend the fall line with a loaded four- is an appropriate option given the nature handle toboggan, showing stability and of the patient's injury or illness. control in a variety of maneuvers con- ducted in a variety of snow conditions. F*tJ&-HAru * L& T*ffi***&ru5 A four-handle toboggan is a good equipment ffi*j*r Leaner**:gF*i*rt* choice when terrain and snow conditions are fr*nt *p*r*i*i such that maneuvering a two-handle tobog- I Use a variety of techniques-including gan in the setting would be inefficient or falling leaf and fall-line parallel transi- particularly difficult, as when the incident 1i6ns-16 control the toboggan as the scene is offtrail, when there are consider- terrain and snow conditions dictate. able stretches of flat terrain on the route to I Transport the toboggan at a speed com- or from the incident, and when there is mensurate with the rear operator's skills, CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 73 the terrain, weatheq snow conditions, i*;ri.;*ln and the nature ofthe patient's illness X Adjust your skiing/snowboarding stance or injury. and your position in the handles to * tavel at a safe, consistent, and controlled maintain control of the toboggan. speed by using edge and pressure con- Typically,toboggan operators posit ion trol and the chain brake (photo 6.15). themselves closer to the end of the * In moguls, maintain the toboggan on handles with a four-handle toboqgan the face of the mogul just above the (photo 6.16). troughs. Work the descending pattern of * Communicate verbally and nonverbally mogul faces usually found from 5 to 10 with each other. Call out your turns. degrees off the fa1l line. I Use the chainbrake or slighrlylift the #*lpfi:9 #i;:tx toboggan to control speed. * If you are the stronger of two handlers, I Lift, twist, and maneuver the handles to you should be in the rear. maintain maximum leverage and control. E Ifyou are the fronr operator,do not * Keep the toboggan flat on the snow or push down too hard on the front handles rolled slightly to the downslope side to because this will cause the fins to lose promote tracking and edge control. edge control. F in difficult terrain, run 5 to 10 degrees itc;: *1*;'*itr off of the fall line to allow the chain ll Follow the front operator's line of travel to function at its maximum capacity and help him or her maintain control of and the fins or sidewall to carry part of the tobog{an. the weight. * Keep the toboggan flat on the snow or fr Consider placing any equipment in the rolled slightly to the downslope side to toboggan over the rear fins for added promote tracking and edge control. weight and stability. E Lift the tail of the toboggan to maintain & Realize that pulling back on the handies weight on the chain when more brakinq will cause the toboggan bow to lift off of power is needed. its chain and the front operator to lose E Support the weiqht of the toboggan pressure on his or her ski edges. when the front operator does a movinq & Ifyou the rear operato! hold the handles direction change. in front ofyour body. * Maintain communication with the X If you are the rear operato! do not front operator. push down too hard on the rear handles 'i i3;"i ffi 3 q) #. S Descendingthe fall line p il'l#T * * "'l # Positioningat endof handles OUTDOOREIVIERGENCY TRANSPORTATION because this will cause the chain to lose fi*;r *p*r*i*i its braking power. I Follow the front operator's line oftravel and adjust your movements and handling r€*ggP***g*acTg*ru €*A5*** techniques to maintain the speed and I*ii r*i** :-i*ie T***q g* I path ofthe toboggan. In transporting the patient to the aid room, I Keep the toboggan flat on the snow or awaiting ambulance, or other destination, rolled slightly to the downslope side as you may find it necessary to change the appropriate for the terrain and snow direction in which the toboggan is moving conditions and to maintain tracking. to avoid an obstacle or unforeseen hazard, accessa better route, etc. Again, this T*a;-niu;*r* maneuver is complicaredby the need to I Operate as a team when conducting monitor the patient's safety and comfort movements; whatever you do will directly while remaining aware of the surroundings affect the other operator. (i.e., terrain, snow conditions, skier/snow- I Maintain a proper skiing/snowboarding boarder tralEc, etc.). stance and an appropriate position in Also, you will need to adapt your tobog- the handles depending on the terrain gan-handling techniques to compensate for and snow conditions the additional weight as well as maintain communication with the other operator (if €"**lp€x!E*t*t* one is present). The front operator must 3 Before executing a maneuve6 slow to the always consider the effects ofhis/her actions desired speed for both of you to complete on the rear operator because the effects the maneuver and anticipate the needs at are amplified when operating a four-handle the end of the maneuver. Don't expect the toboggan. Here are guidelines for executing toboggan to slow during the maneuver. an efficient, safe moving direction change I Ifyou are the front operato4 when chang- with a loaded four-handle toboggan. ing direction stay on or near the fall line until the rear operator completes the *fuje*€tv* direction change and locks into position. The toboggan handler will I If you are the rear operator, be prepared ! select the best location to initiate and to anticipate the actions of the front complete a direction change relative to operator. the route, terrain, snow conditions, and ! The front operator should anticipate the the position of the rear operator, and rear operator's situation before making a I use skiing/snowboarding maneuvers that moving direction change. are appropriateto lhe terrain,snow con- ditions, and personal ability 1evel. ?&.&V€RSgFJ* F*,rr-l"!endie ?***gg*n &tej*r L**r*ixrg F**s:*s When transporting a loaded four-handle i;'*:-:i *:r*r*t*r toboggan, you will need to traverse the slope X Select and communicate the intended or trail at some point to control speed, avoid line of descent and maneuvers with the obstacles, or access the best route. Again, rear operator. this maneuver is complicated by the need I Use maneuvers appropriate to the terrain, to monitor the patient's safety and comfort snow conditions, and the rear operator's while remaining aware of the surroundings ability level. (i.e., terrain, snow conditions, skier/snow- boarder traffic, etc.). Also, you will need to CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 75 adapt your toboggan-handling techniques X Maintain communication with the to compensate for the additional weight as frnnf nnprafnr well as maintain communication with the other operator (if one is present). Here are i* * r"*lr, * :-il the guidelines for moving the loaded four- X Maintain a proper skiing/snowboarding handle toboggan perpendicular to the fall stance and an appropriate position in line in a safe, efficient manner while main- the handles depending on the terrain taining forward momentum. and snow conditions. I Coordinareactrons snnronrietelr *bj*e9€v* The toboggan handler will traverse a loaded $€*{p€r*l**i*t* four-handie toboggan in a stable and con- X Ifyou are the rear operato! keep the rear trolled manner with minimal lateral slippage of the toboggan from sliding away from in a variety ofterrain and snow conditions. the direction in which the front operator is moving. fut*i*r {-**r*:*ragF*im*c fi If you are the rear operato! you rnay fr,;*i *p*r*:*r' want to keep your upper body centered X Adjust your position in the handles as behind or slightly below the toboggan's the terrain and snow conditions dictate. downhill handle. X Pressure the edges ofyour skis/snow- board, the toboggan fins, and the tobog- &#&p?grus?* ?g&&ecru&*c* gan edges as needed to prevent slippage sru*w {*ru* Ye*Fds (photo 6.17). f;'":r- ii*r:*i* i***gga;: * Lift the toboggan slightly or use the Depending on the policy of area manage- chain brake as needed to control speed. ment or the public lands administrator, four-handle toboggans are often used in **,*r *p*r*i*r" adverse conditions where both operators il Keep the tobogganflat to the slope need maximum control. The rear operator and tracking. is more directly influenced by the maneu- * Help to propel the front operator hard vers of the front operator and the toboggan enough to maintain speed on shallow itsell making for a stronger, more direct traverses. connection between both handlers and the equipment. For this reason, communication flF'f#T* 6"X f, Traversingwith a loadedfour- and teamwork are essential. Here are general handLetoboggan guidelines for adapting to terrain and snow conditions when maneuvering a loaded four-handle toboggan. *h$**t€v** The toboggan handler will X perform all the maneuvers of transitions, sideslips, moving direction changes, parking, and terrain drops in a variety of terrain and snow conditions, "make I light" on flat terrain and on a variety of slopes in wet, heavy snow on an appropriate slope, and OUTDOOREIVIERGENCY TRANSPORTATION ! execute the terrain-drop maneuver with I Conduct the maneuvers in a smooth, a loaded four-handle toboggan over an continuous movement. appropriate drop. I Be knowledgeable and experienced in toboggan maneuvering skills before ***j**" E***r*€*':gF*is:€* attempting them in more challenging Fi;r; *p*r:ri*r terrain and snow conditions. X Select the best route and the best point(s) of transition. #*lp€*xl*€t*9* I As the toboggan tips down over a lip, ! Adjust your stance and position in the momentarill check t he speedof the handles to controi the toboggan as the toboggan while maintaining the line of terrain and snow conditions warrant. travel until the rear operator is over the N Let the toboggan do some of the work. lip and back in position. Operate it; don't fight it. Use frnesse rather than brute strength. !:t**r *p*railr * The tougher and tiqhter the moguls, I Be prepared to control the direction and the slowerthe speed. speed of the toboggan when the terrain and snow conditions dictate. *#&*ffi&*Y ! Push the robogganro start moving. Maneuvering a loaded toboggan, whether its configuration is two-handles or four- T**r::,t't*rk handles, requires solid skiing/snowboarding I Adapt to the terrain and snow conditions. skills, strong teamwork, and concise com- ! Communicate exactly what will be done munication skills. At the same time, the (i.e., the speed over the lip, the stopping care and safety of the patient is of primary point, the maneuver to be done, and the concern as the loaded toboggan is maneu- snow conditions ahead). vered across the slopes or trails. The general fl Pass the weight (control) back and forth principles and specific skill sets identified from one handler to the other depending in this chapter bring into consideration all on which handler has the best leverage of these elements. The following training due to the snow conditions. exercises provide valuable learning tools * Keep the toboggan positioned at the and practice opportunities for new trainees proper angle. as well as seasonedpatrollers. YW&XY$NW&WbqWW*g%W% Tramx p wr*at& *n Wwn* sswwr * Yu n d * rn* na;at *?"i\Lr; Havetrainees focus on demonstratingthe solidfundamental skitls of skiing/snowboardingand turn- ing white operatinga tobogganin challengingsituations (steeps, moguls, and irregularsnow). Have them practicethese skills progressively, that is, first without a toboggan,then with an unloaded toboggan,and finallywith a loadedtoboggan. Also havethe group practicegood route selectionon steep,moguled terrain, usingthe fall line and mogulsto controlspeed and providea smooth,safe tobogganride. Considerstarting each team with the activeassistance ofthe tail rope operator,and then havethem try the samewithout the activeassistance of the tait rope opefator. Referto PSIA-AASImanuals and recruit PSIA-AASIinstructors to help emphasizethe baseline fundamentalsliding and turning skills. continued> CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 77 TW &gWgW & &b{&W*.Y&X%,e*yttira*ee& * ffi @ + Havealpine, telemark, or cross-countryskiers practice their sidestippingtransitions (i.e.,sideslipping while facing left to sideslippingwhite facing right). g ffi#+ Havealpine, telemark, or cross-countryskiers practice making left and right wedge turns to controlthe directionof the loadedtoboggan. X W @ + Havealpine, telemark, or ross-countryskiers make left and right step turns to control the directionof the loadedtoboggan. Have the traineesfocus on makingsmooth and controlled turnsand transitions. & Havetrainees practice falling leaftransitions from left to right to controlthe directionof the toboggan.Then havethem practicethe fattingleaf sideslip,again focusing on the transitions from one directionto another. * Havetrainees practice a diagonalfatt-tine descent, using the falling leafto controldirection. thapstic?"x Thissimulated toboggan exercise is designedto improvefront operatorskills and developteamwork whenmaneuvering a loadedtoboggan. Two patrollers ski while hotding two potestapedtogether on either sideto simulatea toboggan(photo 6.'18). Rather than act as a tail rope opefator,the person in back useshis/her weight to pushthe front operator,creating the effect of a loadedtoboggan. The front operatoris responsiblefor directionand speed. Forthis drill you will needtwo 8- to 1O-foot-longpoles sturdy enoughto supportthe weight of the tail rope/rearopefatof. You can useeither a pair o{ 2 x 2s or two to three stout bamboopoles taped together in severalplaces {or additionalsuppoft. You may want to connecta sling-typedevice betweenthe endsof the polesso the tail rope operatofwill havesomething to leanon (atthough this is not depictedin photo 6.18). continued> F H S Tffi 6 . 'l l$ Chopsticksdritt : .:: t . ... =l : t8 OUTDOOREIVIERGENCY TRANSPORTATION TRAINTNGEXERCISES, continued . To begin,the front operatorplaces a pole undereach arm and cups his or her handsover the pole ends.When the team beginsskiing, the tail rope/rearoperator leansonto the sting.The patrotler's weight is distributedfrom the slingto the poles,ffeating the effect of a loadedtoboggan. The front opefatorperforms various toboggan maneuvers using proper balanceand stance. This personshould use exaggerated movements to emphasizenon-verbal communication and team- work and to allow both operatorsto get the feet of what they are doing. Forthis particulardritt, the tail rope/rearoperator shoutd be an experiencedtoboggan handter who can respondto the front operator'smoves as would a toadedtoboggan. Maneuvers easily simulated in the trainingexercise are falt-linedescents, traverses, moving direction changes, and emergencystops. Havethe traineespractice this dritt first on a groomedslope, progressing to more chaltenging terrainas their skittsimprove. One word of caution:This is an effectivetraining exercise, but onty when practicedin a seriousmanner. Horseplay such as droppingthe sticksor driving hard into the front personcan be dangerous.The goal is to build teamworkand trust. Safety consideratisns: t,'use sturdy o"i"tii.a wi[[ supportthe weight of the tait rope/rearoperator and wont break when put underpressure. 2" Practiceon slopesthat havea levelof difficuttycommensurate with the opefators'expertise at this exercise. S" Encouragethe tail rope/rearoperator to pay closeattention to the front operator'smoves, respondappropriately, and backoff comptetelyif necessary. Adaptatian: "mirror" Havetrainees practice skiing/snowboarding(i.e., as if skiing/stidingwith a four-handled toboggan)on non-challengingterrain. Tell them to usethe wedge,sidestip, transition maneuvers, parallelturns, braking, and kick turns. ?*wer EcigeDrilt Thissimulated toboggan exercise focuses on developingagility, mobitity, and a feet for the balance point requiredto maintainedge hotdwhen controllinga toadedtoboggan. Havetrainees practice traversing on relativetyflat temain white putting their upslope hand on their downslopeknee. They shoutd try different foot positions,such as feet together,feet apart, and scissored(with the upslopefoot forward)to seehow far they can extendtheir feet with each movement.Encourage them to experimentto find the most stablefoot positionand platform.Then, they shouldpractice traversing with their upslopehand touching their downslopeboot. The goal is to controlforward movementas well as maintainthe requiredstance for maximumedge hotd. Telltrainees.to be awareof the positionof their head,shoulders, hips, and feet asthey maintain "On"^.on.rol: . once all the traineeshave this down, movethe group to a steeperslope. Again, have them put their upslopehand on their downslopeboot and hotd it there while doing a controlledtraverse. Theyshould practice doing this with their feet together,apart, scissored,and with their weight centeredback on their heel and then forward on the batl of their foot. If they are on the correct balance point and are in the cofrectstance to maintaintheir edge,this shouldbe easyl Try to conductthese exercises on steepterain wheretrainees can tmverse for long distances with no exposureto other skiers/snowboarders(e.g., a cat track upper watt).The trick is to stayon the watl and controlspeed. continued > CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 79 ?ffiAff{f P{€ gXgRef S*&, qawtin'cte& This part ofthe exerciseenables the traineesto maintainedge controlwith independentleg action-skittsused in tobogganhandling on advancedor expeft terain. The sidewatlis not always smooth,and the traineesnot onlyhave to be on their edgescorrectly, but alsothey must control their speedand havethe agilityto negotiatebumps. If they are not overtheir edgescorrectly they witt tosetheir edge and stip off. If they cannotoperate their skisindependentty (ride one and check with the other)they witt gain too muchspeed. To inrease the chaltenge,have the group playfotlow- the-leader.Again, the goal is to achievecontrol, not speed. Safetyconside ration6: 'l " Havetrainees practice thjs exerciseon terrainthat is commensuratewith their ability tevels, ?. Encouragetrainees to focuson controllingtheir directionand speed,using maximum edge controlat all times. &" Conductpractice away from the skiing/snowboardingpublic or havesomeone watch for oncomingtraffic. # {ft# Wocige/Sides[ipTransition *rill Thisexercise focuses on transitioningfrom a wedge to a sideslipand vice versato controla loaded toboggan.It alsodevelops leg strength. On a moderatepitch, with the tobogganchain up, the traineesshould perform a sidestipand transitionto a wedge.They shoutd hotd the wedgefor a bit, then transitionto the oppositesidestip, hotdthat. transitionback to the wedge,and so on. If the transitionsare properlyexecuted, the toboggantracks will remainparaltel and go right down the falt tine.If the toboggancomes out of the fatttine stightly with eachtransition, this indicatesthat the operator'sweight is either too far forward or backwardon the downhiltski during the transition. If there is a jog in the tracksat the pointwhere the operatormoved from a wedgeinto a sideslip, he or she may not haveunweighted the ski taits sufficientlyat the beginningof the transition,resulting in edge hotd at the tait of the downhittski and causingthe ski to carvethrough the last part of the transition.Encourage the operatorto focuson unweightingthe skiscompletely and to visualizethe effect of a hop turn and how it woutd work were it not for the toboggan.Suggest that the operator maintainonly the stightestcontact with the snowand pivot on the front half of the ski to maintain edge contact. Srakingfontrol Havetraineespractice braking a loadedtoboggan.Encouragethem to usea combinationoftactics: edgingtheir skis/snowboard,engaging the chainbrake, and utitizingthe other controlsurfaces of the toboggan(i.e., the fins,the skid plates,or the camberedbase ofthe sheltif appticabte). Handle Control Havetrainees experiment with pushingdown and puttingup on the handlesofthe tobogganto see how this movementincreases and decreasespressure on their ski/snowboardedges (photo 6.19). An adaptationof this drilt is to havetrainees push down and putt up on the handlesto engageand dis- engagethe chainbrake so they can experienceits brakingcapabitity. Atso havethe group experiment with stiding fore and aft in the handlesto vary the leverage requiredto controtthe toboggan.This allowsilainees to find the most efficientposition for useof lower body versusupper body exertion. continued^^-r.-..^r > _ OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION Pi* # Y# 6 . '! S Handlecontrol Yn&f&rf &rg EXCReXSES"eontin{"{*d ffi@ C StorkDrill Thisexercise develops maneuvering skitts and independentleg strength.It is a good preludefor learningto controla loadedtoboggan in moguls,atthough the dritt itself can be practicedon most types of non-moguledterrain. Start on a fairtygentle pitch sothe traineesdo not haveto usechain brakes.If possible,choose firmly packedtrails until everyoneis readyto try the exerciseon more chatlengingterrain. Havethe traineesstart down the hill hotdinga sidestip.Once under way, they shoutdtift their uphittski about6 inchesoffthe snowand hotdit there for 5 to 10seconds. Ifthey start to gain speed, theyshould resist the temptationto put downthe uphittfoot. Encourage themlo try pickingup on the handlesto directmore weight to the skiedge. Remind them to maintainftex in their lowerleg, and controlspeed by pickingup ratherthan pushingdown on the handles. Thenhave the traineesdo the exercisewith the other leg hotdinga sidestip.Their tracks should go straightdown the fatttine; if not,their sidestipis not centered,and their weightis eithertoo far forward or backwardon the activeski. Mostpeopte have more trouble staying centered on the uphittski than on the downhillone. Have the grouptry to do entireruns facing one direction, then go backup and do anotherone facing the other direction.After they masterthis dritl they can learnto work the ski in and out of the fall tine stighttywhile engagedin the stork drilt. By alternatelypointing their tip and tail slightlydownhilt, they preventa waveof snowfrom buitdingup in front of their ski.Encourage them to keeptheir weight "loose" centeredon the ski and to stay in the handtes,that is, their body motionrelative to the han- dlesshould not affectthe directionof the toboggan.If this exerciseis done property,they'tt be dancinggracefulty in the handteswhite the tobogganmaintains a controlledbeeline down the hitt. * fentr*lling Impro'/isedTobogg*ns Havethe front operatorand tail ropeoperator load a personinto an improvisedtoboggan and transport it uphiltfor 50 yards,then traversefor 50 yards,and then ski backdownhill for 50 yards.Have the patrollersswitch positionsso they can becomefamiliar with attaspects of transportingan impro- visedtoboggan. continued > CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 81 TRAITI|\|& EXARCXS6S,continu*d Tai[ Rope Sp*rations Front Operator Maneuvers Havetail rope/rearoperator trainees focus on respondingto the front operator'smovement in an effort to minimizethe effectsvaried terrain, moguls,and dips. *ne-A-Goat f "goat"-will This simulatedtoboggan drill focuseson tail roping skitts,but the front operator-who is the alsoobtain a senseof the dynamicsof tail rope operations.(Note.' Be sure to obtain area management's approvalbefore practicing this exerciseon the slopes.) The goal is to developskitts in tail ropingand edge controlappropriate for the terrainand turns. Thisdrill alsoshould hetp tait rope operatorsdevelop an understandingoftheir limitationsin control- "How tingthe toboggan.During the exercise,ask the traineesquestions such as, muchweight canyou "What 'goat' control?" is the best positionfor you in relation to the tfack of the in front of you?" "How "How muchsteering can you do with a tail rope?" good are you at usingyour edgesfor control?" Youwitt needa 15-to 30-{oottength of smatl-diameterrope, a sturdy belt or rope sting,and a lockingcarabiner. Put somekind of ftaggingon the rope to ensurethat it is visibteto others.Then, tie three double-overhandknots on the rope, beginningat the end and spacingeach knot J feet apart.This witt hetpthe tait rope operatorkeep his or her handfrom slidingon the rope asthe pull inoeases.At the other end, loop the teadend ofthe ropethrough the carabinerand tie it off. Attach the bett or slingto the front operator(don't use a stip-knot).Then, snap the carabinerhotding the lead rope onto the front operator'ssling in back. Thefront operatormoves to the fatt line in a gtidingwedge with unsetedges in order to imitate a toboggan.The tait rope operatorcontrols and guidesthe simutatedtoboggan down and acrossthe hitt,using edge controland skiing/snowboardingtechniques appropriate to the terrain and snow conditions.The tail fope operatormoves from sideto side,controlling direction and movingforward and backwardon the ropeto adjustto the terrain. As the traineesincrease their proficiencywith this exercise,encourage them to exploretheir timits.They can increase the weight on the rope and moveto more difficuttterrain, for example.For more weight on the rope, havepatrollers carefully ski in and putt on the rope.This is onetime the tail rope operatorcan seejust how much he/shecan hold and for how [ong.Be sureto havethe tail rope operatortetl the putlerswhen he/shehas had enough.Further, it can be dangerousifthe pullerslet go o{ the rope without warning,so makesure they knowto communicatetheir intentions to the tail rope operator. Safety censiderations : 1. Do not usea slip-knoton the front operator. ?. Make sure the patrollerswho ski/snowboardin to put extm weight on the rope know to exercise extreme cautionwhen approachingthe tail rope operator and to avoid overpoweringthe person. S, Emphasizecommunication among all participants.When enough is enough,the tail person shouldtell the pullersso they can ski away.Likewise, when the pullersare readyto retease the rope they shouldnotify the tail rope opefator. continued > OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION TRAINING EXERCISES,continued Itf"fJnT" differenttypes of belaypositions for tail ropingand practice where appropriate. Discussthe prosand cons of eachmethod. , ropeoperator belay the ropeacross the front of his/herbody and over the :ffi,.iffiil I Havethe tail ropeoperator practice tengthening and shortening the tail ropedepending on , ;1"":i'^'""ifil"ll1rHi#:t;::. operatorpractice rertand risht movins directionchanges with a toadedtoboggan in varyingterrain and conditions. I Rope a n d /or Re ar op erato rs) lt;Hfi ,tffi*:J ::"ffi "5T.ll:,T' I With a front operatorand tail rope/rearoperator, practice transitions with a loadedtoboggan on unchallengingterrain. Practiceusing a wedge or switchto controlyour speedduring moving , ffiTT#1'":.::T.'::i,:Jl:T':1":ifl'o.u*n" descentandtraverse maneuvers with a loadedtoboggan on varyingterrain (startingwith unchallengingterrain and progressingto more challengingterrain, smooth and moguled,etc.). Practice under different snowconditions. I Havethe tail rope/rearoperator hold the toadedtoboggan on belaywhite the front operator performsthe foltowing,tasks:anchoring the toboggan,changing direction in difficuttterrain, and droppingthe chair H:;:*:lT;:.,.. techniquesto descendsmoothry throush mosurswith a roadedtobogsan. ."0 howto utilize the fins, the chain brake, and the handtes tomaintain fi::ff.ff:l:""" fith# PowderConc Havetrainees focus on *",:rlilto",n skismore or lessequally (perhaps with a little more weight on the outsideski). Explain that too much weight on one ski may causeit to dive deeperwhite the unweightedski floatsto the surface.Emphasize the importanceof weightingthe middle of the skis and not sitting back. Rear.Turning Havethe group practicecoordinating teft and right turns on both smoothand moguledslopes. Iffi;:lt raverseson Varied rerrain (Front operator) Havetrainees work on traversingwith and without activeassistance from the tail rope operatoron terrain.Work on smooth and mosuled terrain and in packedpowder, powder, il::".;sfr1.:ltensing antinued > CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 83 TRAINING EXERCISES,continued TraverseTransitiern Orill {FrontOperator} Set up a situationin which traineesare traversingon a moderatepitch, At the end ofthe traverse, ratherthan havethem go into a wedgeto comeout of the traverse,tell them to steertheir skisso that their tails point stighttydown the fall tine.This will causethem to backinto a sideslip,bringing the toboggantoward the falt tine.If they do this properly,the trackswill indicatean abrupt change in the toboggan'sdirection. They shoutd hold the sidestipfor a few seconds.,then do a transitioninto a wedge.They will then go into the oppositesidestip and hold it. Checkfor straighttacks. Next, havethem start a traverseby pointingtheir tips sl'ighttydownhitt and pickingup slightly onthe handlesto loadthe fins.Their skis or snowboardshould shoot across the terrainand the tobog- gan wilt fottow.The tracksshould show a fairtysquare corner. Have them repeatthis until they run out of trail. Fottowup with a discussionon the merits of short-radiusmaneuvers in and out of ilaverses. Emphasizethat thesemovements can keepyou out of trouble when operatinga loadedtoboggan. Static EireetionChanges f sp Havetrainees go switch,using balance and edge placementto maintainan upright stance. Theyshoutd practice this maneuverwithout a tobogganat first, then with a toboggan. I {p ffi # Havetrainees descend a slope using a traverse,kick turn. traverse,wedge turn, traverse. wedge turn, and traversekick turn-repeating thesemaneuvers untit they reachthe bottom of the hitt.They shoutd practice this maneuverwithout a tobogganat first, then with a toboggan. Power Stops I Havetrainees wedge or sideslipto a stop to get the feel of a power stop. Set up a narrow corridor, and havethem perform edge-to-edgeturns to short swingturns. I Havetrainees demonstrate power stops,first without a toboggan,then with an unloadedtobog- gan, and finaltywith a toadedtoboggan. I iave traine", ,ki/rno*bourd ut u r^JJronubtespeed and then perform a powef stop in as short a distanceas possiblewhite keepingthe tobogganuphilt and in the fatt tine.The tail of the tobog- gan shouldnot movesideways during this maneuvef. Parking CurbsideParking Havetrainees:r.1.at:.,*outng and pivotingthe toadedtoboggan into a stableposition to get a feel for how to -:park the toboggan.":- , AmazingDisappearing Tobaggan Trick Discusswith traineesthe fact that centeringand balancingare no [essimportant in toboggan handling than they are in free skiing or riding. Many patrollersare off-center and compensateby leaning on the "Stop!" handtes.Have the patrollersrun a loadedtoboggan. During the run, eithercatt or btowa whis- tte. Theymust stop the toboggan and then tett you whether they woutd havefatlen over at the moment the whisttewas blownif the tobogganwere to suddenly,amazingly disappear into thin air, Thisexer- cisehelps patrollers become aware oftheir body positionand the needto staycentered on their skis/snowboardand not over-angulateor lean.It alsohelps them learnto stop the t"tt:;r;:t, OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION TRAINING EXERCISES,continued spna*,ty trtr":,:;:i"::::":;::,T:"i:tr canbe adqtd ror rour-handte tobossan ffililffJffit;lj:*::::il#:31""", practice"mirror" (copycat) skiing/snowboarding onnon-chattenging ffi,-::",-" -;:: ::"",,::." -_-J -,,:, ffi;JlH'*"Forrunning the four-handlitobogsaninvariabte conditions, have*ainees practice empty-tobossan ffi_:J:_.:""_".:_"":"_':tretrainees twist the handlesto pressuretheL fins,which wirl set an edge for tracking. H::ilil four-handtetoboggan in wetsnow, have """-tainees practice descending off thefalt tine ffi" _:,":." :::;",,".. operatorand then::;""""" onlythe rear operator.Have the group do [ong traverses in a varietyof terrain rocusondweroping areerror tobossan trackins aswe' as rin ::: ffiilr*iT:r#;:::f I Havethe group practicetraversing with a loadedfour-handle toboggan on unchallengingand whentheteam iscomrort- :lil ffi:J'Hilil ffiT",^l",T:il::tr'.1"ofi::1"u"",''"n 3";,:i;:1i3;n'."r"rsan, havethe sroup practice direction changes with the rront operator mwing throughthe fall line and the rear operatorhaving control ofthe toboggan.When the 'iil,'fifront operator is in position,the rear operatorshoutd foltow through with his/hertransition. H::,:;,::1]:i;T,ll'lJ;iJi"i:T:,.:;"l:';::'i;.:ll;":::ili::l:::, Do the samewith a loadedfour-handle toboggan. CHAPTER6: OPERATINGA LOADEDTOBOGGAN 85 Notes: OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION ffi ffi ffiffiHffi\${R.F *s hether you patrol alpine slopes or administrator. In some instances, you must backcountry trails, the need may also comply with local, state, or other man- arise for you to belay a toboggan dated guidelines. over terrain on which you could not other- .f{ote: Consult Mountain Trauel and Rescue wise transport the equipment. It is not only (NSP 1995) for more information on belay- important to recognrze when a belay is ing techniques and guidelines. required, but also to be trained in the vari- ous aspects of conducting the maneuveq be "# 'dMMwM@iMM'' it tying specialtzed knots in ropes and web- bing, serving as an anchor, or helping lift ffi nfpineskiing (fixed heet) and pull the rig over the terrain. 'ffi ffi fAemirkrkling (free hee[, nordic downhilt) That said, this special application of toboggan handling should only be conducted WffiSnowboarding at the behest of and under the auspices of qR Cross-couhtryskiing (track and skate) the loc al area management or public lands s d ffiffiruffiffi&LFffigF##E"FtffiS #fu$**€€w* W Do not attempt a belay unless all the The toboggan handler will demonstrate a patrollers involved have been properly static belay from a tatl rope position to con- trained and authortzedby arca manage- trol the descent or ascent of a loaded tobog- ment to conduct such a maneuver. gan down a difficult section of slope (steep W Use a belay when it is not possible to or narrow). safely transport a toboggan down or across certain terrain, for example, when ffim$*rL*mrrs€m# W*&mEw the slope is steep and icy or when the To conduct a static belav vou must do incident scene is off trail. the following: W Consider the following factors to help you W If you are the primary belayer, stop and determine when a belay is necessary: establish a strong stable position from steepnessof slope, weather conditions, which to initi ate a static belay. the nature of the patient's irj"ry or illness, W If you are the primary belayer, assurne a the availability of appropriate equipment, hip belay position with the rope around and the rescuers' physical capabilities. your body (not tied). W Always make sure that the belayers are W If you are the primary belayeq grip the sufficientlv anchored. rope with one hand (the brake hand) close to the body and the other hand out sY'&Yg"#ffiffit&Y in front to guide the rope (photo 7 .1). "brakirg" In a static belay, you lower or raise a person (If your elbow is not in front or toboggan using rope tied to an anchor or of your hips, your brake hand can be belay device that does not move. This skill pulled around.) The brake hand should is used to control the descent or ascent of never leave the rope. the toboggan on a steep slope. Static belay- W If you are the primary belayer, the back-rp ing refers to the process of wrapping the rope anchor person, or the wing(s), notify the around a friction device (a climber' s body, a front operator when you are in position. tree, or whatever is available and sufficiently W Maintain communication with the other sturdy). The belayer controls the rope to patrollers at all times, using the universal avoid slack between the belay and toboggan. belay commands as follows: PH".$#T'flF P"$ Staticbelay 88 OUTDOOREM ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION ffi When hauling a toboggan on sidehill W +If you are the front operator, rea\tze terrain, make sure that at least one that appropnate route selection is essen- patroller is above the rear of the tobog- tial in using the patrollers efficiently. gan to prevent it from slipping sideways Make sure their movements aren't down the hill. In order for that patroller impeded by bumps, rocks, trees, etc. to be effective, he or she must pull uphill on a rope that is attached to the 'S#ffiffisEffiE* downhill side of the toboggan. A belay is a somewhat strategic and precise ffi When hauling a toboggan on a narrow procedure in which all rescuers must be trail, change the configuration of the trained thoroughly in the approp rrate maneu- patrollers so that the team can ski/snow- vers. Patrollers should conduct this special- board single file in front of and behind rzed application of toboggan handling only if the toboggan. it is essential to the safe, expedient transport of a patient-and if they have the authorrza- ffi*Hp€$iflffi€n$-g# tion of the areamanagement or public lands ffi {$tf you are the front operator, antici- administration. In many situations, a belay is pate changes in terrain when positioning a necessaryprocedure for a successful out- belayers in order to maintain momentum. door emergency transportation outcome. TRAININ6 EXERCISES *;;-;;;;;;;;;**-"*** **-*- Statiefielay I Diseusswhen and how to staticaltybetay a loaded toboggan down a difficult section of slope, then havetrainees practice these maneuversfirst on unchallengingterain, progressingto more challengingterrain astheir skittsand confidenceincrease. Encourage trainees to developthe decisionprocess for determininga situationthat would requirea static betay. I Exptainand demonstratewhen and how to staticattybetay a toadedtoboggan down a difficutt sectionof slope.Dwetop the decisionprocess for determininga difficuttslope that would require a static belay. I Hare traineespractice lowering a toboggan graduatlywhite in an anchored,secured position. Mahe sure they havethe rope around their body (not tied) and that they grip the rope with both hands closeto their bodyfor brakingfriction. Remindthem to keep both elbowsin front of their hips. 1. Havethe belayersdig their skisor bootsinto the snowfor anchors. 2, Havethe belaprs anchoredto a tree or lift tower with rope (anda carabiner,if possible). 3. Havethe traineespractice a 3:1 (z-putteysystem) (MountainTravel and Rescue,NSP 1995) iiip Betay Havetrainees practice sitting-hip belays on a20-to25-degreepitch usingone patrolleras the "toboggan." Havethe group focuson proper handposition (brake hand close to the body;other handguiding the rope)and useanchoring devices such as skisor pichets.{Snowboarders will need "teap-frog" to set a heelsideedge.) As the traineesbecome more prcificient,have them down the hitl,that is, asthe belayrope is extendedto its maximumlength, havethe next patrollerdescend and assumea positionto betay. continued > CHAPTER7: BELAYS 91 frfiptssr OUTDOOREM ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION, ffiq** € p svr* r=€ S ux ffi G *m€**ru* "f,*nilrms%*n#mn:trw ffimtr*f, **r* *ASge FeTR*€_pe{K * R*i""?F €# ti3.Fffi€ FiY {Y** gS ehe*ffiss*uKg3 Fers*r:*[S*ae' {ple*se refsr ** &f*sfff,afs?Srsye€ *ax# #***a:e fen I Current maps of area syt*ne!*f*rm*t€*cr] I Radios I Basic equipment (skis, boots, poles, I Avalanchetransceivers wax, climbing skins, ropes, wax kit, ! Avalanche cord radio, notepad, pencil) I Snow shovel I Uniform I Headlamp I Personal clothing (layering using combi- I Sleeping bag nations of wool and/or synthetic clothing I Ensolite pad topped with shell tops and bottoms) I Tarp or tent I Wood saw ffissemt*xL* I Waterprooflwindproof matches t Maps and compass (altimeter, inciinome- I Fire starter ter, hand lens) I Survey flagging I Matches, fire starter I Stove with fuel, pot, hot drinks, hot I Flashlight or headlamp cocoa,tea bags, instant soup I Sun protection (sunglasses, goggles, I Rescue plans sunscreen,lip protection) ! Survival gear (extra food, extra clothing, I Food extra bivouac protection) t Water (insulated water bottle) E Clothing considerations (insulation layers, Y***i'*geALg*#9Fffi6ru? extra gloves, hats, and socks) I Pocket knife (multi tool) I 150 feet static %-inch rope I Thermometer I Rescue 8 ! Emergency equipment I Three carabiners (one locking) I Shovel I Three prusiks or ascenders I Nylon cord I Three 15-foot, f -inch tubular webbing I Tarp or space blanket t Whistle ffi*s*r**ffquipm*nt ! Mirror I 60 feet 7+-inch static rope I Avalanchetransceivers * 25 {eet f -inch tubular webbing I Personal hygiene items I 15 feet 4-mm perlon rope F Figure-eight belay (rescue C*m*n*, €*isr* device type) I Two small rescue pulleys *x?r* s*t *€ s*r fu*br$ I Four to six locking carabiners I Rescuemirror HF-{gR*Cru€Y€*€JXF*igSlT I Rescue toboggan or materiais to make one (waterprooftarp) I Flashlight and candles I Roll-up sled I Head lamp with extra batteries I Avalanche transceivers I Thrp I Avalanche cord I 50 to 75 feet utility cord I Snow shovel I Snow saw I Headlamps (with extra batteries and I Three aerial flares a spare bulb) I Plastic whistle I Two extra-large plastic garbage bags €f*€*SgrueY eAeffe I Notepadandpencil I Rescuetoboggan(withparts for snow- g**R*gC F&?R*L g&3€**€rueY mobile attachment, if necessary) *&*€ Kg? I Wool blankets and/or synthetic sleeping bag, poly pad, bivouac sack I Four or more cravats I Quick splints I Three rolls non-adhering roller bandage, I Spine board one each ofthree sizes I KED I One roll 2-inch adhesive tape I taction splinting device I Prepackaged bandage strips I Oxygen equipment I Betadine pledgets I Master emergency care kit (see most I Vaseline gauze current edition of Outdoor Emergency I Four feet of plastic wrap (folded or Care rnanual) rolled) or four large plastic storage bags I One 3-inch rubberized bandage &va[*eteEe* e***e I Two pairs disposable rubber gloves ] 72 to 14 probe poles I SAM splint, other splinting material I Probe line cord I Three oropharyngeal airways, one each I Two large grain scoops ofthree sizes I Flags and/or wands I Pocket mask with one-way valve and I Snow shovels oxygen intake nipple I Black marker pen I CPR mask (Microshield) I Notebook and pencil I One tube instant glucose I Flagging I Tweezers I Avalanche transceivers I Bandage scissors or paramedic shears I Sterile, non-adhesive gauze compresses, eE* 5?eTA*ruS assortedsizes I FourABD padsor Surgipads,two large, Use most current edition of Outdoor two medium Emergency Care rnamal as a gr-ride. I Single-edge razor blade or #15 scalpel Additional items helpful to nordic blade in steriie packet patrollers (e.g., at race first aid stations): I Four safety pins: two large, two medium I Cook stove, fuel, and pots I Spreader for ski pole splint I Lots of water I Notebook, incident report forms, I Hot drinks and pencil I High-energy food sources I Flow sheet for vital signs 94 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION I Flashlight or headlamp r 6-inch %-inch dowel (traction splint I Seam ripper device) I Steel sewing needle I Two to four small hose clamps I Ankle hitch (EZ-TRAC) with 30 inches I Drill bit of nylon cord for pulley traction I Sewing awl, sewing kit I Hypothermia thermometer I Screws (ski bindings) I Matches (waterproof container) I Steel wool I Firestarter I Super glue, epoxy putty I Spare pole baskets OPTI0NAL I Spareski tip I Extra bindings (75 mm preferably but I Rewarming device for hypothermic also NNN or Profile parts) patient (HEATPAC, chemical heating I Pole repair kit (angle iron and ring pads, hot air inhalation device) clamps) I Pneumatic splints I Kendrick traction device I Urinal or pee bottle I Blood glucose test strips I Bottle of l0o/opovidone-iodine solution I Sterile saline for irrigating I 30-cc syringe and 18-gauge needle or catheter for irrigating I Twelve 25-rng diphenhydramine (Benadryl) capsules I Twenty aspirin or acetaminophen tablets, 325 mg I Space blanket, sleeping bag I Blister kit (moleskin) REPAIRKIT I #3 Phillipsscrewdriver (or tip usedwith vice grips) I Small visegripsor leatherman'stool I Pliers/screwdriver(slotted and Phillips) I Knife (multi-tool type) I Hacksaw blade | 20 feet %-inch nylon cord I Wire, webbing, perlon rope I 6-inch hear,ysteel wire I Duct or fiber tape (20 feet nylon) I First aid tape (in aid kit) I Pieceof soft aluminum (e.g.,from a beveragecan) I 6-inch old aluminum ski pole with holes at eachend (traction splint device) APPENDIX 95 akja bow A Scandinavian term for a boat-shaped The front of the toboggan. toboggan made of aluminum or fiberglass, usually with two handles in front and two bow guard in back. A sturdy polyethylene covering that slips onto the bow of the toboggan and serves as alpine a buffer between the shell and the chain A term used to describe fixed-hee1downhill brake, rocks, ice, etc. skiing or snowboarding carry handles ascender Hand straps or ropes attached to the front Often used as an alternative to the prusik and rear of a toboggan, allowing it to be sling, this device utilizes a springJoaded lifted and carried. cam uith serrationsor teethrhar grip rhe rope when weight is placed on the device. carved turn A turn in which the skis/snowboard travel backpacking chair on an edge with minimal lateral slipping or A collapsible lightweight chair that nordic skidding. A pure carved turn leaves a clean skiers often pack in to the backcountry. and round track in the snow. In skiing, the taiis of the skis are on a forward path that backrest follows the tips; in snowboarding, the entire Structural material that is placed in the edqe of the snowboard passes through the toboqqan so the patient can sit up and lean same point in the snow. against it during transport. chain brake balancing movements A chain that is attached to each side of the One of the four basic skiils in skiing and toboggan near the base ofthe front handles. snowboarding, the act of maintaining equi- When the toboggan is moving and the chain librium, or desired alignment, on the skis or is down, it slides underneath the she11and snor,l,board.See aiso edge control; pressure creates friction aqainst the snow surface control; rotary movements. for additional braking. When the chain is nor being used the operatorsecures it to belay the crossbar. To hold, stop, or control the rate of descent of a load being lowered by a rope. chain guard A sturdy piece ofrubber that covers the belly chain chain brake to prevent the metal from rub- "mid-chain," Also referred to as a a sec- bing against the surface ofthe toboggan. ondary chain that is attached to the middle running surface of the toboggan for addi- chopsticks drill tional friction and braking on particularly A simulated toboggan exercise designed to inrr nr ctoan tarrain improve front operator skills. Two patrollers ski while holding two poles taped together on diagonalfalling leaf either side to simulate a toboggan. Rather A maneuver in which the skier/snowboarder than act as a tail rope operato{, the person in sideslips forward and backward but makes a back uses his,/her weight to push the front slight overall direction change while moving operator, creating the effect of a loaded down the fail line. The diagonal falling leaf toboggan. The front operator is responsible is typicaily used in deep, heavy snow condi- for direction and speed. tions. See also falling leaf. commercial portable toboggan diagonal stride A lightweight two-piece unit that is carried A cross-country skiing technique for nego- by the rescuersand assembled at the scene. tiating flat terrain and hills, utilizing skis This type of toboggan is typically used at that are either waxed for grip or have wax- nordic centers or in the backcountry, and is 1ess,patterned bases.The diagonal stride appropriate for use in all seasonsbecause it incorporates a cross-lateral movement can be set on a litter-wheel apparatus. The pattern, that is, the opposing leg and arm commercial portable toboggan is also appro- move forward together. Striding is distin- priate for use in low-angle rescues because guished from walking by a dynamic weight it is light and easyto transport. transfer that generates forward momentum and glide. controlsurfaces The parts of a toboggan that are used for diagonal V-skate control, inciuding the running surface, chain A cross-country skiing maneuver in which brake, and handles. the skis are positioned in a distinct V-shaped position while the skier moves uphill and crossbar uses his/her poles. The opposing leg and A horizontal bar that connects the front arm move forward together. handles on a two-handle toboggan. On a steepincline or lerrain drop-of[ some doublepole operators put one hand on the crossbar A nordic maneuver in which the skier's arms for better control. are the sole source of propulsion. The skier brings both arms forward simultaneously to cross-country skiing begin poling, with a distinct forward lean of A discipline of nordic skiing that is most the upper body over the poles. This results suitable for flat or rolling terrain and that in forward movement of the body's core. utilizes lightweight equipment. Prepared tracks are optional but not required. dynamic belay Categories include classic skiing, skate A belay that is used to pull a toboggan in skiing, and light touring. the backcountry or on flat terrain where a snowmobile isn't available. The belayers are daily checklist positioned on different sides of the tobog- A complete list of procedures for checking gan, spreading out in a fan shape for the the components and contents of a toboggan most efficient configuration, and shifting to ensure that transportation equipment and their position when needed to maintain rescue packs are in good condition and are momentum. Together they pul1 on ropes ,.".1,, t^, "...,i.. that have been securely attached to the 98 OUTDOOREIVl ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION toboggan to move it in the intended direc- final approach tion. See also static belay. The phase just before the toboggan handler parks and secures the toboggan at the inci- edge control dent scene. During the final approach, the One of the four basic skills in skiing and toboggan handler identifies the safest site snowboarding, the process of tilting the for loading the patient as well as the best ski/snowboard relative to the surface of the path for departing the scene. See also initial snow and the hill to change direction or approach. control speed. A ski/snowboard placed flat on the snow has zero degrees ofedge angle. fins The skier/rider uses movements of the tacking devices attached to the bottom of ankles, knees, and hips to adjust the edge the toboggan shell to help maintain the angle. See also balancing movements; toboggan in the intended path. Also called "skegs" "runners." pressure control; rotary movements. or edge set fin-setdrill A purposeful edge engagement that pro- An exercise designed to strengthen the vides a platform for the next turn. An edge operator's skills in engaging and releasing set usually occurs at the end of the turn. the toboggan fins. The operator pushes down on the end ofthe handles to apply pressure e9ness on the bow, thus releasing the fins from the Departing the incident scene with the snow surface and causing the back ofthe loaded toboggan. toboggan to come around toward the side. When the toboggan is about 90 degrees out fakie ofthe fall line, the operator lifts up the han- See switch. dles to set the edges of the fins back into the snow. When the toboggan is back in falling leaf line, the individual repeats the maneuver A maneuver in which the skier/snowboarder on the other side. sideslips forward and backward while trav- eling directly down the hill in an imaginary fixed-handle toboggan corridor. See also diagonal falling leaf. See four-handle toboggan. fall line fixed-heel skiing An imaginary line that follows the steepest A term used to describe alpine skiing. The descent; the path a ball would take if it were entire boot is attached to the binding of the released down the slope. ski. See also free-heel skiing. feathering forward Pushing down or pulling up on the tobog- A snowboarder's direction oftravel when gan handlesin a repetitivemotion to main- his or her lead foot is in front, as opposed "switch," tain momentum and minimize drag when to in which the snowboarder's stopped or when running the toboggan (traditionai) rear foot is in front. through wet snow. GLOSSARY four-handletoboggan garlandturns A type oftoboggan that usuaily consists ofa Turns involving the initiation and finishing bathtub-shaped shell (usually made of fiber- phases, without the shaping or middle glass or metal) and four separate metal pole- phases. style handles that can be inserted and locked in a fixed position. When two operators are goofy transporting a loaded four-handle toboggan, A snowboarder's natural riding stance in they both have a direct connection to the which the right foot is forward on the board, "regulaq" toboggan, which requires particularly coor- as opposed to in which the snow- dinated teamwork. These toboggans are boarder's left foot is forward in a natural used most often in off-trail rescues and in riding stance. steepe{,more adverse conditions. AIso ca_lled "fixed-handle " a toboggan. handle lochs Heavy-duty locking devices used to stabi- frame lize toboggan handles. The front handles The structural configuration of a toboggan, may be placed in a hinged position for a usually consisting offiberglass or polyure- flexible up-and-down movement during thane and aluminum. The frame is the unloaded travel, or they may be secured "skeleton" of the toboggan. with locking mechanisms, making them inflexible in a fixed position. This locked- free-heel skiing handle position enabies the operator to A term used to describe telemark (nordic apply or reduce pressure to the body ofthe downhill) or cross-country skiing. The heel toboggan to enhance control. is not fixed to a binding, thus allowing the skier to sink down, slide one foot forward, heelside and the other foot back. See also fixed- A snowboarding stance in which the rider heel skiing. is on his or her heel edge. See also toeside. front handles herringbone The control handles attached to the bow of A diverging ski position useful for climbing a toboggan. The front operator changes hand hills. The skier faces uphill with ski tips positions and varies the pressure on the han- pointing at an angle away from each other dles to help control the toboggan's direction and walks up the hill on alternating feet and speed. Some toboggans feature a handle while edging to avoid slipping backward. control for the chain brake, which enables the operator to deploy and retract the brake improvised toboggan without stopping or reaching around. A toboggan created from materials and equipment that the rescuers have on hand, front operator such as skis, poles, and tarps. These are gen- The toboggan handler at the bow, or front, erally used when no commercial toboggans of the toboggan. This individual determines are available. They are portable, lightweight, the direction and speed ofthe toboggan, and can be assembled and disassembled and is responsible for communicating his easily, which makes them ideal for longer or her intended actions to the tail ropefrear evacuations as well as uphill and downhill operator, if one is present. transport. Improvised toboggans are typically used at nordic centers or in the backcountry. 1OO OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION initial approach locking-handle toboggan The toboggan handler's first size-up ofthe See two-handle toboggan. scene, beginning when he or she spots the incident or the on-scenepatroller and long-radius turn determines the safest, most direct path to A turn with an arc length of more than 40 the scene. See also final approach. feet, and a cord (the length straight down the fall line) distance of more than 30 feet. javelin turn Also may be thought of in terms of timing A turn in which the skier lifts the inside ski rather than distance. See also medium- and crosses its tip over the outside ski while radius turn; short-radius turn. keeping the inside ski suspended through the arc of the turn. make light A common expression for elevating a tobog- i turn gan above the snow surface to reduce the A maneuver in which a snowboarder turns in drag or friction on the toboggan's sliding one direction until coming to a stop uphiil. surfaces. kick turn mechanism of iniury A maneuver to reverse or change direction The way in which injuries occur; the forces in a tiqht or steep place. The skier lifts that act on the body to cause damage. first one ski and turns it 180 degrees, then stands on it while doing the same with the medium-radius turn other ski. Kick turns are useful for turning A turn with an arc length of approximately around while on the edge of a trail or to 40 feet, depending on terrain, and a cord link traverses down a steep slope, (the length straight down the fall line) dis- tance of 30 feet. Also may be thought of leader in terms of timing rather than distance. See In the context of a dynamic belay, the tobog- also long-radius turns; short-radius turns. gan handler who is in charge of coordinating the speed and direction of the toboggan, mid-chain whether it is traveling uphill or downhil1. See belly chain. Seealso mule: swing: wings. moving direction change leaper turn A maneuver in which the operator changes A slight hop into the air at the start of a the direction of the moving toboggan by turn followed by landing and finishing the initiating a turn to avoid an obstacle or "hop turn on the ground. Also called a turn." access the best route. A moving direction change occurs when both the operator and litter wheel the toboggan cross the faIl line. See also A device used to transport a toboggan over static direction change; transition. all terrain surfaces. The toboggan is attached to a platform that is mounted on a single mule "rapid wheel. Also called a response wheel." In the context of a dynamic belay, an addi- tional toboggan handler(s) who helps move the toboggan across terrain. See also leader; swing; wings. GLOSSARY IOl nordic pivot slip Telemark (free-heel, alpine downhill) or A transition maneuver in which a skier cross-country(track and skate)skiing. sideslips, then spins his/her skis 180 degrees while on the snow, then sideslips again, all nordic downhill while mainraininga constantspeed. Downhill skiing on free-heel equipment. The skier may perform any alpine skiing portable toboggan maneuver as well as telemark turns and See commercial portable toboggan. most cross-country skiing maneuvers. Power stoP nordic track A maneuver used to bring the toboggan to Nordic skiing on prepared (groomed) tracks. an immediate stop. From a neutral stance, The skier may use classic technique (tradi- the front operator simultaneously flexes the tional diagonal stride) or skating technique. ankles, knees, and hips while pivoting both feet across the fall iine as he or she applies noSe increasing pressure and edge angle to stop The front end of the toboggan body. See the toboggan. also bow. Pressurecontrol 18O-degreeiump turn One of four basic skills in skiing and snow- Jumpingup andspinning the bodyand the boarding, the movements that moderate skis/snowboard around 180 degrees to face forces from foot to foot, along the length of the opposite direction. the skis or snowboard, and between the skis,/ snowboard and the snow. The skier/rider parallel turn controls the amount of pressure applied to the A turn made on corresponding ski edges skis/snowboard by repositioning the center of with simultaneous edge release and engage- mass or by changing the turn radius, speed, ment. The skis remain parallel throughout amount of bend in the joints, edge angle, or the turn, as opposedto convergingor weight distribution. See also balancing move- diverging. ments; edge control; rotary movements. parking prusikknot Bringing the toboggan to a controlled stop, A type ofknot that allows a rope to be out of the way of oncoming traffic, in order securely gripped with considerable friction to monitor the patient, check equipment, by a smaller-diameter sling or rope, as long or due to fatigue. as the sling remains weighted. When the sling is unweighted, the prusik can be patient straps released quickly with the thumb and slid Cravats or webbing used to secure the along the rope to the next desired location, patient or equipment in the toboggan. The where it automatically tightens when loaded. straps are usually attached to the inside wall ofthe toboggan shell. pulley A device consisting of a wheel with a grooved pin rim in which a rope or chain is pulled to A device used to secure toboggan handles chanqe the direction ofthe pull and thereby to the frame. Types of pins include lynch lift a load. A pulley provides a mechanical pins, hinge pins, captive pins, and hitch pins, advantage when raising or lowering a weight. OUTDOOREIVIERGENCY TRANSPORTATION quick checklist rescuePach An abbreviated list ofprocedures for inspect- A pack of emergency response items most ing the toboggan's components to ensure commonly secured in a toboggan that is that everything is in good working order. sent to an incident scene. Refer to Outdoor EmergencyCare (most current edition) and railroad track turn local protocols for a list of suggested con- A maneuver in which the skier starts in the tents. Considerations for nordic patrollers fall line in a fairly wide parallel stance and are provided in the appendix of Outdoor makes large sidecut turns in the fall line by Emergency Ti ansp ortation. tipping both legs at the same time. This engages the edges and allows the skis to turn. rotary movements One of the four basic skills in skiing and rapid response wheel snowboarding, the movements that increase, Seelitter wheel. limit, or decrease rotation of the skis. The rotational motion of a body about an axis rear handles (including the movement of the body's The control handles at the stern ofa four- iimbs about their axes). Slowing or stop- handle/fixed-handle toboggan. The rear ping body rotation initiated in the direction operator changes hand positions and varies of the intended turn results in a turning pressure on the handles to help the front effort that is transferred to the skis or operator controi the toboggan's direction snowboard. Skiers/boarders commonly use and speed. These may be hinged or fixed shoulders and hips, either separately or for desired application. togethe6 to develop the turning effort. See also balancing movements; edge control; rear operator pressure control. A term used to refer to the individual who controls the rear handles on a four-handle/ route selection fixed-handle toboggan, Because the rear The process of determining which route to operator also grasps fixed handles, the two take when transporting a loaded or unloaded toboggan handlers can maneuver the equip- toboggan on downhill slopes or backcountry ment as a team. See also tail rope operator. trails. Considerations include the terrain, weather, snow conditions, incident location, recovery position distance to the aid room or other destina- The preferred body position for an uncon- tion, skier/snowboarder traffic, nature of scious patient with no suspected spine injury. the patient's injury or illness, and even the The patient lies on one side with the oppo- type oftoboggan being used. site knee flexed and the head cushioned on the hand. runners Seefins. regular A snowboarder's stance in which the left runningsurfaces foot is forward on the board. A regular The parts ofa toboggan that contact and rider with the left foot forward is riding slide on the snow surface. "forward"; a regular rider with the right "switch" "fakie"). foot forward is riding (or scene size-up See also goofy. A quick assessmentof the scene and the surroundings made to provide information GLOSSARY 103 about its safety and the mechanism of injury skid plates or the nature of the illness. The size-up is Metal pieces bolted to the bottom of the conducted before the patroller enters the toboggan shell to minirnize drag on flat ter- scene and begins patient care. rain and provide abrasion resistance to rocks, ice, etc. shell The main body of the toboggan; the hard skins "container" that holds and supports the Strips of material affixed to the bottoms of patient. May be made of plastic, metal, or skis for uphill purchase. Skins are made of fiberglass material. everything from laminated mohair to nylon, plastic, or metal. Depending on the design, short-radius turn they may incorporate an adhesive surface or A turn with an arc length of approximately a strap-on device that attaches to the skis. 15 to 30 feet, depending on terrain, and a cord (the length straight down the fall line) snowfluke distance of L5 feet. AIso may be thought of A simple metal plate used as an anchor in terms of timing rather than distance. See ("deadman") in the snow. also long-radius turn; medium-radius turn. snow guard sideslip A device made of protective material that A method of moving down the hill with the can be attached on the snowmobile tow bar skis or snowboard perpendicular (across) to and the front of the toboggan to help pro- the fall 1ine. tect the patient and other contents from the snow spray of the snowmobile. Also "spray sidestep called a guard." A method of moving up the hill in which the skier steps up the hill one ski at a time spiessturn with the skis across the fall line. A tight, quick hop-turn, starting and finish- ing across the fall line (i.e., a 180-degreehop shating to an edge set). A method of propulsion in which the skier presses from foot to foot while keeping the static belay skis in diverging position. The inside edge Lowering or raising a person or toboggan on ofthe weighted ski is engaged as the skier a steep slope using rope tied to an anchor or moves forward. In a snowboarding context, belay device that does not move (a climber's the rider moves the board forward by push- body, a tree, or whatever is available and ing with the free foot. sufficiently sturdy). The belayers control the rope to avoid siack between the belay skegs and toboggan. See also dynamic belay. Seefins. static direction change skidding A maneuver in which the operator stops A combination of sliding and slipping as the toboggan and makes either a stepping the skis/snowboard move forward through wedge turn or a kick turn to change direc- a turn. This occurs on a ski/snowboard that tion. The operalor resumesa running posi- is not carving. tion in the handles and pivots the toboggan 104 OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION in the new direction to continue the descent. tail rope (Il rhere are two operalors,they do not A length of rope that attaches to the rear of perform the static direction change at the the toboggan,allowing for the tail rope same time.) See also moving direction operator to perform back-up braking and change; transition. control slippage. stem turn tail rope operator Initiating a turn by stemming the ski. The The toboggan handler at the stern, or back, skier creates a platform with the downhill of a two-handle/locking-handle toboggan. ski, then steps, slides, or places the uphill This individual maneuvers the tail rope to ski into the new turn. After stemming, the support the front operator's efforts to con- skier transfers weight to that ski to start trol the direction and speed ofthe toboggan. the turn and then brings the other ski to The tail rope operator helps the front oper- a parallel position. ator pull the toboggan through flats, wet snow conditions, and on uphill stretches as "rear stepping wedge turn needed. Also called the operator." Performing a wedge turn while stepping rather than sliding the ski into the wedge. telemark turn A turn on telemark skis in which the skier's stepturn feet are separated fore and aft, with the A turn in which the skier maintains the entire front foot and the ball ofthe rear foot downhill ski as a platform and steps the pressuring the ski. The feet transition from uphitl ski into a converging,diverging. or one telemark position to the other. This is parallel position. the quintessential nordic downhili maneuver. stern terrain level of difficutty symbols The rear of the toboggan. Graphic icons used to denote the degree of challengeof specificterrain at a given area: swing O : green circle, easiest In the context of a dynamic belay, generally * : blue square, more difficult a team ofthree patrollers who are positioned I : black diamond, most difficult at the rear or side of the toboggan and who aa : double black diamond, expert change positions depending on whether the O : orange oval, terrain park leader wishes to maintain a fall-line direction or a traverse. These individuals can also act terrain-drop maneuver "slingshot" as a to assistin uphill trans- A maneuver used to lower a toboggan over portation. See also leader; mule; wings. a dramatic, rapid change in the steepness of the terrain. This attempt generally requires switch the assistance of a tail rope or rear operator A snowboarding stance in which the rider to help control speed through the rapid drop. leads with the tail without turning the body An example might be descending over a to face the direction of travel. Also called small cornice, off a patient loading platform, TA KIC, or over the side of a cat track. Initially the front operator's handles may be well above his or her head until the toboggan falls in behind the individual in the fall line. GLOSSARY 105 thousand-step turns two-handle toboggan "baby Making constant steps" throughout a A toboggan consisting of a she1l (usually turn to strengthen balance and stance and made of fiberglass or Kevlar material); to practice releasing and engaging edges. attached metal handles; and a tail rope. The front handles may be placed in a hinged toboggan position for a flexible up-and-down move- A large, sturdy sled designed to convey ment during unloaded travel, or they may a person or equipment down mountain be secured with locking mechanisms, mak- slopes and across backcountry trails. In ing them inflexible in a fixed position. This the patrolling environment, a toboggan is locked-handle position enables the operator the primary means of outdoor emergency to apply or reduce pressure to the body of transportation across icy, snow-covered the toboggan to enhance control. The tail surfaces. The four types oftoboggans rope attached to the rear of the toboggan described in this manual are (1) two-handle allows for the tail rope operator to perform (locking-handle) toboggans, (2) four-handle back-up braking and control slippage. Also "locking-handle (fixed-handle) toboggans, (3) commercial called a toboggan." portable toboggans, and (4) improvised toboggans. v-1 A nordic skating maneuver in which the tobogganeer skier double poles on one side ofhis or her A colloquial term that may be used to body. The skier positions the poles asym- describe a toboggan operator. metrically, and times the pole push to coin- cide with a weight transfer to the skating toeside ski. This is the most common skating A snowboard stance in which the rider is maneuver for flats and hills. on his or her toe edge. See also heelside. v-2 transition A nordic skating maneuver in which the To end one turn and begin another. The skier double poles with each skate, Unlike toboggan operator may or may not turn the the V-1, in the V-2 the skier positions the tobogganwhile performing a rransition. poles symmetrically, as in double poling, See also moving direction change. and begins the pole push after transferring weight to the ski. This is a high-speed transportation maneuver for flats, slight uphills, or sprints. The process of moving a toboggan laden with an injured or ill person from the slopes V-2 alternate or backcountry trails to the next leve1ofcare. A nordic skating maneuver with the doubie- pole timing of the V-2 but with the. skier traverse poling on one side only. The rhythm is "skate, A directional maneuver in which the skier skate,pole...." The skier plants and or snowboarder moves across the slope, pushes the poles for a double pole on one that is, the skis,/snowboard move perpen- skate, and begins to recover the poles on the dicular to the fall line. Generally a traverse other skate. This is a high-speed maneuver is used to control speed. for flats and downhills. 106 OUTDOOREIVl ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION wedge A position in which the skis are converging so that the tips are closer together than the tails, and the skis are on opposing edges. wedgeturn A turn with the skis in a wedge (converging) position. Generally used to control speed. wheelbarrow maneuver An emergency recovery maneuver for an out-of-control toboggan. Ifthe toboggan is sliding around in front ofthe front operatoq he or she drives the toboggan into an across- hill position (as if operating a wheelbarrow), and drives the toboggan with the downhill fin until it is across the hill and in a safe position to stop. The operator then reestab- lishes the appropriate hand positions on the toboggan and continues downhill. wings In the context of a dynamic belay, generally a team offour patrollers who function as "mules," that is, they are located on either side ofthe toboggan or all on one side of the toboggan, depending on the terrain and the direction of travel. See also leader; mule; swing. z-pulley A 3:1 mechanical system used to raise a loaded or unloaded tobossan. GLOSSARY I07 akja 97 static,z-puLLey system 89, 91 aLpine trainingexercises 91, 92 environment,beLay in 87 withfour-handLe toboggan 20 environment,choosing toboggan for 18 with taiLrope 24 envjronment,choosing rescue pack for 28 beLlychain skiing,as snowsports discipLine 1 definition97 skiing,icon for 3 function,characteristics 25, 67 anchor oowguaro duringtoboggan setup 26 definition97 belay,in staticbeLay 88,90 function 25 usingchain brake as 53 oungeecoro usingequipment as 51,53, 54 inspecting27 usingpatroLLer as (belay)87, 88 to attachchain brake 22 ANSI877.1: American NationaL Standard for Passenger butterfLyknot 90 Ropeways25 captivepin 23 areamanagement/public lands administration carabiner belay,policy on 87-89 function,characteristics 24, 25 inside-or outside-the-handLesoperation, policy on 67 locking25, 89,93 oneor two operators,policy on 38, 59, 60 carryhandLes patroLlerresponsibiLities, defined by 2 definition97 patroLLerskiing/snowboarding proficiency, defined by function,characteristics 25, 26 1,6 carvedturn ascender astoboggan-handLing maneuver 7 definition97 definition97 in cross-countryrescue pack 93 chainbrake in staticbelay 89 definition97 backpackingchair for backupbraking 63 definition97 for difficuLtterrain 74 ^^+:^^r EE ru 5upPUr L PoLrEilL JJ for hardsnow conditions 39 backfest for heavyLoads 19 definition97 for moguLs,decreasing pressure on 63 function,characteristics 26 for powerstop 72 balancingmovements for speedcontroL (Loaded toboggan) 60 astoboggan-handLing maneuver 6, 7 for traversing7 0, 71, 7 6 cross-countryskiing, exercises for 13 function,characteristics 22, 23, 24 definition97 inspecting27, 28 skiing,exercisesfor 9, 10 maintainingcontact with 39, 43, 63,67 snowboarding,exercises for 1l positioningat incidentscene 53, 56 oeLay trainingexercises 80, 83, 86 anchor87, 88,90 unweightingfor movingdirection change 69 areamanagement policy regarding 87-89 with four-handLetoboggan 20, 74, 75, 76 definition97 chainguard 97 dynamic,configuration of 90,91 chairliftcarrier 26 dynamic,definition 98 chopsticksdriLl dynamic,equipment 90 trainingexercise 78, 79 dynamic,indications for 90 definition97,98 dynamic,muLe 90 cLimbing/stairstep7 dynamic,swing 90 cLovehitch 89 dynamic,training exercise 90 commercialportabLe toboggan dynamic,wings 90 astoboggan type 18 indicationsfor 34 definition98 static,as toboggan-handLing maneuver 63 function,characteristics 19, 20 static,backup anchor person 88 inspectingcontents 28 static,brake hand 88 tr>ininn ovorrico< 11 45 static,commands 88, 89 usingpatient straps with 24 static,definition 104 crossbar static,equipment 89 definition98 static,indications for 88 function 22 static,primary belayer 88, 89 pLacinghand on for morecontrol 67 static,tfaining exercise 90 usingto helpanchor toboggan 51 static,wings 88 wedginghips against for morecontroL 67 cross-countryskiing figure-eighton a bight 90 assnowsports discipline (track and skateskiing) 1 fin asway to build enduranceand strength 2 definition99 definition98 fin-setdrilL 45 drilLsand exercises12-1J function,characteristics 2O-2J icon 3 in emergencyrecovery (wheeLbarrow) maneuver 41 rescuepack contents 93-95 inspecting28 toboggan-handLingmaneuvers 7, 38 maintainingtraction with 19, 41,44 daiLycheckList maintainingtraction with in a traverse41, 42 as part of inspectionprocedure 27, 28 maintainingtraction with in moguLs34 definition98 placingweight over (to stabilize toboggan) 53, 74 descending/ascendingthe faLlLine trainingexercises 85, 86 Loadedtoboggan 63, 73 twistingtoboggan to engage41, 42 unLoadedtoboggan 39 finaLapproach diagonalfaLLing Leaf decidingwhere to positiontoboggan during 52 astoboggan-handLing maneuver 62, 65 definition99 definition98 droppingchain during 53 driLLsand exercises13 to incidentscene 50 trainingexercise 78 usingtoeside during 53, 54 diagonalstride fin-setdrilL as cross-countryskiing exarcise 13 trainingexercise 45 astoboggan-handling maneuver 7 definition99 definition98 fitness 2 to facilitateuphilL movement 65 fixed-handletoboggan see toboggan trainingexercise 45, 78 fixed-heeLskiing diagonalV-skate asaLpine skiing desription 1 definition98 definition99 astoboggan-handling maneuver 7 forward disabiLities,teaching students with 3 definition99 dynamicbeLay see belay assnowboarding exercises 1 1, 12 edgecontroL movement astoboggan-handling maneuver 38,64,66 asprimary braking device (front operator) 63 four-handLetoboggan seetoboggan astoboggan-handling maneuver 6, 7 frame cross-countfyexercisesfor13 definition100 definition99 inspecting28 for speedcontrol (four-handLe toboggan) 74 free-heelskiing 'l in groomed,packed powder 33 asteLemark description in moguls(Loaded toboggan) 63 definition 100 in powerstop 43,72 garland skiingexercises for 10 assnowboarding exercise 1 l snowboardingexercises for 11 turns,definition 100 trainingexercises 45, 47 ,79-82 goofy whenpositioning toboggan across faLl line 52 definition 100 emergencyrecovery (wheeLbarrow) maneuver handposition on tail rope 66 definition107 handles trainingexercise 46 four handLes(fixed), features of i8-21, 23,99 with unloadedtoboggan 41, 42 front,definition 100 equrpment function,characteristics 20,25,99,101 carrying,adapting skiLlsfor 13, 14 inspecting28 for cross-countrypatrollers 9J-95 locks,definition 100 snowsliding,iconsfor3,5,17,31,37,49,59,87 Locks,inspecting 28 speciaLizedrescue 25 operationof, policyregarding 67 storage14,26 two handLes(locking/hinged), features of 18-20,23,10j tuning/maintenance1,6,34,44,72 harness(improvisedtoboggan)20,41,65 extensionturn heelside asskiing exercise 1 1 assnowboarding exercise 1 1, 12 fallingLeaf astoboggan-handLing maneuver 7,41,66,69,70-72 asskiing exercise 1 1 avoidingon final approach 53 astoboggan-handlingmaneuver 7,62-64,73 definition100 definition99 trainingexercise 91 to breaktrail (snowboarding)34 herringbone trainingexercises14,46,78,83 ascross-countryskiingexercise13 feathering99 asskiing exercise 10 figure-eightskiing astoboggan-handling maneuver 7 exercise10 definition 100 figure-eightbeLay device 93 hitch pin 23 .]10 OUTDOOREMERGENCYTRANSPORTATION hockeystop Loadedtoboggan, four-handLe asskiing exercise 10, 1 1 dynamicsof 7J assnowboarding exercise 12 front operator,adapting to terrain/snowconditions 77 hopturn front operatof,descending the falLLine 73, 74 asskiing exercise 1 1 front operator,moving direction change 75 hopuphilL front opefator,traversing 76 assnowboarding exercise 1 1 indicationsfor use 77 iceaxe 89 rearoperator, adapting to terrain/snowconditions 77 improvisedtoboggan rearoperator, descending the faLtLine 74 ^^ +^L^^^^- +.,^^ 1O o) rvuuggo,, LyPE ,e fear operator,moving direction change 75 belaying65 fear operator,traversing 76 constructingon leveLspot 54 teamwork 74-77 definition100 trainingexercises77-86 function,characteristics'18-20 loadedtoboggan, two-handLe positioningpatient in 56 belaying(ross-country) 65 tail ropeoperator 66 brakingon high-angLetraverse (snowboarding) 71 trainingexercises 45, 81 chestharness, using for propulsion(cross-country) 65 usingharness with 41 descendingand ascendingthe falLLine 63-65 incidentscene front operator60,62 anchoringpLatform 50, 51, 53, 55 front operator,awareness of otheropemtor position 69 approach50, 52, 100 frontoperator, basic skiing/snowboarding maneuvers 62 arrivaL35, 52 front operator,definition 100 biohazardousmaterial, disposal of 56 front operator,moving direction change 69 cLeanup56 front operator,transition 71 communicatingroute 56 front operator,traversing 69-71 egress(departure) 50, 52, 56 ffont operator,using chain brake 63 equipment,securing in toboggan 50, 54 improvisedtoboggan, ascending/descending 65 front operatormaneuvers at 51 in moguls63 improvisedsheLter, backcountry 50, 54 Leavingunattended, need to avoid 56 improvisedtoboggan, moving to patient 54 parking 72,73 lifting principles,compLying with 50, 56 powerstop 72 marking 50-53 staticdirection change 71 patient,Lifting into and securing in toboggan50, 54,55 tail ropeoperator, avoiding contact with toboggan66 patient,monitoring before Lifting into toboggan 55 taiLrope operator, avoiding simuLtaneous transition 69 patientposition, determining 54 taiLrope operator, avoiding sLippage 66 rescuepack, to stabilizerear toboggan fins 5J taiLrope operator, descending direction change 69 size-up50, 56 tail ropeoperator, downhiLL hand 65 skis/snowboard,anchoring 50, 51,53 tail ropeoperator, power stop 65 terrainpark, cLosing for 53 tail ropeoperator, traversing 69, 70 toboggan,positioning 50, 5l tail ropeoperator, uphiLl position 65, 69 toboggan,securing50-53 taiLrope/rear operator 60-62, 65 toeside,during final approach 53, 54 taiLrope/rear operator, basic skiing/snowboarding trainingexercises 57 maneuvers63 javelinturn tail rope positioning/tension61, 65, 66, 68,69 asskiing exercise 10 teamwork59-62,66,71 definition101 terrain-dropmaneuver 63 I turn tobogganturns, avoiding during transitions 63 assnowboarding exercise 1 1 i^A-i^-h6al INDEX 111 medium-radiusturn (continued) powder astoboggan-handling maneuver 7 asskiing exercise 14 definition101 poweredgedrilL78 moguLs powersrop asroute seLection factor 34, 35 asskiing exercise lO, I l asskiing exercise 14, 15 assnowboarding exercise 12 ,|02 movingdifection change definition additionaloperators 62 pressuringchain brake 72 astoboggan-handLingmaneuver7,63,75 trainingexercises(loadedtoboggan)g4 definition101 with loadedtoboggan 60, 65 trainingexercises 83 with unloadedtoboggan 3g, 4J mule pressurecontfoL movements 'l definition 101 asskiing exercise 1 function90 astoboggan-handling maneuver 6, 7 .|02 NationaLSki Areas Association (NSAA) 2 definition NationaLSki PatroL primarybelayer (dynamic beLay) 102 address4 ProfessionalSki Instructors of America(PSIA) and American boardof directorsiii Associationof SnowboardInstructofs (AASI) 1,6, missionstatement iii g, 13,77 Pointers4 orusik cord Policiesand Proceduresmanual 2 function,characteristics 24 SkiPatrol Magazine 4 in cross-countryrescue pack 93 transportationcommittee iii, iv,4 in staticbelay 89 website 2 prusikknot nordicdownhilL for staticbeLay 90 astelemarkdescription1 definition ]02 definition 102 puuey nordictrack function,characteristics 24, 25 ascross-countrycategory1 definition 102 definition 102 In cross-counrryrescue pack 9J nose in staticbelay 89 definition 102 quickchecklist on shelL23 definition 103 l8O-degreejump turn for tobogganinspection 27, 28 asskiing exercise 1 1 railroadtrack turn assnowboarding exercise 12 asskiing exercise 10 astoboggan-handLingmaneuver 7 definition103 definition102 rapidresponse wheel see litterwneet one-skiturn fear operator asskiing exercise I 1 adaptingto terrain/snowconditions 76 paraLlelturn assafety reserve 2 astoboggan-handLing maneuver 7 conductingmoving direction change 75 definition102 definition tO3 parKrng descendingthe falLline 74 trainingexercises 84 generaLprinciples (Loaded toboggan) 50 two-handLetoboggan 72 recoveryposition patientcover/tarp24 definition 103 patientpad 24 indicationsfor 54 patientposition 54, 55 regular(snowboarding stance) 10J patrentstraps rescuepack definition 102 contentsfor cross-countfypatroller, 9J-95 function,characteristics 22,24 definition 103 patroLlerresponsibilities 2 inspectionand storageof 27-29 Pln positioningover rear fins 53 securinghandles with 23 retractionturn 11 definition102 riskmanagement 1,2,8,56 pivotslip whencarrying equipment 13 asskiing exercise l0 rope definition102 function,characteristics 25 pivottransition 7 in staticbeLay 89 PoLe rope-a-goatdriLl 82 double,as toboggan-handling maneuver 7 rotarycontrol movements double,definitjon 98 astoboggan-handling maneuver 6, 7 plant,as cross-countryskiing exercise 13 definition 103 pLant,as skiing exercise 1 1 exercisesfor 10 112 OUTDOOREIVI ERGENCY TRANSPORTATION routeseLection snowfluke 89 approach/departure35 snowmobiletow bar 25 backcountryterrain 33 snowspray guard 67 breakabLecrust/crud 34 definition 104 deep,heavy, wet snow 33 function,characteristics 26 definition103 spiessturn factorsthat infLuence31 , 32, 35 asskiing exercise 1 0, 11 fLatterrain32,33 definition104 groomed,packed powder 33 staticbeLay see belay moguLs33, 35 staticdirection change powder 34 definition 104 terraindrop 32, 33 to negotiatebreakable crust/crud 34 trails 32 trainingexercises 84 trainingexercises 36 with loadedtoboggan 71 traversingskilLs, importance of J2 with unLoadedtoboggan 42, 43 uphiLlterrain 33 stemturn scenesize-up asskiing exercise 10 definition103 astoboggan-handlingmaneuver 7 duringapproach 50,56 definition105 shelL stepturn definition 104 ascross-country skiing exercise 13 function,characteristics 20, 23 asskiing exercise 10 inspecting28 astoboggan-handLing maneuver 7 short-radiusturn definition 105 asskiino exercise 1 5 storkdriLl 81 astoboggan-handLing maneuver 7 swing definition104 definition 105 sidesLip function 90 ascross-country skiing exercise 13 whenascending faLl line (unLoadedtoboggan) 41 asskiing exercise 10, 11 switch(fakie) astoboggan-handling maneuver 7, 63 as snowboardingexercises 1'1, 12 definition104 astoboggan-handLing maneuver 7,38,64 sidestep definition 105 asskiing exercise 10 taiLrope assnowboardingexercise12 definition105 definition104 function,characteristics 22,24 to negotiatebreakabLe crust/oud 34 handposition on 66 skating increasing/decreasingtension on 65,66 aLpine/telemarkskiing, as toboggan-handling inspecting27 maneuvef7 maintainingdistance from 6 ascfoss-country skiing exercise 13 operator 60, 63, 65, 68-70, 104,105 asskiing exercise 10 operator,as safety reserve 2 definition 104 operator,trainingexercises82 snowboarding,as toboggan-handling maneuver 7 usuaLlength of 27 V-1,V-2,V-2alternate,astoboggan-handling teamwork/communication18,44,56,62,65,66,68,69, maneuvers7 71,74-77 V-1,V-2,V-2aLternate, definitions 106 teLemark skiddedturn icon 3 astoboggan-handling maneuver 7 skiing,as snowsports discipline (free-heet and nordic definition 104 downhilL)1 skiing/snowboardingskills turn, astoboggan-handLing maneuver 7 as maneuversrelated to tobogganhandLing 7 turn, definition 105 balance,definition 97 terrain/conditions edgecontrol, definition 98 backcountry33 importanceof 5 breakabLecrust 4, 34 pfessurecontroL, definition 102 crud 4 rotarymovement, definition 103 definitionsof 3, 4 skins downhiLl4 definition104 drop 4,32,33 function 65 firm snow,hardpack 4, 34 stiding flat 4,32,33,34 ascross-country skiing exercise 13 groomed 3 sLippage18,32,42,44,66,67,70,71,76,91 heavy,wetsnow4,34 snowboarding moguLs4, 14,15,34,35,63, 67 assnowsports discipLine 1 packedpowder 3, JJ icon 3 powder4, 15,34 (contjnued) INDEX I13 terrain/conditions(continued) skiing/snowboardingskills 14,15 seLection31-36 terrain/routesetection 36 uphilL4 toboggansand related equipment 29,30 terrain-dropmaneuver transportation106 definition105 traverse with Loadedtoboggan 63 asskiing exercise 10, 11 terrainpark, cLosing for incidentscene 53 astoboggan-handling maneuver 7, 63 thousand-stepturns definition 106 asskiing exercise 10 forwardand switch,as snowboarding exercise 1 1 definition106 in routeseLectionJ2 toboggan needto minimize42 accessories22,24-26 trainingexercises 83, 84 anchors17 withfour-handLetoboggan75 beLlychain 25,67 with Loadedtoboggan 69, 70 chainbrake 22, 24 with unloadedtoboggan 41,42 commercialportable, features of 18-20 twist crossbar22,61 to engagedownhiLl fin of unloadedtoboggan 41 definition 106 two-handLetobogganseetoboggan factorsthat in{luenceuse 17 unLoadedtoboggan fins 20, 21,23 chainbrake, use of 39 four-handle(fixed handte), definition 100 descending/ascendingand moving direction changes J9 four-handle(fixed handLe), eLevating ("making Light") equipment,effects of weight 39 19,20 emergencyfecovery (wheeLbarrow) maneuver 41,42,46 four-handLe(fixed handLe), function, charactefistics fin-setdriLl 45 18-21,23, 44 handLes,detaching (four-handle) 44 handLes20, 21, 23,6l handLes,hoLding at mid-shaft(four-handle) 44 handLes,fixed18-20,23,44,53,65,99 handLes,handpositionon42,43 handLes,hinged 18-20,23, 44,53 handles,unLocked position 39 handles,securing rear 44 heelside41 improvised,features of 18-20,54,56,65,66 movingbelay 42 inspection17,26,27 positionin handles39, 42 inspection,checklists 26-28 powerstop 43 knots,using as handholds65, 68 recoverymaneuver 40 locks 18,22-24 sidesLiPPing40 oneoperator 44 skiing/snowboardingmaneuvers for 37, 38 patientstraps 22, 24 staticdirection change 42, 43 setup 26 switch 43 sheLl18, 20,21,23 teamwork/communication(four-handle) 44 storage14,17,26 toeside41 tailrope 18,22,24 trainingexercises 45-47 teepee 27 transition39, 40 trainingexercises 29,30 traversing41,42 two-handle,definition 106 turning,to controLspeed, direction 40 two-handLe(Locking handle), function, characteristics twistinghandLes 41, 42, 46 18-21 wedge 40 types,importance of familiarizingself with 17,26, 60 upper/Lowerbody separation toeside cross-countryskiing exercises for ]J astoboggan-handling maneuver 7 snowboardingexercises for 12 definition106 V-1,V-2,V-2aLternate seeskating duringfinalapproachtoincidentscene53,54 warm-up/stretching6,8,9,14 sidesLips11 water knot 89 sidesLipswith unLoadedtoboggan 41 webbing 24 to heeLside,transition of 12 wedge to heelside,with Loadedtoboggan 64 definition107 tfansition stop,as skiing exercise 10 ascross-country skiing exercise 13 transition,as cross-country skiing exercise 13 assnowboarding exercise 12 turn, astoboggan-handLing maneuver 7 astoboggan-handling maneuver 7, 8 turn, definition 107 definition106 wedgedance12 tobogganturns, avoiding during 63 YourResponsibility Code 2 trainingexercises z-pulley belay 91,92 definition 107 incidentscene management 57 to raisetoboggan 89 operatingloaded toboggan 77-86 trainingexercise 91 operatingunLoaded toboggan 45-47 114 OUTDOOREMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION