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Beneficial Insects 221 applied here are aligned with results from the under environmental conditions unique to empirical approach of directly manipulating enclosures. Journal of Apicultural Research Comparing traditional methods of test species stocking rates. In most crops, honey bee and 47: 162-165. selection with the PRONTI tool for host-range testing bumble bee stocking rates are notoriously difficult Evans E 2017. From humble bee to greenhouse to calculate because of the challenge of finding pollination workhorse: can we mitigate risks of Eadya daenerys (Braconidae) single-pollinator sites, and the risk associated for bumble bees? Bee World, 94: 34-41. Toni M. Withers1,*, Jacqui H. Todd2, Belinda A. Gresham1 and Barbara I.P. Barratt3 with pollination failure if experimental stocking Hanan JJ, Holly WD, Goldsberry KL 1978. rates are too low. Theoretical approaches may Greenhouse management. Springer Berlin. 1Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand present a useful option for estimating appropriate Howlett BG, Read SFJ, Jesson LK, Benoist A, 2e New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail stocking rates without directly manipulating Evans LE, Pattemore DE 2017a. Diurnal insect Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand pollinator abundance. visitation patterns to ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit 3AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand flowers in New Zealand. New Zealand Plant *Corresponding author: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Protection 70: 52-57. The authors would like to thank Colin Limmer Howlett BG, Evans LJ, Pattemore DE, Nelson Abstract A computer-based tool (PRONTI; Priority Ranking Of Non-Target Invertebrates) for orchard access and field support, Beth Kyd WR 2017b. Stigmatic pollen delivery by has been developed to assist the selection of invertebrate species for risk-assessment testing and Mary Black (Zespri Ltd.) for assistance flies and bees: Methods comparing multiple with entomophagous biological control agents (BCAs). PRONTI was used to produce a with experimental setup, and Brad Howlett and species within a pollinator community. Basic prioritised list of taxa for host-range testing with the braconid parasitoid Eadya daenerys, Warrick Nelson (PFR) for thoughtful advice and Applied Ecology 19: 19-25. a potential BCA for the eucalypt pest, Paropsis charybdis. The resulting list was compared on this manuscript. The manuscript further Jones JB 2007. Tomato plant culture: In the field, with a list developed using traditional species selection methods. Seven of the nine species benefitted from the thoughtful comments of greenhouse, and home garden. CRC Press, on the traditional list were in the PRONTI top 20. The remaining two species (Agasicles two reviewers. The project was funded through Boca Raton, Florida, 216 p. hygrophila and Cassida rubiginosa) may not have been selected if the PRONTI tool had been the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Pomeroy N, Fisher RM 2012. Pollination of used. These two species were on the traditional list because they are in the same family as the Employment programme number C11X1309 kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) by bumble bees target and are considered valuable BCAs. Alternative BCAs were prioritised by PRONTI. (‘Bee minus to Bee plus and Beyond: Higher (Bombus terrestris): effects of bee density and The other 13 taxa prioritised by PRONTI were not on the traditional list: the taxa are little- yields from smarter growth-focused pollination patterns of flower visitation., New Zealand known natives in the target subfamily or sister subfamily but larvae are presumed to be systems’) and co-funding support by Zespri Entomologist 25(1): 41-49 root-feeders, whereas target larvae are leaf-feeders. PRONTI can support the traditional Group Limited, Summerfruit New Zealand Pomeroy N, Stoklosinski SR 1990. Measuring the approach by providing transparent evidence to support the selection (or rejection) of non- (SNZ), Avocados NZ and the Foundation for foraging strength of bumble bee colonies. In: target species for host-range testing. Arable Research. Shriva P ed. Proceedings of the XIth Congress of the International Union for the Study of Keywords host-range testing, biosafety, host-testing list, phylogeny, risk assessment. REFERENCES Social Insects: 252-253. Bangalore, India. Alexander, MP 1980. A versatile stain for pollen, Reddy PP 2016. Sustainable crop protection fungi, yeast, and bacteria. Stain Technology under protected cultivation. Springer, 55: 13-18. Singapore, 434 p. INTRODUCTION biological control researchers with a sound Castilla N 2002. Current situation and Biological control agents (BCA) proposed for approach to follow. In general, phylogeny plays future prospects of protected crops in the release in New Zealand must first be assessed a strong part in the species selection process Mediterranean region. Proceedings of the for any risks they may pose to the receiving (Hoddle 2004). In addition to phylogeny, species International Symposium on Mediterranean ecosystem, particularly to non-target species that are valued, such as beneficial BCAs and Horticulture: Issues and Prospects, pp. 135- that could be used as alternative hosts or prey by invertebrates (endemic or exotic) with cultural 147. entomophagous BCAs (Barratt & Moeed 2005). or aesthetic significance, are also recommended Cook R, Calvin L 2005. Greenhouse tomatoes Therefore, selecting the non-target species to test to be included in test species lists (Kuhlmann change the dynamics of the North American is a very important task given the large number et al. 2006). Often this approach leads to a very fresh tomato industry. Economic Research of native and valued introduced invertebrate large initial list that, for practical reasons, must Report No. ERR-2. United States Department species in New Zealand. Traditional non-target be “filtered” by eliminating species that have of Agriculture. 86 p. https://www.ers.usda. species selection methods have been outlined disparate spatial, temporal and/or morphological gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=45477 by the Food and Agriculture Organization and characteristics from the target species. However, Dag A 2008. Bee pollination of crop plants reviewed by Kuhlmann et al. (2006) to provide there is always room for interpretation when ©2018 New Zealand Plant Protection Society (Inc.) www.nzpps.org Refer to http://www.nzpps.org/terms_of_use.html New Zealand Plant Protection 71: 221-231 (2018) https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.183 Beneficial Insects 222 assessing the phylogenetic and ecological considered. This resulted in an initial list of 153 Table 1 The “traditional list” of non-target species for host testing with Eadya daenerys. Species are affinities between the target host (invading pest) potential non-target beetles. To reduce the list to listed in order of phylogenetic relatedness to the target. Status is E = Exotic self-introduced pest, N = and each potential non-target. For instance, a manageable number, the list was filtered using a Native, I = Introduced beneficial biocontrol agent (BCA). Exposed larvae = larvae are known to feed published phylogenies can change over time number of ecological attributes (Kuhlmann et al. externally on the leaf surface. Ranks are included for clarity, and the two native genera Chalcolampra with taxonomic revisions, such as occurred with 2006). As E. daenerys has only one generation per and Allocharis are listed separately, whereas in the original list they were considered so similar that they Senecio species (Compositae) endemic to New year present only during springtime (November- were ranked equally. Recreated from Table 2, page 184 of Withers et al. (2015). Zealand (Paynter et al. 2004), and non-targets December), all species without spring-active, can be overlooked as valued, such as occurred leaf-feeding larvae were excluded and the Rank Species and Status Subfamily Host Primary reason for inclusion with fiddlewood (Citharexylum spinosum L.; remaining endemic beetles with an adult body Verbenaceae) in Australia (Manners et al. 2010). length greater than approximately 5-mm long 1 Trachymela sloanei E Chrysomelinae Eucalyptus spp. Same subfamily Same habitat This traditional approach for drawing (based on the minimum size of the smallest 2 Dicranosterna semipunctata E Chrysomelinae Acacia melanoxylon Same subfamily up a host testing list was followed in 2015 known host, Paropsisterna agricola (Chapuis) Adjacent habitat when New Zealand Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) were prioritised. This process resulted in a list of 3 Chalcolampra sp. N Chrysomelinae Olearia colensoi Same subfamily growers expressed the need for a BCA to ten non-target species to try to locate for testing target the first generation of the eucalyptus with E. daenerys (Table 1). 4 Allocharis sp. N Chrysomelinae uncertain Same subfamily tortoise beetle pest, Paropsis charybdis Stål The aim of the current research was to 5 Gonioctena olivacea I Chrysomelinae Cytisus scoparius Same subfamily, BCA (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Withers et al. compare the non-target species list for E. 2015). The candidate BCA was the solitary daenerys produced using the traditional method 6 Chrysolina abchasica I Chrysomelinae Hypericum Same subfamily, BCA androsaemum larval parasitoid Eadya paropsidis Huddleston with the list produced by a new computer-based and Short (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). This tool known as PRONTI (Priority Ranking Of 7 Lochmaea suturalis I Galerucinae Calluna vulgaris
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