District Agriculture Plan
WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT
2008-09 to 2001-12
NABARD CONSULTANCY SERVICES JHARKHAND REGIONAL OFFICE RANCHI
Map of West Singhbhum
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FOREWORD Jharkhand, the 28th State of the Indian Union is best known for its rich mineral resources. However, 78% of the total population of 2.69 crore live in rural areas, largely dependent only on agriculture and allied activities. The total cultivable land in the State compares well at 52% of the total geographical area with 55% in the country. But, unfortunately while 76% of the total cultivable area is under net sown area in the country, only 43% is cultivated in Jharkhand. The state suffers from several critical gaps in the agricultural and allied sectors. It is against this back drop that the Agricultural Development plan for 21 districts of the State have been prepared by NABCONS on the basis of the assignment given by the Government of Jharkhand.
The proposed plan envisages a holistic revamp of the entire agriculture and allied sectors. The full implementation of the proposals is expected to significantly increase the cropping intensity, the net and gross cropped area and finally result in vastly improved nutrient availability to the rural population. The investments in allied sectors and integrated approach to farming are important to boost the household incomes and to mitigate the risks in agriculture dependent almost entirely on the vagaries of nature with only 10% of cultivated land under irrigation against the national average of 40%.
It is a great privilege and simultaneously a big challenge for NABCONS, the consultancy subsidiary of NABARD, to have been assigned the task of preparing the State wise and district (in respect of 21 districts) wise comprehensive Agriculture Plan (SAP & DAP) by the Jharkhand state govt. for the period 2008-11. I, in the dual role as the Principal Representative of NABCONS and Regional Chief of NABARD for Jharkhand state feel very happy to submit the comprehensive Agriculture Development Plan to the Govt. of Jharkhand.
I gratefully acknowledge the support received from Shri. A K Basu IAS, chief Secretary, Shri. S K Chaudhury IAS, Development Commissioner, Shri. A K Sarkar IAS, Principal Secretary Agriculture and Deputy Commissioners of all districts. The plan was prepared based on grass root level consultations at village, block and district level and research agencies.
I am confident that this plan would be a harbinger of great opportunities in accelerating overall growth of the state and improve the well-being of millions strong farming community in the state. We from NABARD, as the apex Agriculture and Rural Bank of the country, feel proud to commit ourselves as one of the very important stakeholders in our mission for integrated development of agriculture and allied sector and bringing pride of place for the state it deserves.
(K.C.Shashidhar) Principal Representative, NABCONS & Chief General Manager, NABARD, Jharkhand
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West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand
CONTENTS Index
Sr.No. Subject Page No.
i Map of District
ii Executive Summary
District Specific Feedback from Surveys, Studies, iii Consultations 1 Introduction 1 2 District Profile 3 3 District Potentials 14 4 District Agriculture Plan 35 Annexure Ia Consolidated Agricultural Plan 62 Annexure Ib Yearwise Agricultural Plan 83 Appendix I Watershed Development 66 Appendix II Integrated Agri-Horti Farming Systems 76
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. The main economic activity in the district is agriculture. Paddy and Maize are the two main crops in the district. The agro climatic condition of the district is suitable for cultivation of a variety of fruits like mango, guava, jack fruit and vegetables like cauliflower, tomato, brinjal etc. There are some good clusters of vegetable cultivation in Chakradharpur, Manoharpur, Nuamundi and Majhgaon blocks in the district. However, in the absence of assured irrigation facility, agriculture in the district is primarily rainfed and as a result, mainly mono-cropping and subsistence farming is practiced in the district. Absence of effective extension services and lack of backward and forward linkages have made the scene worse.
2. For West Singhbhum district, for the period 2008-09 to 2011-12, an outlay of Rs.191.188 crore has been proposed.The Broad Sector wise allocations for the period 2008-09 to 2011-12 has been projected as given below.
3. The district offers a lot of potential for development of agriculture sector. Under Agriculture sector for the years 2008-09 to 2011-12, the Accelerated Seed Replacement Programme aimed at 100% seed replacement, which includes Certified Seed production Programme, buy back of Certified Seed produced by Seed Villages,etc., has a plan outlay of Rs.1942.72 lakh. Under support to State Seed Farms and Comprehensive Agricultural Seed Farm, for stengthening them for seed production the plan outlay proposed is Rs.142.11 lakh. For a seed testing lab, an outlay of Rs. 31.53 lakh is proposed, whereas it is Rs. 97.50 lakh for Integrated Pest Management.
4. For land development - Large area in the districts are under cultivable waste and other fallow, it is proposed to treat 4684 ha of cultivable waste land and 5516 ha of other fallow land to be brought under agro forestry, horticulture and fodder cultivation. Land development, soil and water conservation on watershed approach, soil testing facility, nutrient enrichment an outlay of Rs. 5379.18 lakh is proposed.
5. Irrigation - As the area under irrigation is only around 14% it is proposed to double the area uder irrigation through minor irrigaiton structures such as water harvesting structures, micro lift, check dams, etc., the plan outlay proposed is Rs.2745.50 lakh.
6. Under Farm Mechanisation, Plastic Drum Seeder, Cono Weeder, Sprayers, Winnower cum Thresher, power tillers and paddy paddle threshers are proposed to promote mechanisation, for which the plan outlay is Rs.168.25 lakh.
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7. As NHM is in implementation in the district, under Horticulture Development programme, only activities not included under NHM in the district such as support ot vegetable cultivation, floriculture, polyhouse for off- season vegetables, integrated agri- horti farming for tribal families and integrated mixed farming systems have been proposed. The outlay proposed for this sector is Rs.1550.30 lakh.
8. Under Sericulture development, tassar plantations, cocoon banks and common facility centres are proposed for which the plan outlay proposed is Rs.140.00 lakh.
9. Under Organic Farming development , the plan outlay proposed is Rs.66.00 lakh.
10. Under the lac cultivaton,etc., the plan outlay proposed is Rs.1800.00 lakh.
11. Under the strengthening of extension programme for setting up Krishi Gyan Avam Udyog Kendra, and for farmers capacity building programmes covering sectors under animal husbandry, crops, watershed, fisheries,etc., the plan outlay proposed is Rs. 345.31 lakh.
12. Under Animal husbandry and Pisciculture, which include strengthening of Veterinary Institutions, strengthening and construction of AI centres, establishment of goat breeding units and piggery units, development of fish seed farms, fish seed hatcheries etc., the plan outlay proposed is Rs.4635.32 lakh.
13. Under Innovative Schemes- demonstration of gravity drip system and development and demonstration of sprinkler irrigation, the plan outlay proposed is Rs.65.045 lakh.
14. For research & Development, plan outlay is Rs.10.00 lakh.
15. The above programme when implemented over the four year period is expected to improve not only the cropping intensity in the district but will also lead to improvement in agricultural productivity and higher employment and income generation through agriculture and allied activities. Further, the demand for milk, fish, meat and vegetables will be adequately met from within the district and nearby districts.
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Consultative Process
The entire Plan has been prepared in a consultative approach with active participation of all the stake-holders.
Projects have been prepared based on inputs from
a) Line Depts. i.e. Agriculture Dept., Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries and Horticulture b) Strategic Research Extension Plan (SREP) prepared by ATMA under the guidance of SAMETI c) Potential-linked Credit Plan (PLP) prepared by NABARD for the district d) Farmers in select areas e) Select NGOs f) Discussions with District Authorities and the district line departments g) Birsa Agricultural University h) Research Institutions such as ICAR (HARP) and IINRG (erstwhile ILRI)
Consultative Workshop at village, district and state levels
NABCONS convened a series of workshops of the all the stakeholders at the district levels for obtaining their expectations and suggestions. The line department officials of the districts were provided with the copy of the plan prepared for the concerned district. The district wise discussions on the plan was taken up and district officials, NGOs and farmers made suggestions for incorporating in the plan. Following are the important suggestions made. Some of the suggestions that emanated from the stakeholders in the district level meets are briefly outlined under. 1. Floriculture to be included as gladiola is being cultivated in the district. 2. Training/ awareness is required about modern practices 3. Tassar has very high potential. Proper marketing is required. 4. There is potential for Turmeric, Ginger and cashew has potential. Processing facility for cashew required. 5. Improved agricultural implements are required. 6. Marketing arrangement for medicinal and aromatic plants to be made. There is potential for lemon grass but extraction unit not available. 7. Onion storage godowns required. 8. There is potential for Lac cultivation, brood lac to be made available. 9. There is potential for Piggery and Goatery 10. Sprinkler irrigation to be promoted 11. Summer mung is to be promoted 12. Seed storage facility to be created 13. There is potential for Turmeric, Ginger
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14. Poly house to be included for off season vegetable cultivation 15. Pathological lab to be set up
Interaction with Project Directors of ATMA and SAMETI - For Agricutlure Plan
NABCONS had interaction with the ATMA and the SAMETI to obtain their valuable feedback on the expectations and perceptions and suggestions for developing agriculture in the state. Some of the suggestions amde by them have been clooated as under district : Mixed farming with lift mechanism and storage tank to be promoted Extraction plant for medicinal and aromatic plan to be set up Chilling plant to be setup
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
West Singhbhum is the largest district of the state. In 1991 the district of Singhbhum was bifurcated to form Pashchimi and Purbi Singhbhum. It lies in the South Chotanagpur division with the subdivisional Head Quarters at Singhbhum sadar, Porahat and Saraikela. The district is bounded on north by Khunti district, on the east by Saraikela Kharsawan district, on the south by Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Sundergarh districts of Orissa and on the west by Gumla district of Jharkhand and Sundargarh district of Orissa. Besides the district headquarter of Chaibasa the other towns in the district are : Chakradharpur, Chiria, Gua, Jhinkpani, Kharsawan, Kiriburu, Noamundi.The blocks in the district are : Bandgaon, Chakradharpur, Chaibasa, Goilkera, Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani, Khuntpani, Kumardungi, Majhgaon, Manjhari, Manoharpur, Noamundi, Sonua, Tantnagar, Tonto The district has some 2016 villages. It is divided in 15 administrative blocks inhabited by approx 12 lakhs people, it has a sex ratio of 985 females per 1000 males. The tribals constitute more than 50.5% of this district's population.One fourth of the population falls under backward classes while Minorities (Muslims and Christians) form 5% the Tribes predominantly found in this district are Santhals, Oraons, Mundas, Ho and Kharias. The languages spoken are Santhali , Mundari , Kurukh, Khortha, Nagpuria, Sadri, Khariya, Panchparagnia, Ho, Malto, Karmali, Hindi, Urdu, Bangla etc. The overall Literacy rate is 38.9%. Male Literacy stands at 54.7% and female literacy was recorded as 22.4% .
Natural Resources
The characteristic feature of West Singhbhum district is its richness in mineral resources like iron ore and limestone. The economy of the district therefore hinges on its mineral resources.
The district contains large deposits of iron ore which are increasingly being mined to feed the growing demand for this raw material primarily used in steel production. The rivers flowing through the district are Roro, Sona, barakar, Koyal, Auranga, Bansloi, Kharkai, Gumani and Baitarnee.
West Singhbhum district is full of dense forests and hills and harbors a variety of flora and fauna. The district boasts of forest resources of around 2 lakh ha.
The Jhikpani Cement Plant and the Chiriya mines are the two major industries.
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AGRICULTURE
Agricultural production is characterized by mono cropping practices with only 8% of the net cropped area being irrigated. The district is also rich in various produces such as Amla, Chironji, Mahua and Sawai Grass.
Among other activities paddy is cultivated predominately in the district. Besides Maize, pulses and oil seeds are also cultivated on seasonal basis. The predominant activity other than paddy and maize are cultivated in various blocks. Sawai grass, cultivated in Jagannathpur, Tonto , Jhinkpani and Nuamundi blocks Tasar silk in Manjhri, Kumardungi, Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani, Chaibasa, Khuntpani, Bandgaon, Sonua, Goelkera and Monoharpur blocks & Lac in Sunua, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks. In some pockets of Jhinkpani, Tonto, Bandgaon, Goelkera and Monoharpur blocks fruits such as Papaya, Jack fruit, Custard apple and Guava are grown.
Other Economic Activity
In West Singhbhum district, Dhaba, Saharian, Laria, Mungia and Modia tasar are reared by the farmers. As on date they have been rearing traditional ways in Asan and Arjun host trees. About 60000 families are engaged in this activity and 8720 active rearers resides in 503 villages carrying out tasar sericulture.
The district has about 61000 ha. of fallow land. The topography of the district is highly undulating resulting water run off, soil erosion and slineand alkline soils in many parts of the district. Therefore the soil conservation measures are required. The scope to undertake farm forestry, soil conservation and soil reclamation measures is available in the district.
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CHAPTER II
DISTRICT PROFILE AT A GLANCE
1. MAJOR PARAMETERS i. Name of the district: West Singhbhum ii. Geographical area: 5198 sq. KM
(a) Blocks: 15 (b) No of village (inhabited): 1657 (c) No of village electrified: 46 (as per 1991 census) (d) No of villages connected by All weather roads: NA (e) No villages having supply of Potable water: NA iii. Rainfall (mm) Normal Actual 1253.70 2006 -07 1434.20 2007-08 1610.70 iv. Agro climatic Region and Zone: West Singhbhum is situated in the south eastern part of Jharkhand State falling under Eastern plateau and hill region. It is between 21"58' and 23"56' North latitude and 85" and 86"East longitude. v. Population (as per 2001) census: (in 000) (a) Male: 618 (b) Female: 614 (c) Total: 1232 (d) Population density/ sq. km : 233 (e) Population below poverty line: 665 (54%) vi. Classification of workers
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(a) Cultivators: 226630 (b) of (a) small and marginal farmers : 115876 (c) Agricultural Labour : 52027 (d) Artisans : 831 (e) Household cottage industries : 17886 (f) Allied Agro- activities: 94282 (g) Other workers : 81559 vii. Land Utilization
(a) Geographical area: (ha) 528870 (b) Net sown area (in ha) 58992 (c) Forest : 109740.08 ha (d) Fallow land: (in ha) 61029 (e) Land not available for cultivation (in ha) 233250 (f) Cropping intensity: mono crop (g) Area brought under High yielding variety seeds (in ha): NA viii. Size of holding No. % Area (ha) % (a) Less than 1 ha 255003 60% 122886 16 (b) Between 1 & 2 ha 62127 15% 88614 12 (c) Above 2 ha 110764 25% 535273 72 Total 427894 100% 746773 100 ix. Irrigation (in ha) (a) Net irrigated area : 14731 (b) By canals : 9144 (c) By wells : 3472 (d) By other sources : 2115 x. Consumption of organic chemical manure: NA Per hectare xi. Agriculture support facilities Seeds/ fertilizers/ pesticides depots No: 6
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Rural Market/ Mandis No : 43 (as per 1991) Rural Godown 01 Cold Storage Nil xii. Animal Husbandry (2003) census (a) Plough Animal : 266815 (b) Dairy Animals: i cows 155212 ii Buffaloes 18794 iii Sheep/Goat 391579 iv Poultry 1729335 xiii. Predominant economic activity prevalent in the district:
Among other activities paddy is cultivated predominately in the district. Besides Maize, pulses and oil seeds are also cultivated on seasonal basis. The predominant activity other than paddy and maize are cultivated in various blocks. Sawai grass, cultivated in Jagannathpur, Tonto , Jhinkpani and Nuamundi blocks Tasar silk in Manjhri, Kumardungi, Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani , Chaibasa, Khuntpani, Bandgaon, Sonua, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks & Lac in Sunua, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks. In some pockets of Jhinkpani, Tonto, Bandgaon, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks fruits such as Papaya, Jack fruit, Custard apple and Guava are grown. xiv. Major food/ commercial and plantation/ horticulture crops The district has got abundant potentials for plantation and horticulture crops. The production of the major crops cultivated in the district are mango 2077 MT, Guava 2211 MT, Lemon 4100 MT and Tomato 12746 MT. To augment the fruit production in the district through NABARD, WADI project is being implemented in 1000 acres in Sonua, Bandgan and Chakradharpur. Similarly by the MESO, fruit crops were planted in 300 acres during the year 2005-06. To rejuvenate the Tasar production in the district through RSVY and MESO, tasar host plants have been planted in 16 acres and 400 acres respectively. xv. Special/additional/other feature of the district In view of the various factors and non availability of assured irrigation, farmers of the district are compelled to sustain Mono cropping. The district faces erratic rainfall. Therefore during summer water tables deplete heavily. To improve the water table Watershed Project being implemented through NABARD, DRDA and NGOs such as JTDS and Samekit JanVikas Kendra, Watershed have been implemented in Tonto,
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Goelkera, Sonua, Khutpani, Jhinkpani, Jamdih and Nuamundi. Besides, two watershed projects each have been implemented by MESO and Soil Conservation Department in Chaibasa, Nuamundi, Jhinkpani and Jagannathpur blocks.
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 2.1 Location and Extent West Singhbhum district is located in the southern portion of the state. it is bounded by Ranchi in the north, Saraikela in the east, Orissa in south and Simdega in the west. It has an area of 7182 sq. km area and population of 12,31,958 persons (Census of India, 2001). The district comprises two subdivisions (Chakradharpur and Chaibasa) and fifteen development blocks.
2.2 Physiography, Geology and Drainage
This area is dominated by hiily ranges, valleys and plateaus. Hilly and steep sloping areas provide dense forest cover. The plain areas have the elevation about 300 metres but the hilly areas have about 300 to 500 metres. There are few hills having elevation of 650 m. Important ridges are Desbar, Dalma, Chandri Pahar, Raisindri, etc. Geologically the area is comprised with Archean granites and gneisses. Dharwarian formations occur at some places. Important rivers in the area are South Koel, Sanjay Baitarni, Roso, Brahamini, Deo, Koyana, Kharkai etc.
2.3 Climate The district receives an annual rainfall of 1420 mm. and most of the rainfall occurs during the rainy season. The winter season remains reasonably cold when minimum temperature is 3 to 40C and the average temperature remains at 160C. During summer highest temperature goes upto 430C but the average temperature is recorded to be 330C.
2.4 Agriculture and Land Use The area reveals variation in land use pattern. All the hilly ranges are under forest cover and only in patches cultivation observed. Chaibasa plain area is mostly under agricultural use. Rice is the major crop of the area and limited area is under wheat cultivation. Apart from this oilseed and vegetables are grown with irrigation. Main sources of irrigation are canals and reservoirs.
2.5 Soils The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in West Singhbhum
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district . Entisols cover 34.8 percent area fallowed by Inceptisols (33.2 %) and Alfisols (31.1 %).
Table . Soils of the district and their extent Taxonomy Area (‘00ha) % of TGA Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents 4 0.05 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Rhodustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Paleustalfs 50 0.69 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Rhodustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts 171 2.38 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 2093 29.14 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts 172 2.39 Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 634 8.83 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts 295 4.11 Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Haplustepts 51 0.71 Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts 74 1.03 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 507 7.06 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 169 2.35 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs 320 4.46 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Endoaqualfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts 57 0.79 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaqualfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts 130 1.81 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Fluventic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts 207 2.89 Fine loamy, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 59 0.83 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents 519 7.22 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts 203 2.83 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaqualfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts 1111 15.46 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts 150 2.09 Very fine, mixed, hyperthermic Vertic Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs 138 1.93 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Rhodic Paleustalfs Miscellaneous 68 0.95 Total 7182 100.00
2.6. SOIL ACIDITY AND FERTILITY STATUS 2.6.1 Soil Reaction Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of
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base saturation. The soils of the district have been grouped under seven soil reaction classes according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970). The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.5. The soil reaction classes with area are given in table 2. The data reveals that majority of the area is acidic (95.9 % of TGA), in which 46.0 percent area is strongly acidic, 24.3 percent very strongly acidic, 16.9 percent moderately acidic and 5.5 percent slightly acidic and 3.2 percent extremely acidic in reaction. Soils of 2.3 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.9 percent area is slightly alkaline in reaction.
Table 2. Soils under different reaction classes Soil reaction Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Extremely acidic (pH 4.0-4.5) 233 3.2 Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) 1743 24.3 Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) 3301 46.0 Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) 1216 16.9 Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) 396 5.5 Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) 162 2.3 Slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) 63 0.9 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.2 Organic Carbon The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soil organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity. The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.11 to 2.26 %. They are mapped into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %) (Table 3). Majority soils (67.7 % TGA) are high in available organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute 21.6 and 9.8 percent area respectively.
Table 3. Organic carbon status Organic carbon(%) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Low (below 0.50 %) 702 9.8 Medium (0.50-0.75 %) 1553 21.6 High (above 0.75 %) 4859 67.7 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
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2.6.3 Macronutrients Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity.
2.6.3.1 Available Nitrogen Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourage aboveground vegetative growth and deep green colour to leaves. Deficiency of nitrogen decreases rate and extent of protein synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop chlorosis. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 185 and 614 kg/ha and details are given in table 4. Majority soils (86.4 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability status of available nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 5.8 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1).
Table 4. Available nitrogen status in the surface soils Available nitrogen (kg ha- Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA 1) Low (below 280) 415 5.8 Medium (280-560) 6202 86.4 High (above 560) 497 6.9 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.3.2 Available Phosphorus
Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In acidic condition it get fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium. Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 1.0 and 17.0 kg/ha and their distribution is given in table 5. Data reveals that majority of the soils are low (95.3 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content.
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Table 5. Available phosphorous status in the surface soils Available phosphorous (kg ha-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Low (below 10) 6844 95.3 Medium (10-25) 270 3.8 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.3.3 Available Potassium
Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes like energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is extremely mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber development and encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases. Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 41 and 470 kg/ha and details about area and distribution is given in table 6. The data reveals that most of the soils (57.3 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108- 280 kg ha-1). Soils of 30.9 percent area are low (below 108) and 10.9 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) in available potassium content.
Table 6. Available potassium status in the surface soils Available potassium (kg ha-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Low (below 108) 2217 30.9 Medium (108-280) 4114 57.3 High (above 280) 783 10.9 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.3.4 Available Sulphur
Sulphur is essential in synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine, cysteine and methionine), chlorophyll and metabolites including co-enzyme A, biotin, thiamine, or vitamin B1 and glutathione. It activates many proteolytic enzymes, increase root growth and nodule formation and stimulate seed formation.
The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.5 to 32.3 mg kg-1 and details about area and distribution is given in table 7. Majority of soils (61.6 % TGA) are low
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(<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 28.9 and 8.6 percent area are medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively.
Table 7. Available sulphur status in the surface soils Available sulphur (mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Low (<10) 4421 61.6 Medium (10-20) 2077 28.9 High (>20) 616 8.6 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.4 Micronutrients Proper understanding of micronutrients availability in soils and extent of their deficiencies is the pre-requisite for efficient management of micronutrient fertilizer to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, it is essential to know the micronutrients status of soil before introducing any type of land use.
2.6.4.1 Available Iron Iron is constituent of cytochromes, haems and nonhaem enzymes. It is capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants. It promotes starch formation and seed maturation. The available iron content in the surface soils is ranges between 14.8 and 94.6 mg kg-1. As per the critical limit of available iron (> 4.5 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in available iron. They are grouped and mapped into four classes. Majority of the soils (67.8 % of TGA) have available iron content between the range of 50 to 100 mg kg-1. The details of area and distribution is presented in table 8.
Table 8. Available iron status in the surface soils Available iron (mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating <15 77 1.1 Sufficient 15-25 230 3.2 25-50 1940 27.0
50-100 4867 67.8 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.4.2 Available Manganese Manganese is essential in photosynthesis and nitrogen transformations in plants. It activates decarboxylase, dehydrogenase, and oxidase enzymes.
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The available manganese content in surface soils ranges between 5.1 and 64.0 mg kg-1. As per the critical limit of available manganese (> 2 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in available manganese. They are grouped and mapped into four classes. Soils of 56.1 % area of district have available Mn content between 25 and 50 mg kg-1. The details of area and distribution are presented in table 9.
Table 9. Available manganese status in the surface soils Available manganese (mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating <10 113 1.6 Sufficient 10-25 958 13.3 25-50 4028 56.1
50-100 2015 28.1 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.4.3 Available Zinc Zinc plays role in protein synthesis, reproductive process of certain plants and in the formation starch and some growth hormones. It promotes seed maturation and production. The available zinc in surface soils ranges between 0.16 and 6.42 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of majority of soils (93.6 % of TGA) are sufficient (>0.5 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 5.5 percent area are deficient (<0.5 mg kg-1) in available zinc. The details of area and distribution are presented in table 10. Table 10. Available zinc status in the surface soils Available zinc(mg kg-1)Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating <0.5 395 5.5 Deficient 0.5-1.0 1409 19.6 Sufficient 1.0-2.0 4227 58.9 2.0-3.0 896 12.5
3.0-7.0 187 2.6 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.4.4 Available Copper
Copper involves in photosynthesis, respiration, protein and carbohydrate metabolism and in the use of iron. It stimulates lignifications of all the plant cell wall and is
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capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants. The available copper status in surface soils ranges between 0.14 and 13.52 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of soils (96.9 % of TGA) have sufficient amount of available copper (>0.2 mg kg-1) and soils of 2.2 % area are deficient in available copper (<0.2 mg kg-1). The details of area and distribution are presented in table 11.
Table 11. Available copper status in the surface soils Available copper(mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating <0.2 159 2.2 Deficient 0.2-0.5 63 0.9 0.5-1.0 295 4.1 Sufficient 1.0-2.0 1425 19.8 2.0-4.0 3566 49.7
4.0-14.0 1606 22.4 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
2.6.4.5 Available Boron Boron increases solubility and mobility of calcium in the plant and it act as regulator of K/Ca ratio in the plant. It is required for development of new meristematic tissue and also necessary for proper pollination, fruit and seed setting and translocation of sugar, starch and phosphorous etc. It has role in synthesis of amino acid and protein and regulates carbohydrate metabolism. The available boron content in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 7.21 mgkg-1 and details about area and distribution is given in table 12. The critical limit for deficiency of the available boron is <0.5. Soils of 38 percent area of district are deficient (<0.50 mgkg-1) whereas 61 percent area are sufficient (>0.50 mgkg-1) in available boron content.
Table 12. Available boron status in the surface soils Available boron(mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating <0.25 1048 14.6 Deficient 0.25-0.50 1681 23.4
0.50-0.75 2175 30.3 Sufficient >0.75 2210 30.8 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0
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Chapter 3
1. Agricultural Field Crops
A. Introduction
In West Singhbhum district, the total cropped area is 40,310 ha, the area sown more than once is 5.48 thousand ha. and the Net Sown Area is 59 thousand ha. Out of total cropped area, 14731ha is under irrigation. Out of the total cultivable holdings, 75% belongs to small and marginal farmers. Average holding size is 0.85 ha. In the absence of assured irrigation network, the cultivation in this region can be characterised as rain fed mono crop cultivation which is primarily to meet own consumption needs and has not acquired commercial scale. There are three crop seasons namely Kharif, Rabi and Summer. Major Kharif crops are paddy, jowar, bajra and maize. Major Rabi crops are wheat, jowar, barley, gram, linseed, rapeseed and mustard. Rice and maize are grown in summer also.
Sr.no. Crop Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity (kg/ ha) 1. Paddy 173389 285745 1648 2. Maiz 5208 7817 1501 3. Wheat 2102 1969 937 4. Pulses 14825 5432 366 5. Oilseed 701 213 304 6. Jwar 562 225 400 7. Marua 537 123 230
In order to increase production and productivity and to make agriculture remunerative as well as sustainable, the use of appropriate technology / practices, farm mechanisation and integrated resource management is required on a large scale. And this requires massive deployment of capital in agriculture. As 75% of the landholdings are held by Marginal/ Small farmers who are generally resource poor, the requirement of institutional credit is immense under the sector.
Much importance is given for accelerating credit flow to this sector. In view of the need to increase the production and productivity of foodgrains and to achieve the target of 4% agricultural growth during the XIth Plan period, the need for availability of adequate, timely and cheap credit to the farmers has been emphasized through KCC to all the eligible land holding farmers directly and to the landless share
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croppers by forming Joint Liability Groups. The reduction in the interest rate on KCC to the ultimate farmer has created a congenial atmosphere for investment under this sector.
B Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support Services
(i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned i. 22 Phal Sabji Utpadan Samities (PSUS) are operating in the district who have disbursed 66 laks by DCCB. ii. There is one seed farm with KVK, Jagannathpur, which is engaged in production quality seeds. iii. Rain Water Harvesting Tank Scheme for SC/ ST farmers for achieving accelerated growth of irrigation potential with subsidy ceiling upto 50 % of the approved unit cost. iv. Under RSVY and NREGP more than 126 lift irrigation, 158 ponds /ahars and 63 check dams have been completed during 2008-09, which is going beyond schedule. This has lead to creation of additional irrigation capacity. v. Under Hariyali Yojana, 72 structures covering each @500 ha per structure spread over 36000 ha in the various blocks by DRDA . vi. Krishi Vigyan Kendra in the district is conducting a number of On Farm Training programmes under cereals, oilseeds and pulses and it has made a breakthroughs in vegetables cultivation, organic farming and in promotion of Seed Village programmes. However, the use of technology and other major inputs are very low. There is a tremendous potential to increase production and productivity. vii. Action Plan for dissemination and use of appropriate technology has been drawn by KVK, the Agriculture Department and ATMA, which is being implemented through on-farm demonstration and training of farmers by KVK and the Macro- Mode schemes of the Agriculture Department. The use of Zero tillage cultivation, seed- drill machines, reapers, better agriculture practices has increased but a lot needs to be done in this area. With the synergisation of these efforts with launching of more and more Farmers Club, it is expected to make a significant dent during the year under reference. viii.The Jharkhand Government has accorded priority to agriculture and irrigation in order to make the state self sufficient in food grains. ix. During Kharif 2007-08 Policy of GoJ, the targetted to cover an area of 3,49,757 ha to be brought under major crops and pulses. x. The Kharif 2007-08 Policy of GoJ also targeted for demand for fertilizers (urea, DAP, SSP, MOP etc.) and its utilisation, Seed distribution, Testing of 2300 units of Soil samples, 100 units of Fertilizers and 100 units of Seed samples.
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xi. The State Govt. has made an arrangement for distribution of mini kits comprising improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides for small and marginal farmers. xii. The District has 1000 ponds owned by the Govt. Some of the ponds are under renovation. It would add irrigation potential in the district. xiii.Under NREGS 343 check dams are expected to be completed during the year xiv.Rain water Harvesting Scheme for SC/ ST farmers for achieving accelerated growth of irrigation potential with subsidy ceiling provided 50% of the approved unit cost. xv. 310 Watersheds have been identified. xvi.53 LAMPS are affiliated to the Singhbhum DCCB.
(ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap