Journal of Threatened Taxa

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Cirsium wallichii DC. (Asteraceae): a key nectar source of butterflies

Bitupan Boruah, Amit Kumar & Abhijit Das

26 October 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 14 | Pages: 17049–17056 DOI: 10.11609/jot.6008.12.14.17049-17056

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2020 | 12(14): 17049–17056 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6008.12.14.17049-17056

#6008 | Received 17 April 2020 | Final received 13 October 2020 | Finally accepted 16 October 2020

N o t Cirsium wallichii DC. (Asteraceae): a key nectar source of buterfies e

Bitupan Boruah 1 , Amit Kumar 2 & Abhijit Das 3

1,2,3 Wildlife Insttute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Utarakhand 248002, India. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]

In general, both larvae and adult buterfies depend owing to a lack of informaton on Cirsium wallichii DC. as on plant resources (Kitahara et al. 2008; Nimbalkar et a nectar source of buterfies, the current communicaton al. 2011). Adult buterfies forage on a wide variety of aims to address the value of Wallichii’s Thistle not only plant species for foral nectar (Courtney 1986; Raju et as a weed, but also as a nectar source of buterfies. al. 2004). Buterfies, however, do not collect nectar The present study was conducted from May to extensively from all the available fowers (Kunte 2000). August, 2019 in Benog Wildlife Sanctuary (30.467°N & Thus, the diversity of the buterfy community of a 78.027°E), Mussoorie, Utarakhand, India. The sanctuary region is associated with the availability of host plants is characterized by Banj Oak Quercus leucotrichophora (Murphy & Wilcox 1986; Kitahara et al. 2008). Also, forests, Chirpine Pinus roxburghii forests and grasslands the diversity and abundance of pollinators such as (Champion & Seth 1968) which harbour at least 335 buterfies are crucial for the reproductve success of species of vascular plants (Kumar et al. 2012). The fowering plants (Mukherjee et al. 2015). Several wild survey was done between 08.00h and 11.00h to record plants considered as weeds serve as important nectar the buterfy species visitng Cirsium wallichii. We sources for buterfies (Mukherjee et al. 2015; Kapkot photographed representatves of each buterfy species et al. 2016). One such wild weed, Cirsium Mill. (Thistle) from the area. Based on the photographs, identfcaton of the family Asteraceae has been well recognized as of the species was carried out using Evans (1932) and a nectar source of buterfies (Robertson 1928; Tooker Kehimkar (2016). et al. 2002; Kapkot et al. 2016). Cirsium is a speciose Cirsium wallichii grows along open and modifed genus of Asteraceae, with about 200 species distributed stream habitats in the sanctuary as well as near human in Europe, Asia, North & Central America, and northern setlements and agricultural lands at the peripheral Africa (Mabberley 2008; Sahli et al. 2017). Among the area (Image 1A). Leaves are stalkless and pinnately species of this genus known from India, Cirsium wallichii lobed with long spines at the margin. The plant blooms DC. has been extensively used as a traditonal medicinal from May–July. Capitula are many-fowered, solitary or plant in the Himalaya (Uniyal et al. 2011). Interestngly, clustered and borne on leafess stalks. They are 2–3.4cm

Editor: A.J. Solomon Raju, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. Date of publicaton: 26 October 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Boruah, B., A. Kumar & A. Das (2020). Cirsium wallichii DC. (Asteraceae): a key nectar source of buterfies. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(14): 17049–17056. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6008.12.14.17049-17056

Copyright: © Boruah et al. 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: None.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank Utarakhand Forest Department for necessary feld support and permission to conduct the study. We are also thankful to Mussoorie Forest Division for their support specially Dr. Shipra Sharma, Range Forest Ofcer and Forest staf of Benog Wildlife Sanctuary for helping WII team during the feld work. We would like to acknowledge Director and Dean, Wildlife Insttute of India, Dehradun for insttutonal support. Deb S. Goswami and Swat Nawani are also acknowledged for their help during the feld work.

17049 J TT Cirsium wallichii - key nectar source of buterfies Boruah et al.

Table 1. List of buterfy species foraging on Cirsium wallichii

Scientfc name Common name Scientfc name Common name Aglais caschmirensis Kollar, A. Family: Papilionidae 31. Indian Tortoiseshell 1844 Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1. Common Bluebotle Callerebia annada caeca 1758) 32. Ringed Argus Moore, 1857 Graphium cloanthus 2. Glassy Bluebotle (Westwood, 1841) 33. Callerebia hybrida Butler, 1880 Hybrid Argus Graphium agamemnon 3. Tailed Jay 34. Callerebia nirmala Moore, 1865 Common Argus (Linnaeus, 1758) Argynnis hyperbius (Linnaeus, 35. Indian Fritllary 4. Papilio protenor Cramer, [1775] Spangle 1763) 5. Papilio bianor Cramer, [1777] Common Peacock 36. Ypthima nareda Kollar, 1844 Large Three-Ring

6. Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 Common Mormon 37. Ypthima nikaea Moore, 1874 Moore’s Five-Ring

B. Family: Pieridae 38. Parantca aglea (Stoll, [1782]) Glassy Tiger Aporia agathon caphusa Tirumala limniace (Cramer, 7. Garhwal Great Blackvein 39. Blue Tiger (Moore, 1872) [1775]) Aporia agathon agathon (Gray, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 8. Nepalese Great Blackvein 40. Dark Blue Tiger 1831) 1874) Aporia leucodice (Eversmann, Danaus genuta (Cramer, 9. Himalayan Blackvein 41. Striped Tiger 1843) [1779]) Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 10. Colias erate (Esper, 1805) Pale Clouded Yellow 42. Plain Tiger 1758) 11. Colias feldii Ménétriés, 1855 Dark Clouded Yellow Euploea mulciber (Cramer, 43. Striped Blue Crow Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, [1777]) 12. Large Cabbage White 1758) 44. Argynnis childreni Gray, 1831 Large Silver stripe 13. Pieris canidia (Linnaeus, 1768) Indian Cabbage White 45. Libythea lepita Moore, [1858] Common Beak Gonepteryx rhamni Linnaeus, 14. Common Brimstone Lasiommata schakra Kollar, 1758 46. Common Wall 1844 Ponta daplidice (Linnaeus, 15. Bath White 1758) 47. Acraea issoria (Hübner, [1819]) Yellow Coster Belenois aurota (Fabricius, Cyrests thyodamas Doyère, 16. Pioneer 48. Common Map 1793) [1840] C. Family: Lycaenidae 49. Junonia iphita Cramer, 1779 Chocolate Pansy Heliophorus sena (Kollar, 17. Sorrel Sapphire E. Family: Hesperiidae [1844]) Spindasis nipalicus (Moore, 50. Seseria dohertyi Watson, 1893 Himalayan White Flat 18. Silver-grey Silverline 1884) 51. Potanthus dara (Kollar, [1844]) Himalayan Dart 19. Rapala selira (Moore, 1874) Himalayan Red Flash Celaenorrhinus leucocera Rapala varuna (Horsfeld, 52. Common Spoted Flat 20. Indigo Flash (Kollar, [1844]) [1829]) 53. Lobocla liliana Atkinson, 1871 Marbled Flat Rapala manea (Hewitson, 21. Slate Flash 1863) Celaenorrhinus dhanada 54. Himalayan Yellow-banded Flat Aricia agests (Denis & (Moore, [1866]) 22. Orange-bordered Argus Schifermüller, 1775) Pseudocoladenia dan (Fabricius, 55. Fulvous Pied Flat Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1787) 23. Common Copper 1761) 56. Tagiades menaka Moore, 1865 Spoted Snow Flat Lampides boetcus (Linnaeus, 24. Pea Blue Celaenorrhinus munda Moore, 1767) 57. Himalayan Spoted Flat 1884 Chilades pandava (Horsfeld, 25. Plains Cupid Aeromachus stgmata Moore, [1829]) 58. Veined Scrub Hopper 1878 Celastrina huegelii (Moore, 26. Large Hedge Blue Notocrypta feisthamelii 1882) 59. Spoted Demon Boisduval, 1832 Deudorix epijarbas (Moore, 27. Cornelian Pedesta masuriensis Moore, [1858]) 60. Mussoorie Bush Bob 1878 D. Family: Nymphalidae Polytremis discreta (Elwes & 61. Himalayan Swif Edwards, 1897) 28. Vanessa indica Herbst, 1794 Red Admiral 62. Parnara sp. Swif sp. 29. Vanessa cardui Linnaeus, 1758 Painted Lady

30. Kaniska canace Linnaeus, 1763 Blue Admiral

17050 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2020 | 12(14): 17049–17056 J TT Cirsium wallichii - key nectar source of buterfies Boruah et al.

Image 1. Cirsium wallichii: A—habit | B—inforescence | C—fower. © Bitupan Boruah.

across, homogamous, bisexual, discoid, and clustered in only once visitng the fowers. We also observed Vanessa corymbose racemes (Image 1B). Florets are about 2cm cardui (Nymphalidae) utlizing C. wallichii as a larval host long, pale-white, corolla tube long, limb fve-toothed plant. During the study period, C. wallichii was the only and pappus hair pale-white. Outer involucre bracts species that atracted diverse buterfy species. are lanceolate with spreading erect or recurved spines; Cirsium has been studied in terms of nectar source by inner bracts dilated, lanceolate-ovate and incurved near several workers such as Robertson (1928) who reported the apex (Image 1C). 14 species of Lepidoptera foraging on C. vulgare, eight During recent feld exploratons in the Benog species on C. altssimum and nine species each on Wildlife Sanctuary, a total of 62 species and sub- C. discolor and C. pumilum. Thirty-three pollinators species of buterfies belonging to 45 genera and fve including 15 species of buterfies visitng C. verutum families foraging on Cirsium wallichii for nectar were have been reported from the western Himalaya (Kapkot documented (Table 1 and Images 2–5). The species et al. 2016). Although, it is used as a medicinal plant by assemblage includes Nymphalidae (35.5%), Hesperiidae the tribal people of the Himalaya (Uniyal et al. 2011), (22.6%), Lycaenidae (17.7%), Pieridae (16.1%) and C. wallichii has never been reported as an important Papilionidae (9.7%). Among the recorded buterfies, forage. The present communicaton highlights the fve species such as Aporia agathon, Gonepteryx rhamni, importance of C. wallichii as a key nectar source for a Celaenorrhinus munda, Vanessa cardui, and Vanessa large number of buterfy species though the plant indica frequently visited the fowers for nectar while is considered as a weed. The visits of several species Ponta daplidice and Callerebia nirmala were recorded of buterfies to C. wallichii could be atributed to the

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hexose-rich sugar and strong amino acid content in the Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 2(1): 281– forets. This characteristc of the plants belonging to the 299. Kunte, K. (2000). India – A Lifescape: Buterfies of Peninsular India. family Asteraceae has been reported by Baker & Baker Universites Press, Hyderabad, 254pp. (1983). As observed on Wendlandia tnctoria (Raju et Mabberley, J.D. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant Book: A Portable Dictonary of Plants, their Classifcaton and Uses 3rd editon. Cambridge al. 2011), clustered fowering of C. wallichii also have University Press, UK, 1102pp. benefted the buterfies thus, reducing searching tme. Mukherjee, S., S. Banerjee, P. Basu, G. Saha & G. Aditya (2015). Thistle in the Himalaya such as C. verutum has been Lantana camara and buterfy abundance in an urban landscape: benefts for conservaton or species invasion? Ekológia (Bratslava) found as an important forage (Kapkot et al. 2016) and 34(4): 309–328. htps://doi.org/10.1515/eko-2015-0029 it proves to be an important resource for buterfies in Murphy, D. & B.A. Wilcox (1986). Buterfy diversity in natural habitat the Benog Wildlife Sanctuary, Mussoorie. This study fragments: a test of the validity of vertebrate-based management, pp. 287–292. In: Verner, J., M. Morrison & C.J. Ralph (eds.). Wildlife indicates that there is a need for further studies to 2000, Modelling Habitat Relatonships of Terrestrial Vertebrates. understand the role of C. wallichii in sustaining buterfy University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 470pp. diversity at landscape level during summer season. Nimbalkar, R.K., S.K. Chandekar & S.P. Khunte (2011). Buterfy diversity in relaton to nectar food plants from Bhor Tahsil, Pune District, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1601– References 1609. htps://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2612.1601-9 Raju, A.J.S., A. Bhatacharya & S.P. Rao (2004). Nectar host plants of some buterfy species at Visakhapatnam. Scientfc and Culture 70 Baker, H.G. & I. Baker (1983). Floral nectar sugar consttuents in (4–5): 187–190. relaton to pollinator type, pp. 117–141. In: Jones, C.E. & R.J. Litle Raju, A.J.S., K.V. Ramana & P.V. Lakshmi (2011). Wendlandia tnctoria (eds.). Handbook of Experimental Pollinaton Biology. Scientfc and (Roxb.) DC. (Rubiaceae), a key nectar source for buterfies during Academic Editons, New York, 558pp. the summer season in the southern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, Champion, H.G. & S.K. Seth (1968). A Revised Survey of Forest Types of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1594–1600. htps://doi. India. Govt. of India Press, Delhi, 404pp. org/10.11609/JoTT.o2503.1594-600 Courtney, S.P. (1986). The ecology of pierid buterﬂies: dynamics and Robertson, C. (1928). Flowers and insects: Lists of Visitors of Four interactons. Advances in Ecological Research 15: 51–131. Hundred and Fify-Three Flowers. The Science Press Printng Evans, W.H. (1932). Identfcaton of Indian Buterfies 2nd editon. Company, Lancaster, PA, 221pp. htps://doi.org/10.5962/bhl. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 464pp. ttle.11538 Kapkot, B., R.K. Joshi & R.S. Rawal (2016). Thistle (Cirsium verutum): Sahli, R., C. Rivière, C. Dufoer, C. Beaufay, C. Neut, J. Bero, T. Hennebelle, An important forage for pollinators in Kumaun, West Himalaya. V. Roumy, R. Ksouri, J. Quetn-Leclercq & S. Sahpaz (2017). Natonal Academy Science Leters 39(5): 395–399. htps://doi. Antproliferatve and antbacterial actvites of Cirsium scabrum from org/10.1007/s40009-016-0501-x Tunisia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternatve Medicine Kehimkar, I. (2016). Buterfies of India. Bombay Natural History 2017: 1–9. htps://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7247016 Society, Mumbai, 528pp. Tooker, J.F., P.F. Reagel & L.M. Hanks (2002). Nectar sources of day- Kitahara, M., M. Yumoto & T. Kobayashi (2008). Relatonship of fying Lepidoptera of central Illinois. Annals of Entomological Society buterfy diversity with nectar plant species richness in and around of America 95(1): 84–96. the Aokigahara primary woodland of Mount Fuji, Central Japan. Uniyal, S.K., V. Sharma & P. Jamwal (2011). Folk medicinal practces Biodiversity and Conservaton 17(11): 2713–2734. htps://doi. in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Human org/10.1007/s10531-007-9265-4 Ecology 39(4): 479–488. htps://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9396-9 Kumar, A., M. Mitra, G. Singh & G.S. Rawat (2012). An inventory of the fora of Binog Wildlife Sanctuary, Mussoorie, Garhwal Himalaya.

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17056 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2020 | 12(14): 17049–17056

PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

October 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 14 | Pages: 16927–17062 Date of Publicaton: 26 October 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.14.16927-17062

Artcle Contributon to the macromycetes of West Bengal, India: 63–68 – Rituparna Saha, Debal Ray, Anirban Roy & Krishnendu Acharya, Pp. 17014– Elevatonal patern and seasonality of avian diversity in Kaligandaki River 17023 Basin, central Himalaya – Juna Neupane, Laxman Khanal, Basant Gyawali & Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Pp. 16927–16943 Notes

A rare camera trap record of the Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus from Dudhwa Communicatons Tiger Reserve, Terai Arc Landscape, India – Sankarshan Rastogi, Ram Kumar Raj & Bridesh Kumar Chauhan, Pp. 17024– A highway to hell: a proposed, inessental, 6-lane highway (NH173) that 17027 threatens the forest and wildlife corridors of the Western Ghats, India – H.S. Sathya Chandra Sagar & Mrunmayee, Pp. 16944–16953 First distributonal record of the Lesser Adjutant Leptoptlos javanicus Horsfeld, 1821 (Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) from Sindhuli District, Nepal Species diversity and feeding guilds of birds in Malaysian agarwood – Badri Baral, Sudeep Bhandari, Saroj Koirala, Parashuram Bhandari, plantatons Ganesh Magar, Dipak Raj Basnet, Jeevan Rai & Hem Sagar Baral, Pp. 17028–17031 – Nor Nasibah Mohd Jamil, Husni Ibrahim, Haniza Hanim Mohd Zain & Nur Hidayat Che Musa, Pp. 16954–16961 First record of African Sailfn Flying Fish Parexocoetus mento (Valenciennes, 1847) (Beloniformes: Exocoetdae), from the waters of Andaman Islands, India Evaluatng performance of four species distributon models using Blue-tailed – Y. Gladston, S.M. Ajina, J. Praveenraj, R. Kiruba-Sankar, K.K. Bineesh & Green Darner Anax gutatus (Insecta: Odonata) as model organism from the S. Dam Roy, Pp. 17032–17035 Gangetc riparian zone – Kritsh De, S. Zeeshan Ali, Niladri Dasgupta, Virendra Prasad Uniyal, A frst distributon record of the Indian Peacock Sofshell Turtle Nilssonia hurum Jeyaraj Antony Johnson & Syed Ainul Hussain, Pp. 16962–16970 (Gray, 1830) (Reptlia: Testudines: Trionychidae) from Mizoram, India – Gospel Zothanmawia Hmar, Lalbiakzuala, Lalmuansanga, Dadina Zote, Buterfy species richness and diversity in rural and urban areas of Sirajganj, Vanlalhruaia, Hmar Betlu Ramengmawii, Kulendra Chandra Das & Hmar Tlawmte Bangladesh Lalremsanga, Pp. 17036–17040 – Sheikh Muhammad Shaburul Imam, Amit Kumer Neogi, M. Ziaur Rahman & M. Sabbir Hasan, Pp. 16971–16978 A frog that eats foam: predaton on the nest of Polypedates sp. (Rhacophoridae) by Euphlycts sp. (Dicroglossidae) Chroococcalean blue green algae from the paddy felds of Satara District, – Pranoy Kishore Borah, Avrajjal Ghosh, Bikash Sahoo & Aniruddha Data-Roy, Maharashtra, India Pp. 17041–17044 – Sharada Jagannath Ghadage & Vaneeta Chandrashekhar Karande, Pp. 16979– 16992 New distributon record of two endemic plant species, Euphorbia kadapensis Sarojin. & R.R.V. Raju (Euphorbiaceae) and Lepidagathis keralensis Madhus. & N.P. Singh (Acanthaceae), for Karnataka, India Short Communicatons – P. Raja, N. Dhatchanamoorthy, S. Soosairaj & P. Jansirani, Pp. 17045–17048

Avifaunal diversity along the riverine habitats of Papikonda Natonal Park, Cirsium wallichii DC. (Asteraceae): a key nectar source of buterfies Andhra Pradesh, India – Bitupan Boruah, Amit Kumar & Abhijit Das, Pp. 17049–17056 – Paromita Ray, Giridhar Malla, Upma Manral, J.A. Johnson & K. Sivakumar, Pp. 16993–16999 Hypecoum pendulum L. (Papaveraceae: Ranunculales): a new record for the fora of Haryana, India Medetomidine may cause heart murmur in Cougars and Jaguars: case report – Naina Palria, Nidhan Singh & Bhoo Dev Vashistha, Pp. 17057–17059 – Thiago Cavalheri Luczinski, Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo, Matheus Folgearini Silveira, Murillo Daparé Kirnew, Roberto Andres Navarrete, Jorge Aparecido Salomão-Jr, Letcia Alecho Requena, Jairo Antonio Melo dos Santos, Marcell Addendum Hideki Koshiyama, Cristane Schilbach Pizzuto & Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto, Pp. 17000–17002 Erratum and addenda to the artcle ‘A history of primatology in India’ – Mewa Singh, Mridula Singh, Honnavalli N. Kumara, Dilip Chetry & Santanu Descripton of a new species of Omyomymar Schauf from India with a key Mahato, Pp. 17060–17062 to Oriental species and frst report of Palaeoneura markhoddlei Triapitsyn (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from the Indian subcontnent – H. Sankararaman & S. Manickavasagam, Pp. 17003–17008

Incursion of the killer sponge Terpios hoshinota Rützler & Muzik, 1993 on the coral reefs of the Lakshadweep archipelago, Arabian Sea Publisher & Host – Rocktm Ramen Das, Chemmencheri Ramakrishnan Sreeraj, Gopi Mohan, Kotarathil Rajendran Abhilash, Vijay Kumar Deepak Samuel, Purvaja Ramachandran & Ramesh Ramachandran, Pp. 17009–17013

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