Fraternity Among the French Peasantry: Sociability and Voluntary Associations in the Loire Valley, 1815–1914 Alan R

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64213-2 - Fraternity Among the French Peasantry: Sociability and Voluntary Associations in the Loire Valley, 1815–1914 Alan R. H. Baker Index More information

Index

Important references are given in bold type Loir-et Cher, threshing syndicates, face voluntary associations) Graphs are denoted by a ‘g’ following page agricultural syndicalism 40, 98, 238, 239, 251, number 255, 270, 288, 306, 312 Maps are denoted by a ‘m’ following page Agulhon, M. 7, 21, 24, 25, 37, 40, 42–4, 45 number Amboise 70 Photographs are denoted by a ‘p’ following America 32, 47–8 (see also phylloxera) page number Amicale d’Issy 279, 280 ancien régime 2–3, 37, 39, 54, 94, 311 agricultural associations (see voluntary Anderson, R. 47 associations) Angeville, A. d’ 53 agricultural crisis (of 1890s) 14, 41, 65, 87, 96, Anjou 305 306 anti-clericalism 14, 90–1, 97, 99, 241, 302 agricultural improvement 6, 16–18, 67, 86–7, anti-phylloxera syndicates 227, 228–39, 284 98, 102, 145, 241–51, 253, 270–1, 304 as agricultural associations 241, 253 agricultural societies (see comices agricoles, failure 235–8, 268, 295 Society of Agriculture) ﬁnance 220, 227, 235–6 agricultural syndicates 240–1, 251–72, 280–1, geography of 230–5, 234m, 284, 287, 288, 298 290, 291m failure 254, 263–5, 295 historical development of 230–5, 232g, in France 10, 306–8, 313, 314–15, 318 233g, 285g, 286–7 geography of 55–6, 256m, 287, 288, 290–1, in France 306, 308, 318 292m legislation 220 historical development of 29, 241, 252–5, and politicisation of peasantry 238–9 254g, 285g, 286–7, 295, 314 Service du Phylloxéra 220, 225–9, 230, 232 insurance provision 125, 127, 257, 311 tension within 235–6, 238 legislation 27, 145, 148, 240–1, 253, 260, (see also phylloxera, vignerons) 281, 304, 307 Archives Départementales 149 membership 10, 240, 254–5, 258–60, 261, Areines 265 262–3, 266–72 Argent (in Indre) 70 and mutual aid societies, 145, 168, 179 artisans 62, 94, 40, 153, 155, 162, 163, 167, political tension 218, 242–3, 260–3, 265, 168, 208, 295, 309, 319 266 Arville 69 sociability in 43 Association des Viticulteurs de Loir-et-Cher studies of 24, 40–1, 251–2, 284, 303, 304, 259 305, 306 Augé-Laribé, M. 41, 219, 240, 313 supply activities 25, 27, 240, 256–8, 263 Authon 69, 179 vignerons 257–8, 295 Avaray 201, 208, 215, 217, 274, 118–19, 121, (see also comices agricoles, Society of 131 Agriculture, Syndicat des Agriculteurs de Averdon 131 361

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64213-2 - Fraternity Among the French Peasantry: Sociability and Voluntary Associations in the Loire Valley, 1815–1914 Alan R. H. Baker Index More information

362 Index

Aveyron (department of) 261 boule associations 305 Azé 188 Bourbonnais 308 Bourdon, J. 51 Babchuk, N. 48 bourgeois 4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 19, 24, 39, 43, 45, 86, Babeuf, F-N. 5, 34 88, 243, 294, 295, 302, 310, 313 Bairoch, P. 17 Bourgeois, L. 36 Balzac, H. de 9 Bourges 104 Barral, P. 40, 309 Boursay 69 Bazin, R. 9 Bousseyroux, P. 307, 316 Beauce 25, 54, 57–58, 60, 61, 63, 78, 85, 88, Bouysson, M. 301 90, 91, 93, 94, 98, 157, 158, 196, 197, 246, Bracieux 70p, 111, 113, 133, 134, 156, 169, 256, 275, 281 173, 204, 289 Beauchêne 155, 168, 188, 224 Braux, D. 251 Beaugency 98 Breton, J. 12 benefits (see mutual aid societies) Brettell, R. and C. 11, 12, 13, 15 Bercé, Y.-M. 23 Brévainville 131, 134 Berenson, E. 21 Briou 93 Berger, J. 12–13, 14, 27, 283, 317 Brittany 7, 9–10, 24, 308 Berger, S. 24 Brou 69 Besançon 53 Bruno,G.28 Bessé-sur-Braye 69 Burgundy 310, 317, 319 Beuvron (stream) 55 Burns, M. 22 Billy 131, 134, 138, 255, 257, 262 Busloup 77p Binas 121, 124 Bink, L. 308 cabarets 90, 91 birth-rate 62, 63 Cabet, E. 34 Blésois 74, 319 cahiers de doléances 4 Bloch, M. 2 caisse communales de secours 216 Blois 53, 54, 56m, 59p, 73, 292, 301, 307 caisse départementales d’assurances 127 agricultural syndicates in 251, 255, 258, caisse de réassurance 128, 129, 130 259, 261, 268, 281 caisse de secours mutuels 153 canton of 74, 111, 133 Canada 43 comice agricole 224, 248–9, 250, 250m canals 66–7, 315 communications 66, 67, 69, 70, 70p, 71, 71p Canal de la Sauldre 66–7 conscription 78, 79g, 83p Candé 120 fair at 278 capitalism 17–18, 20, 23, 27, 32, 66 fire-fighting in 195, 199, 209, 213 Catholic Church 2, 9, 27, 28, 47, 88–93, 97, insurance companies in 102, 104, 120, 121, 312–13 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140 attendances at communion 88, 90, 91 mayor of 260 buildings 89p, 90 mutual aid societies in 154, 157, 161, 164, declining role of 88–93, 101, 218, 298, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172 312–13, 316 political societies in 97, 99 loyalty to 24 population 60, 65, 71 Mass 143, 182, 211, 297 professor of agriculture 134, 139 promotion of association 38, 39, 45, 99, religion 90, 91, 92m 163, 171–2, 190, 260–1, 298, 304, 306, Societies of Agriculture 86, 97–8, 242, 243, 311–12 244, 246, 247–9 and State (see State) Société Générale de secours mutuels 152, traditional role of 4, 35, 36, 47, 96, 114, 313 153 vision of society 33, 36, 312 surrounds of 57, 58, 91, 98, 107, 109, 110, (see also cercles, confréries, priests, religion) 111, 114, 134, 156, 197, 203, 222, 223, Cellettes 122, 131, 132, 156, 174, 201, 214, 227, 228, 229 251, 274, 304 258, 260 Union Départementale des Sociétés de Central Massif 304, 309, 311 Secours Mutuels 164 cereal prices 268 Bodiguel, M. 44 Chailles 131, 132, 274 Bordeaux 40, 102, 219, 221, 227, 311 Chalonnais 303, 308, 310, 314, 319

Index 363

Chalvignac, J.-Y. 310 and mutual aid societies 147, 172, 174, 175, Chambon-sur-Cisse 132, 137, 217 187, 189, 190 Chambord 97, 256, 262 politics 22, 94–6 Chamboredon, J.-C. 11, 44 communications 7, 20, 54, 66–71, 84, 87, 239, chambrées 43 310, 315 Chambre Consultative d’Agriculture 249 (see also railways, roads, tramways, water charivaris 97 transport) Chartres 53, 85, 102 communism 5, 34 Château de Cheverny 200–1 Communist Party 302 Château-du-Loir 69 community 1–6, 14, 21, 22, 84, 103, 135, 191, Châteaudun 85 211, 215, 216, 312, 315, 317, Château-Renault 70 decline of 15, 19, 23–7 Châteauroux 67 model 34 Châteauvieux 235, 236, 237 sense of 2, 7–9, 24, 26, 165, 299, 320 Châtillon-sur-Cher 67, 167, 188, 255, 260, sense of place 303 262, 263, 264 (see also collectivism, fraternity, peasantry) Chaumont-sur-Loire 131, 132, 181, 182 Compagnie d’Assurance Mutuelle 101, 204 Chaumont-sur-Tharonne 195 compagnonnages (see trade guilds) chefs-lieux 60, 73, 103, 195, 196, 202, 292 Concriers 132, 138 chemical fertilisers 16, 87, 220, 223–30, 232, Conseil d’Etat 101, 104 235–6, 251, 252, 253, 257, 262, 263, 270, Conseil Général of Loir-et-Cher 126, 127–8, 272, 283, 296 129–30, 150, 151, 203, 204, 205, 225, 226, Chémery 274, 276, 280 229, 230, 237 Cher, department of 66, 67, 70 confréries 27, 39, 42, 43, 99, 144, 161, 175, river 54, 55, 74, 255 176, 241, 301–2, 320 valley 58, 60, 64, 67, 73, 78, 93, 94, 97, 98, conservatism 10, 21, 24, 226, 283, 317 99, 109, 196, 287, 289, 302: agricultural Constant, B. 33 association in 255, 274; phylloxera in Constitution (of 1795) 37, 39 221, 223, 229, 239; mutual aid in 152, Contres 60, 65, 111, 132, 133, 134, 153, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159 161–2, 166, 182–3, 195, 217, 218, 259, Cheverny 120, 140, 166, 195, 201, 274 262, 282, 289 Chissay 67, 175, 184–5, 218, 263, 274 co-operatives 23, 24, 41, 49, 251 Chissay-en-Touraine 155, 164 agricultural marketing 98, 231, 280–1 Chitenay 155, 156, 166, 168, 185, 212, 215, cheese-making 241, 320 255, 257, 261, 281 threshing 273, 276–8 Chouzy-sur-Cisse 67, 131, 137–8, 155, 172 Corbin, A. 5 Cisse (river) 58, 59 corps de sapeurs-pompiers (see fire-fighting Clapham, J. H. 64, 239 associations) class 5, 7–8, 9, 13, 34, 94, 143, 144, 146, 147, Coulommiers 131, 138, 255, 257, 261 165, 166, 189, 260, 303, 317 Courbigny, M. 242, 243 consciousness 14, 23, 25, 26, 143, 315 Courmemin 135 proletariat 11, 13, 14, 26 Cormeray 120, 158, 175 clergy 33, 91, 313 (see also priests) Cosson (stream) 55 Cléry 70 Couffi 164 collectivism 2, 3–5, 6, 271 Coulanges 73, 168, 198, 201 and mentalité 6–15, 16–22, 23–7, 27–9 Coulommiers 179 comices agricoles 90, 98, 224, 225, 241, 244, Courbet, G. 12, 13, 14 247–51, 250m, 252 Courbouzon 108, 198, 208, 215 Commission des affairés diverses 226, 230 Cour-Cheverny 65, 120, 121, 155, 166, 168, Commission des finances 226 175, 195, 198, 201, 215, 262, 265 Comité d’études et de vigilance 220, 222, 224, Courmenon 73, 166 225 Cour-sur-Loire 108, 168, 208 commune council 4–5, 25–6, 94–6, 312 Courtelin 69 finance 71, 74, 94–5, 214–16 Couture 164, 190 and fire-fighting associations 203–6, 207, credit services 123, 270, 281, 307 212, 214–15, 216, 217, 218 culture 6, 8, 11, 12, 27, 65, 65, 77, 317 grants to vignerons 220, 227 change 26–28, 66, 85, 315

364 Index

culture (cont.) Duggett, M. 7, 8 construction of France 28 Dupeux, G. 28, 59, 64, 86, 109, 251, 282, 283, construction of peasantry 20 284 (see also traditional society) Durkheim, E. 35, 49 curés (see priests) Dallas, G. 304–5 economy 21, 64, 65, 71, 77, 111, 129, 130, Darwinism 35 145, 306, 317 death-rate 63 change in 85, 86–8 Debbasch, C. 51 expansion of 33, 96 débits de boissons 43 rural social 86–8, 243, 282–4, 296, 298–9, Decize 98 300, 302 Declaration of Rights 3, 37 education 81, 84, 239 (see also primary Demangeon, A. 53 schools) democracy 1, 5, 30–2, 36, 51, 96, 307, 310, egalitarian society 317 313–14 égalité 211 (see also equality) local 26, 95 elections 3, 4, 26, 94–5, 96, 239, 262, 297, 299 practice of 313, 121 England 17 spirit of 175, 260, 269, 313 English 6, 10, 39, 93 democratisation 298–9 agronomists 7, 53, 253 demographic change 9, 61, 62, 62m, 62, 84 Enlightenment 6, 145, 241, 283 Demoulin, P. 309 Enquête agricole (1862) 109, 110–11, 113 Desbrosses, M. 246 epidemics 101, 102, 120, 126, 128, 131 Désert, G. 41, 306 equality 3, 30, 31, 34, 45, 207, 277, 317 (see Devance, L. 310 also égalité, fraternity, liberty) Dhuizon 192–3, 198, 131 Epuisay 135 diffusion 197, 269, 285, 305, 309, 310 Europe 17, 20, 30, 41, 42, 59, 315, 319 of agricultural improvement 16 hierarchical 156, 199, 210, 310 fairs (or assemblées) 24, 89, 90, 97, 98, 242, of knowledge 39, 87, 98, 241, 243, 246, 251, 250 261, 270, 295, 301 Faye 132, 135 of fire-fighting 192, 285–6 Feings 153, 162, 274 of marketing and processing co-operatives Fénéant, J. 99 231, 280–1 Ferry, J. 32, 74, 76 of mutual aid 145, 155, 156, 163 festivals 14, 24, 27, 89, 90, 192, 211 of mutalist movement 309 fête 44, 182, 182p, 242, 248 of phylloxera 219–23, 290 fête impériale (1852–71) 96 of republican ideas 22 First Empire 37 of Syndicat des Agriculteurs de Loir-et- Flaubert, G. 9, 241 Cher 269 Fossé 283 of socialism 310 Fougères-sur-Bièvre 153, 162, 163, 212 of voluntary associations 292–3 Fourier, C. 33–4 Dijon 53 Fournière, E. 35–6, 320 Dion, R. 28, 53, 98, 251, 270, 301, 304 Franco-Prussian War (1870–1) 85, 190, 214 distance, annihilation of 66, 77 François, E. 45, 52 to Blois 268, 292, 294, 310 fraternal association 6, 22, 27, 29, 30–42, 207, friction of 212 284, 296, 307–8, 310, 318 doctors 25, 86, 145, 312 agriculture 260, 263, 265, 281 as association members 162, 163, 170, 171, livestock insurance 105, 122 225, 243 mutual aid 146, 163, 176 fees 148, 169, 176, 177, 180, 184, 186, 187 theory 31–6 promotion by 25, 161, 182, 295 legislation 31, 36–8 remoteness from 145, 189 (see also fraternalism, fraternity, tradition, drainage syndicates 281 voluntary association) Dreux 102 fraternité 2, 6, 51, 192, 211 (see also Dreyfus, M. 308 fraternity) Droué 67, 70, 85, 109, 110, 112, 132, 133, 289 fraternalism 13, 15, 21, 27, 175–6, 241, 298, Duclaux, M. 10 302, 307, 313, 315, 318, 320

Index 365

fraternity 2, 3, 8, 14, 24, 30–6, 297, 301–6, Gièvres 67, 70 310, 312, 316 Gobillon, M. 99 in agricultural association 260, 271–2, 275, Goldberg, H. 1 277 Goujon, P. 52, 303, 308, 310, 314, 319 expression of 201, 211, 213 Grande Sologne 55, 59, 61, 64, 67, 70, 78, 79, in livestock insurance 100, 124, 135 86, 109, 110, 155, 157, 158, 197, 256, in mutual aid 161, 162, 163, 170, 175–6, 268 181, 184, 190, 191 Great Depression (1930s) 24 public demonstrations of 143, 181–3, 211 Great War (1914–18) 118, 124, 281 spirit of 301–3 Grenoble 144 (see also agricultural syndicates, anti- Grew, R. 13 phylloxera syndicates, fraternité, Guesde, J. 35 livestock insurance companies, mutual Gueslin, A. 142, 144 aid societies, voluntary associations) Guillamin, E. 9 Freemasons 40, 43, 99, 302 Guizot, F. 72, 73–4, 160 French Alps 23, 320 Gy 132 Fresnes 138, 139, 141, 166 gymnastic societies 40 (see also recreational Fréteval 67, 85, 174 societies) fruit production 18, 88, 98 fire 25, 102, 192–218, 261 hail damage 101, 102 fighting techniques 193, 198–9 harvesting (see threshing syndicates) incidence 198, 199, 290, 296 Herbault 133, 147, 157, 204, 214, 289 fire-fighting associations 99, 105, 158, 164, Hélias, P. 9 167–8, 175–6, 179, 192–218, 194p, 300, hierarchy, administrative 4, 295 306, 312 settlement 5, 212–13, 294–5 discipline and training 194, 195, 207, social 33, 45 209–10, 212 spatial 54 finance 202–4, 205, 207, 214–16, 217 Hobbes, T. 31 in France 309–10 Hobsbawn, E. 320 geography of 196–200, 197–202m, 212–14, Hoffman, P. 2, 17 287, 288–94, 290m Holland 13, 17 historical development 193–4, 195–6, Houssay 134 198–200, 285–6, 285g Huard, R. 21 inspectors 195, 207, 208, 213 Hubbard, G. 300 legal framework 207, 218 Hubscher, R. 18, 306–7 legislation 99, 199, 217, 218 Huisseau-en-Beauce 132, 168 membership 208–9, 210, 216–18 Huisseau-sur-Cosson 258 political discussion and tension 211–14, 217, 218 idealism 51, 296–7 promotion of 198–207 identity 4, 8, 12, 14, 26–7, 45, 47, 180–1, 297, studies of 194–5 315, 320 fire-insurance companies (see insurance) fire-fighting 208 Foucon, R. 306 geographical 164–8, 191, 302 occupational 164–5, 167–8, 191, 301, 302 Gallagher, O. 48 religious 299 Garde Nationale (see National Guard) Ion, J. 46 Gâtine tourangelle 58, 60, 61, 64, 109, 157, individualism 33, 35, 143–6, 149, 172, 235, 256, 289 307 Gemeinschaft 49 and collectivism 3–27, 241 gender 26, 168–70 (see also women) and mentalité 6–15, 23–9 General Council of Loir-et-Cher (see Conseil and society 30, 32, 34, 46, 47, 48 Général of Loir-et-Cher) and State (see State) Geneva 53 Indre 70 Germans 85 Indre-et-Loire 70 Germany 44 industrialisation 40, 64, 144 Gesellschaft 49 Industrial Revolution 16, 30, 47 Gien 104 infant mortality 62

366 Index

informal aid (see labour substitution, mutual Le Plessis-Dorin 69, 132, 174 aid) Leroux, P. 34 irrigation syndicates 281 Le Roy, E. 9 Isère 309 Léry 277 insurance 114, 145, 148, 257, 299, 300, 311, Les Montils 132, 137, 138–9, 156, 158, 174, 318 181 agricultural 101–2, 105, 278, 280 Lestiou 123, 208 companies 28, 101, 125, 127, 193, 205, 215 Lhermite, L. 14 fire 120, 193, 203, 205, 215 liberal professions, 62, 88, 94, 96, 163, 171, livestock (see livestock insurance 190, 250, 302, 309, 313, 319 companies) (see also doctors, schoolteachers, vets) personal benefit (see mutual aid societies) liberté 1, 3, 4, 51, 93, 210 societies 25, 41, 125, 126, 127 liberty 9, 30, 34, 35, 37, 38, 145, 146, 207, 299 (see also risk) and fraternity 31–3 (see also equality, fraternity, individualism, Jacobins 5, 39, 97 liberté) Jaurès, J. 35 liberty trees 90, 97 Jews 91 library associations 305 Jones, P. M. 3, 4, 5, 21 Ligny-le-Ribault 70 Josnes 85, 91, 93p, 205, 212, 213, 236–7, 275, Ligue de l’Enseignement 45, 91 276, 278–9 Lille 40, 144 Judt, T. 22, 310 literacy 20, 77–9, 79g, 80–2m, 84, 105, 268, July Monarchy 42, 93, 97 315 Juneja, M. 14 livestock insurance companies 41, 101, Jura 241, 320 102–41, 116p, 239, 241, 284, 300, 306, 308, 311 labour substitution 105, 161, 167, 175, 178, benefits 127, 295, 300 180–1, 184, 185–6, 187, 189, 258 cover 120, 131, Lacambre, G. 12 data quality 106 La Chapelle des Grouéts 166 democracy 121–2 La Chapelle-Saint-Martin 208 development of 106–107, 108g, 285g, La Chapelle-Vendômoise 168, 206 286–7: early (to 1870) 102–5, 107, 112–9; La Charmoise 163, 252, 265 late (1900–1914) 107, 130–40; mid (to La Chaussée-Saint-Victor 237 1900) 107, 119–24 Ladurie, E. Le Roy 310 experts 115–17, 118, 121, 131, 136 La Ferté-Imbault 155, 165, 172 finance 104, 106, 115, 121, 122–4, 128 La Fontenelle 69 fixed cash premiums 136, 138–9, 140 La Ligérienne Tourangelle 103 in France 105, 314, 318 Lamotte-Beuvron 65, 66, 67, 70p, 70, 79, 87, geography of 107–12, 109–15m, 120–1, 110, 111, 112, 158, 224, 289 131–5, 287, 288–94, 288m, 302 landowners 4, 9, 18, 33, 260–2, 304, 315 legislationandlaw106,119,136,137,138,140 political role of 96, 260–2 membership 105, 115, 118, 120–1, 122, 124, and progressive agriculture 86–7, 98, 241, 131, 135, 137, 141 243, 249, 250 theoretical debate 124–30 role in agricultural association 25, 41, Loir (river) 54, 57, 58, 157, 158 170–1, 260, 261, 262, 269, 313 valley of 58, 60, 65, 77p, 78, 90, 94, 98, 99, Lancé 134 107, 108, 196, 222, 223, 231, 239, 268, Lanthenay 134, 167 269, 287, 301, 302 La Rochelle 129 Loire (river) 54, 55, 58, 67, 91, 114, 118, 121, Launay 66, 174 154, 156, 158, 223, 230, 255 Lavardin 69 valley of 60, 67, 70, 78p, 85, 90, 94, 98, 99, Le Blanc 70 108, 197, 221, 225, 229, 231, 239, 251, Le Gault 206 258, 270, 301–2, 303 Le Gault-du-Perche 69 Loiret 70 Le Havre 53 Lorges 93 Lehning, J. 20 Lorraine 308 Le Mans 102 Lunay 138, 206

Index 367

Lussier, H. 309–10 83p, 97 Lyon 40, 102, 144 military service 19, 20, 65, 79–85, 217 Lynch, H. 10 barracks 81, 83p societies 40 Mâconnais 303, 308, 310, 314, 319 Ministry of Agriculture 103, 104, 106, 126, Magraw, R. 20 127, 136, 139–40, 220, 222, 223, 227, 228, mairie 95, 77p, 95p, 183, 210, 249 230, 235, 247, 262, 281, 307 male suffrage (see elections) Ministry of the Interior 101, 102, 172, 186, Malingié, E. 246, 248 187, 202, 203, 204, 242, Maine 305 Ministry of War 204 Marais, J.-L. 305 Mitrany, D. 8 Maray 73 modernisation 3, 9, 13, 15, 18–22, 315–16 Marchenoir 59, 74, 109, 111, 133, 134, 190, agents of 77, 82, 87 205, 214, 218, 289, 302 role of associations in 45, 49, 50, 98, 316 Forest of 57, 86, 91, 108, 298 and urbanism 64–5 Margadant, T. 19, 21 Weber thesis 18–22, 24, 315–16 Marolles 229, 274 Molineuf 174 Marseille 144 Mondoubleau 60, 69, 70, 79, 83p, 85, 110, Martin, O. 99 112, 166, 167, 195, 198, 256, 259, 262, Marx, K. 7–8, 21 264, 289 Maslives 108, 155, 156, 258 Mont-près-Chambord 91, 120, 158, 173, 187 materialism 51, 296–7 Monteaux 53, 132, 158, Maupassant, E. 9 Monthou-sur-Bièvre 137, 158, 206, 274, Maves 71p, 208, 215 Montlivault 108, 138, 156, 167, 186, 258, 274 mayor 4, 26, 54, 95, 96, 131, 225, 268, 295, Montoire-sur-le-Loir 65, 69, 74, 97, 173, 179,, 297, 312 239, 255, 290 co-operation with priest 172 fire-fighting in 195, 208, 210, 211, 213 fire-fighting associations 203–4, 205, 206, livestock insurance in 110, 133, 134 207, 209, 211, 212, 217 Montpellier 220 promotion of associations 147, 153, 155, Montrichard 60, 65, 67, 70, 99, 132, 155, 204, 160, 169, 172–3, 174, 238 255, 259, 261, 264, 289 Mazangé 120, 122 morality 147, 160, 162, 257 McPhee, P. 5, 19, 20 church 298 Médoc 312, 314 and thrift 146, 181 Méline’s law (1898) 41 values of 143 Membrolles 135 moralisation 171, 172, 181, 296 Ménars 67, 91, 138, 201, 212 Morée 134, 141, 158, 195 Mennetou-sur-Cher 67, 73 Moulin, A. 18, 25 livestock insurance in 110, 111, 112, 113 Muides 122 mutual aid socities in 152, 153, 160–1, 163, Muller, E. 99, 163 168, 175, 185–6 Mulsans 63p, 89p, 208, 210, 211, 215 mentalités 6–15, 20, 23, 26, 28, 40, 52, 85, 216, musical societies 21, 40, 43, 218, 296, 303, 238–9, 300, 316 305, 308 Mer 60, 65, 67, 74, 84, 91, 93, 93p, 97, 156, mutual aid 2, 23, 25, 105, 124, 193, 257, 261, 186, 280–1, 287, 289, 298, 302 262, 298, 317, 318 fire-fighting in 195, 208, 213, 215 informal 40, 173, 174, 180–1, 300–1 livestock insurance in 104, 108, 109, 111, tradition of (see traditional mutual aid) 118, 121, 132, 133, 134 (see also confréries, labour substitution) phylloxera crisis in 223, 229, 230, 231, 238 mutual aid societies (sociétés de secours Mesland 155, 156, 158, 164, 175, 181, 182 mutuels) 36, 40, 41–2, 43, 99, 105, 141, Michelet, J. 299 142–91, 298, 300, 303, 306, 311 Midi 219 benefits 41, 143, 147–8, 150, 161–2, 164–5, migration 18, 19, 62, 81, 261 167–70, 172, 176–81, 184–6 and military service 84 and church 312 (see also demographic change) data quality 149–50, 151 Millet, J. 11, 12–13, 13–14, 15 development of 142–5, 149, 150–3, 152g, military conscripts 13, 78–85, 79g, 80–2m, 159–63, 183–4, 285g, 286–7, 295

368 Index

mutual aid societies (cont.) 103, 144, 147, 150, 166, 172, 193, 195, finance 148, 150, 170, 175, 176–80, 183, 199, 202, 224, 246, 263, 295, 315 184–8, 189–90 Pas-de-Calais 306, 313, 314 in France 42, 142, 144, 307–10, 311, 312, paternalism 33, 36, 88, 163, 170–5, 261, 298, 314, 318 313 geography of 144, 152–9, 154m, 156m, patriotism 13, 65 157m, 159m, 164–8, 183, 287, 287–94, Pautard, J. 17 289m peasant 65, 99, 144–5, 294, 295–6, 304, 311 legislation 41, 42, 144, 145–9, 151, 152, 165, class 302–3, 317 166, 175, 307 empowerment and emancipation 299, 313, moral values in (see morality) 316 paternalism 170–75 experience of democracy 313–14 as political threat 145, 172 experience 105, 314, 317–18 struggle and failure 186–90 fatalism 28, 299 sociability 181–3, 182p routine 282 structure 163–76, 183 (see also individualism, collectivism, vignerons (see vignerons) voluntary associations) (see also voluntary associations) peasantry 1–29, 41, 86, 103, 144, 238, 303, mutualist tradition 36, 261, 309, 318, 320 310, 315 mutualist movement 142, 143, 144, 151, 158, current perceptions 15–29 314, 320 definition of 6 representations of 6–15, 283, Nantes 98, 304 as survivors 12, 14, 27, 283–4, 296, 298, Napoleon III 87, 146, 147 316–20 Napoleonic Code 1 Penal Code (of 1810) 37, 38, 39, 145, 146 Napoleonic Wars 93 Perche 58, 60, 61, 63, 74, 78, 79, 83p, 88, 109, National Guard 85, 153, 161, 207, 208 110, 155, 157, 158, 196, 197, 256, 268, Naveil 108, 121, 224, 281 281, 290 Neung-sur-Beuvron 70, 79, 84, 104, 110, 111, Petite Beauce 51, 63p, 71p, 89p, 287, 289, 290, 112, 158, 206 298, 302 Nièvre 304 (see also Beauce) Nord 144, 306 Petite Sologne 55, 60, 61, 64, 78, 88, 98, 108, Notre-Dame-des-Aydes 90 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 197, 221, Notter, A. 99 246, 255, 268, 269, 274, 275, 287, 289, Nouan-le-Fuzelier 67 290, 291, 302 Nouan-sur-Loire 120, 132, 137, 212 (see also Sologne) notables 21, 97, 145, 241, 283, 313 Pezou 67, 192, 217 as association members 97, 145, 242, 243 phylloxera crisis 63, 87, 96, 219–40, 224g, patronage of 170–5, 183, 200–1, 215 225m, 257–8, 270, 290, 320 political motivations 313 Comité du phylloxéra 226 as promotors 145, 163, 190, 295, 312, 314 Commission Supérieure du phylloxéra 220, traditonal authority of 33, 40, 86, 88, 96, 224 295 failure of treatment 236–8 State management of 220, 222, 223–30, 232 Ogonnière, G. d’ 245 physical geography of Loir-et-Cher 54–59, Oisly 166 55m, 60m Onzain 203, 255, 258–9, 60, 65, 67, 156, 158, Pierrefitte-sur-Sauldre 70, 256, 257, 261 165, 167, 181, 182, 187, 189, 284 Pinkney, D. 18, 28 Orléans 53, 67, 85, 91, 98, 102, 104, 251, 304 Planchon, J.-E. 219 Ouchamps 155, 156, 158, 164, 171, 176, 181, Poitou, C. 194 186, 212, 282 political democracy 36, 47, 86 Oucques 70, 195, 211 politics 22, 49, 50, 51, 65, 93–6, 125, 145, Ouzouer-le-Doyen 212, 217 242–3, 252, 260–3, 296–8, 303, 306–8, Ouzouer-le-Marché 70, 71p, 174 309, 310, 312, 315, 318 Owen, R. 34 change 26–8 conflict and rivalry 5, 212–18, 238–9, 241, Paris 7, 10, 17, 40, 54, 67, 57, 63, 69, 97, 102, 260, 296–8

Index 369

debate 30, 211, 212, 218, 308 Protestant Church 91–3, 93p, 298–9, 311 discourse 145 église réformée 93, movements 5, 21, 34 geography of 91–3, 92m societies and clubs 5, 27, 37–8, 39–40 Prothero, R. 10 theorists 32, 35, 50 Provence 22, 43 use of representations 7, 8 Prudhomme, A. 99 (see also Jacobins) Prunay 212, 214 politicisation 4–5, 15, 21–2, 24, 25, 44, 96, Prunay-Cassereau 69 238–9, 299, 316 public, health 142 Pont-de-Braye 69 landscape 218 Pontlevoy 65, 153, 162–3, 170, 175, 189, 246, lectures 130, 226, 228, 229–30, 230–1, 280 252, 280, 281 memory 54 Ponton, R. 8 sphere 24, 31 population 7, 59–65, 61m, 62m, 77, 91 (see Puy-de-Dôme 307 also demographic change) Portalis, J. 32 Québec 44 Pouillé 158, 164 Poujol, G. 45 radicalism 320 prefect 26, 54, 74, 96, 182, 185, 249, 295, 297 railways 17, 19, 41, 65, 67–71, 68m, 69p, 95, authorisation by 169, 175, 208, 218 98, 131, 240, 302, 315 correspondance of 141, 149, 150, 165, 171, rationalism 30, 36, 39, 88, 180 172–3, 174, 187, 230 reason 114, 299 control of information by 207 recreational associations (sports clubs) 27, 40, government circulars to 101, 102, 126, 220 46, 49, 296, 303, 305, 308 and insurance societies 103, 104, 127, 140 Reichardt, R. 45, 52 promotion of association by 101, 154, religion 1, 13, 28, 49, 88–93, 97, 114, 143, 172–3, 174, 184, 186, 187, 195, 213, 296–7, 298, 305, 309, 311–12 202–6, 241, 245–5, 248 de-Christianisation 90, 311 phlloxera crisis 220, 222, 224, 227, 228, 230, ideological belief 260–1, 303 231 religiosity 88 submissions to 147, 148 religious theorists 32–4 Prénouvellon 206, 212 rivalry 218, 296–7 press 77, 91, 94, 103–4, 125, 204, 239, 252, (see also Catholic Church) 315 republicanism 86, 93–6, 97, 99, 146, 163, 189, priests (curés) 47, 88–9, 170–2, 211 238, 239, 302 declining power of 28, 91, 312 Revolution (of 1789) 1–2, 3–5, 7, 23, 24, 30, as members of associations 162, 170–1, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 53, 54, 71, 86, 93, 97, 187, 243 302, 315, 316, 320 promotion of association by 147, 153, 154, Revolution (of 1830) 37, 40, 86 155, 161, 170–2, 174, 184, 295 Revolution (of 1848) 1, 34, 37, 40, 42, 94, 145, traditional authority of 28, 33, 96 146, 153, 161 primary schooling 10, 71–9, 75m, 77p, 78p, riﬂe clubs 40 90–1, 95, 218 Rilly-sur-Loire 132, 189, 218 church role in 90–1 risk 2, 27–8, 100, 141, 190, 192, 316–19 cost of 214, 215, 227 assessment 128–30 legislation 72, 73, 74, 76 attitudes towards 125–6, 128, 318 geography 72, 73m, 73–6, 75m, 76m management of 22, 27–8, 36, 124, 141, 143, as modernising agent 19, 20, 33, 65, 84, 88, 283, 286–7, 299, 300, 311 315 political engagement 22 societies linked to 40, 308 sharing of 133, 136, 138 (see also Ferry, J., Guizot, F., Riverain, A. 260, 265–6 schoolteachers) river control syndicates 281 professors of agriculture 25, 126, 127, 128, roads 2, 17, 19, 33, 65, 66, 69, 71, 90, 95, 214, 139, 140, 145, 252–3 215, 216, 217, 227, 302, 315 (see also Vezin, A.; Tanviray, J.; Trouard- Rocé 222 Riolle, M.) Roches 73, 132 protectionism 41, 48 Romorantin 60, 70, 72p, 79g, 249

370 Index

Romorantin (cont.) Sand, G. 8 agricultural syndicates 256, 259, 262, 263 Saône-et-Loire 52 agents of modernisation 67, 69, 70, 73, 78 sapeurs-pompiers (see fire-fighting arrondissement 54, 57m, 60, 73, 78, 79g, 98, associations) 172, 166, 249 Sargé-sur-Braye 69, 136, 214 comice agricole 224, 244, 247, 248, 249 Sarthe 85, 237 Federation des Mutuelles-Bétail 134, 138 Sassay 162, 166 fire-fighting in 195, 208 Sauldre (stream) 55, 59 insurance societies in 104, 110, 111, 112, Savigny-sur-Braye 60, 69, 79, 133, 134, 158, 134 195, 283, 290 mutual aid societies in 152, 153, 154, 157, schoolteachers 2, 9, 72, 74, 76, 94, 169, 312 160, 162, 164, 166, 167, 168 as association members 97, 163, 170, 171, population 60, 65 225, 312 professor of agriculture 130, 134 and fire-fighting associations 208 sub-prefect 54, 104, 187, 207, 295 promotion of association 295 (see also Sologne) and socialism 88 Rose, A. M. 47–8 society of 154, 166, 168 Rosenberg, H. 23 publicising phylloxera syndicates 227 Rouen 53 (see also liberal professions, primary Rousseau, J. 31, 37 schooling) Rural Code (of 1791) 3–4 Second Empire 38, 87, 94, 146, 147, 151 Second Republic 34, 37, 94, 146, 161 Sabine, G. 31 secret societies 39–40, 42 Saint-Aignan 55, 60, 65, 67, 70, 93, 99, 152, secularisation 298–9, 311–16 162, 164, 168, 170, 175, 189, 195, 281, Seigy 255, 264 289 Seine-et-Marne 309 Saint-Amand-de-Vendôme 67, 158, 198 Selles-Saint-Denis 155, 171, 173 Saint-Amand-Longpré 74, 110 Selles-sur-Cher 60, 65, 67, 110, 111, 113, 154, Saint-Avit 69 173, 195, 262, 264, 281 Saint-Calais 69 Selommes 74, 132, 158, 255, 258, 262 Saint-Claude-de-Diray 91, 98, 114–18, 119, Séris 206, 236, 238 156, 195, 214, 217, 251, 258, 274 settlement 53, 59–65, 61m, 159, 200, 206, 293, Saint-Denis-sur-Loire 120, 222 309, 310 Saint-Dyé-sur-Loire 97, 121, 156, 158, 176, hierarchy 156, 212–3, 294–5 186, 206, 209, 211, 274, 281 Shaffer, J. 304 Saint-Georges-sur-Cher 135, 138, 158, 165, Siberia 242 175, 185, 205, 255, 258, 259, 264, 280 sièges 105 Saint-Gervais-la-Fôret 255, 258, 264 Sills, D. 48 Saint-Hilaire-la-Gravelle 67, 69p Silver, J. 96 Saint-Jean-Froidmental 67, 216 Soboul, A. 23 Saint-Julien-de-Chedon 158, 185 sociability 14–15, 24, 27, 32, 42–6, 90, 143, Saint-Laurent-des-Blois 108 181–3, 182p, 297, 305, 316, 320 Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux 217, 281 association as form of 47, 48, 52, 97 Saint-Léonard-en-Beauce 205 concepts and model of 42–6 Saint-Loup 73 (see also fêtes, fraternity, veillées) Saint-Malo 53 Société des Agriculteurs de France 41, 261 Saint-Ouen 236 Société des Sciences et Lettres 151, 160 Saint-Rimay 69 sociétés ápprovées (approved societies) 147, Saint-Romain-sur-Cher 171 150–64, 169, 177–80, 183 Saint-Secondin (see Molineuf) sociétés civiles particulières 273 Saint-Simon, H. 33 sociétés de secours mutuels (see mutual aid Saint-Sulpice 274 socieites) Saint-Viâtre 281 sociétés libres (free societies) 146–7, 150, 164, Salbris 65, 67, 79, 104, 111, 112, 168, 182p, 178–80 187, 201, 228, 289 sociétés populaires (patriots societies) 97 Sambin 155, 156, 274 sociétés reconnues (recognised societies) 147 Sancerre 104 Society of Agriculture 86, 97–8, 241–51, 282

Index 371

geography of 247, 244m, 245m, 247m 237 as role model 251 superstition 7, 88, 114, 180, 299, 307 First 242–3 Switzerland 44 Second 243–6 syndicalism 313 Third 246–9, 250–1 socialist 312 (see also comices agricole, Syndicat des syndicates 106, 313 Agriculteurs du Loir-et-Cher) competition 264 Social Catholicism 33, 90, 99, 147, 298 food-processing 27 socialism 13, 14, 22, 27, 33–6, 94, 143, 146, republicanism 260, 313 147, 149, 302, 310, 313, 318, 320 socialist 313 social, differentiation 5 (see also agricultural syndicates, anti- change 15–29, 47, 48, 51, 85, 86–8, 315 phylloxera syndicates, river control innovation 51 syndicates, drainage syndicates) integration 143, 181 Syndicat des Agriculteurs de Loir-et-Cher stability 146 (SALC) 98, 125, 127, 128, 130, 135–6, tension 211–14 251–64, 265–72, 279, 281, 288, 290, 295, welfare 36, 142, 145–9, 192 313 Soings 134, 168, 189–90, 255, 262, 280 credit services 281 solidarism 35–6, 41–2, 149, 318 development 266–72, 267g solidarity 9, 10, 14, 23, 24, 34, 35, 41, 47, 130, geography 268–72, 269m, 270m, 271m 143, 144, 211, 218, 260, 263, 307–8, 315, membership 98, 253–5, 262, 265, 266–72, 320 266g, 284, 291, 303 Sologne 34, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 64p, 65, 66, moral role 265–6 70p, 74, 78, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 104, opposition to 261–3, 265 113, 116p, 182p, 193p, 194, 197, 221p, political ‘neutrality’of 265–6, 267 222p, 243, 274 syndicats de défense 220 Sougé 206, 280 syndicats professionels (see trade unions) Specklin, R. 41, 306 sports clubs (see recreational associations) Talcy 132, 138, 237 State 20, 241, 252, 286, 306, 311–12 Tanviray, J. 226, 228–9, 230, 230–1, 252–3, and Church 4, 91, 170, 297, 311–12 265–6, 268 and phylloxera 220, 227, 237 Theillay 67, 164, 169–70, 188 and fire-fighting 194, 199, 202–6, 207, 218 Thenay 253, 255, 258, 261–2 and individual 25, 31, 33, 35, 37, 43, 45, 48, Thézée 67 50, 51, 143, 145–6, 303, 313 Third Republic 8, 20, 38, 40, 67, 284, 309 and livestock insurance 106, 107, 124–7, Thoré-la-Rochette 69, 255, 259 128, 131, 136, 139, 140 Thorigny 69 and mutual aid societies 151, 171–5, 190 threshing syndicates 98, 272, 273–80, 274p, and voluntary associations (see voluntary 275g, 285g, 286–7 associations) geography 274–5, 276m, 287, 288, 291, authorities 194, 199, 202–6 292m grants and awards 72, 140, 220, 246, 248, legislation 273 249, 286 routes 277–8, 278m growth of 5, 23, 218, 313 Thoury 132 intervention 35, 146, 220, 223–30 Tocqueville, A. de 32 monitoring 37, 50, 107, 298, 312, Tombs, R. 26, 32–3, 315 mutual aid societies 41, 151, 172–5 Tonnies, F. 49 social welfare 145–6, 147 Toulouse 102 subsidies 67, 87, 88, 42, 146, 147, 148, 150, Touraine 241, 305, 319 220 Tour-en-Sologne 158 (see also commune council, mayor, Tours 67, 69, 102, 103, 302 Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Toutain, J. 16–7 Interior, prefect) Touvet, M. 98 Stendhal 9 Tilly, C. 19, 20 strikes 94, 312 time–space compression 66, 76 Sue,E.34 trade guilds (compagnonnages) 42, 143 Suèvres 78p, 95p, 156, 158, 203–4, 212, 235, trade unions 41, 42, 143, 240, 315

372 Index

trade unions (cont.) 161, 166, 168 legislation 27, 240 politics 239 traditional professor of agriculture of 130, 134, 139 dependance on land 3 railways 69, 70 mutual aid 36, 105, 143–5, 300, 320 Society of Agriculture 244, 247, 248 portrayal of peasantry 12, 14–15 subprefect 54, 154, 158, 172, 173–4, 207, risk management 27, 316, 320 295 rural society and culture 18, 19, 20, 23, surrounds 74, 108, 221, 222, 227, 287, 231 24–5, 27, 35, 49, 50, 18, 282–4, 296, (see also Vendômois) 298–9 Vendômois 74, 88, 96, 157, 158, 222, 226, 227, sociability 43, 97, 316 229, 230, 231, 255 (see also Catholic Church, labour Vernou 134 substitution, notables) vets 103, 114, 117, 119, 123, 125–6, 133, 136, traditionalism 1, 30, 312 238, 312 tramways 17, 68m, 70–1, 70p, 71p, 315 promotion of association 295 Trôo 69, 206 treatment 117, 118, 119, 122, 132, 131 Trouard-Riolle, M. 229–30, 231, 253 Vezin, A. 127, 128–30, 136, 235, 236, 253, 280 unions 324, 26, 38, 40, 313, 318 (see also trade Vibraye, Marquis de 249 unions) Vienne 154, 167 Union Centrale des Syndicats des Vierzon 67 Agriculteurs de France 257, 261 vignerons 26, 84, 86, 88, 96, 97, 221, 221p, Union des Associations Agricoles 265 222p, 292–4, 295, 319–20 Union Fédérale des Associations Cantonales agricultural association 257–8, 258–9, 264, et Communales de France 129, 130, 269–70, 295, 320 133–4 anti-phylloxera response 220, 228–9, 230–8, unions plébéiennes (popular associations) 93, 252–3, 257–8, 264, 270 97 apathy 228, 230, 231 Union Vinicole de Loir-et-Cher 258, 259 confréries 161, 174, 175, 176, 190, 241, 301, urban, activists 22, 295 320 and rural 294–6 conservatism 226–8, 230, 233 contacts 295 fire-fighting corps 208 movement 306 mutual aid societies 153, 155–6, 161, 164, organisations 143 167, 171–2, 182, 184–5, 262, 300, 314, perspective 319 319–20 practice of association 105, 168, 301 politics 93–4, 238, 262, 314: socialism 302, role of centres 60, 65, 97, 98, 99, 144, 155, 310, 312 157–9, 294 substitute labour 167, 181, 184–6, 187, system 16, 17, 49, 164 188–9 (see also labour substitution) urbanisation 64, 144 Villebarou 91, 97, 211, 222 utopia 141, 283, 312, 318 Villechauve 67 utopians 32, 33–4, 318 Villedieu 206 Villefranche-sur-Cher 67, 171, 211 Valencay 162 Villejoint 121, 132 Van Gogh, V. 13 Villeneuve-Frouville 73 Var 43, 310 Villermain 121, 201 Vassort, J. 86, 94, 97, 252 Villetrun 168, 222, 225 veillées 24, 43, 89, 97 Villierfins 121, 132 Vendée 312 Villiers 206, 228 Vendôme 58m, 65, 79g, 85, 90, 99, 287, 301 Vineuil 121, 132, 192, 204, 258, 264, 274, 275, agricultural syndicates in 255, 259, 265 276–9, 280 anti-phylloxera syndicates in 224–5, 229, Vineuil-Saint-Claude 258, 259 237 vineyards 87–8, 223m, 293–4 arrondissement 54, 73, 78, 98, 163, 228, 239 viticulture 220, 251, 257, 293–4, 305, 310, 319, fire-fighting corps 195, 208 320 (see also vignerons) insurance societies in 134 voluntary associations 24, 25, 47–52, 53, 85, mutual aid societies in 152, 153, 154, 157, 96–100, 101, 121, 136, 144, 284–320

Index 373

voluntary associations (cont.) water-borne transport 66–7 agricultural association 4–1, 98, 240–81, water management syndicates 281 304 Weber, E. 9, 18–20, 21, 24–5, 26, 65, 80–1, associationism 241 82–4, 315–16 definition of 49 criticism of 19–20 in France 31, 32, 36, 303–20 Wolff,H,10 geography of 287–94, 308–10 women 12, 13, 72, 168–70, 299 legal framework 36–8, 47, 286, 307 associations for 153, 164, 168, 314 as mediator between State and individual benefit claims by 177, 178, 277 (see State) gendered membership 168–70, 182, 184, membership 37, 49, 295, 297, 299, 302, 280, 303, 313–4 313–14 and religion 88, 90 politics 49, 296–8 working-class (see class) social significance of 291, 294–303, 310–20 Wright, G. 1, 5, 24 timing of 306–8 (see also fraternal associations) Young, A. 7, 53 Vosges 308 tour of France 7 Vouzon 87, 104, 201 Zeldin, T. 23, 32, 34, 35, 41 Warner, C. 28, Zola, E. 9 Warriner, C. 48 Zonabend, F. 317