Driving Renewable Energy for Transport NEXT GENERATION POLI CY INSTRUMENTS for RENEWABLE TRANSPORT (RES - T - NEXT)

Driving renewable energy for transport NEXT GENERATION POLI CY INSTRUMENTS FOR RENEWABLE TRANSPORT (RES - T - NEXT)

November 2015

A B O U T I EA - RETD

The International Energy Agency’s Implementing Agreement for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (IEA-RETD) provides a platform for enhancing international cooperation on policies, measures and market instruments to accelerate the global deployment of renewable energy technologies.

IEA-RETD aims to empower policy makers and energy market actors to make informed decisions by: (1) providing innovative policy options; (2) disseminating best practices related to policy measures and market instruments to increase deployment of renewable energy, and (3) increasing awareness of the short-, medium- and long-term impacts of renewable energy action and inaction.

For further information please visit: http://iea-retd.org or contact [email protected]. Twitter: @IEA_RETD

IEA-RETD is part of the IEA Energy Technology Network.

DISCLAIMER

The IEA-RETD, formally known as the Implementing Agreement for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA-RETD do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member Countries.

This publication should be cited as:

IEA-RETD (2015), Driving renewable energy for transport – Next generation policy instruments for renewable transport (RES-T-NEXT), [Huib van Essen, Sanne Aarnink, Anouk van Grinsven, Arno Schroten, Matthijs Otten, Maarten ‘t Hoen, Bettina Kampman (CE Delft; Tammy Klein, Paul Niznik, Lucky Nurafiatin, Maelle Soares-Pinto (Stratas Advisors)], IEA Implementing Agreement for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (IEA-RETD), Utrecht, 2015.

(Stichting Foundation Renewable Energy Technology Deployment)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Authors would like to thank all experts that have been interviewed for this study (see Annex D) and the IEA-RETD RES-T-NEXT Project Steering Group (PSG) members for their guidance and support throughout the project:

Project Steering Group

Konrad Pütz Enova, Norway (PSG Chair) Miguel Cruz IREC, Spain Mary-Rose de Valladares IEA Hydrogen Implementing Agreement, USA Aaron Berry Department for Transport, UK Pierpaolo Cazzola IEA, France Nils-Olof Nylund VTT, Finland Rune Holmen Enova, Norway Kristian Petrick Acting for the Operating Agent, IEA-RETD David de Jager Operating Agent, IEA-RETD

A B O U T C E D E L F T

Committed to the Environment

Through its independent research and consultancy work CE Delft is helping build a sustainable world. In the fields of energy, transport and resources our expertise is leading-edge. With our wealth of know- how on technologies, policies and economic issues we support government agencies, NGOs and industries in pursuit of structural change. For 35 years now, the skills and enthusiasm of CE Delft’s staff have been devoted to achieving this mission. AUTHORS

Huib van Essen, Sanne Aarnink, Anouk van Grinsven, Arno Schroten, Matthijs Otten, Maarten ‘t Hoen, Bettina Kampman (CE Delft) and Tammy Klein, Paul Niznik, Lucky Nurafiatin, Maelle Soares-Pinto (Stratas Advisors).

GLOSSARY

Abbreviation AFV Alternative Fuel Vehicle (includes biofuel vehicles and ZEVs) AT PZEV Advanced technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (defined for ZEV Mandates) BEV Battery Electric Vehicle (includes FEVs/EREVs/PHEVs) CIC Carbon Immission Certificates (CICs) CNG Compressed Natural Gas

CO2 Carbon dioxide CPT Clean Power for Transport EREV Extended Range Electric Vehicle ETS Emission Trading System EV Electric vehicle (includes BEVs/FCEVs) FAME Fatty acid methyl esters (form of biodiesel) FCEV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (running on hydrogen) FEV Full Electric Vehicle FFV Flex-Fu