LANDSCOPE Expedition Report No 41 (2002): Nullagine River and Ripon Hills

BIRDS Grey-headed honey-eater During our stay at Meentheena, we kept an Brown honeyeater approximate tally of bird species seen during the trip. Singing honeyeater Crimson chat The list given below is far from comprehensive. Serious Grey-crowned babbler birding would need to be done early each morning, Rufous whistler about when we were clearing our pit traps. Even so, the Grey shrike-thrush list is not a bad one. Magpie lark Willy wagtail Emu Black-faced cuckoo-shrike Brown quail White-winged triller Black swan Little woodswallow Black duck Pied butcherbird Grey teal Australian magpie Australasian grebe Torresian crow Darter Richard's Pippit Little black cormorant Zebra finch Little pied cormorant Crimson firetail finch Australian pelican Mistletoe bird White necked heron Welcome swallow White-faced heron Tree martin Nankeen night heron Fairy martin Great egret Spinifex bird Black bittern Straw-necked ibis FLO RA OF THE MEENTHEENA Yellow billed spoon-bill Jabiru CONSERVATION PARK Black shouldered kite The Meentheena Conservation Park is located in the Black breasted buzzard Biogeographical Region of northern Western Black kite . The bioregion conforms to the boundaries of Whistling kite Beard's (1975) Fortescue Botanical District. This Spotted harrier Wedge-tailed eagle natural region is characterised by extensive plains and Little eagle mountainous rugged ranges with generally shallow, Little falcon skeletal stony soils which support vegetation Brown falcon dominated by tree and shrub communities that chiefly Nankeen kestrel comprise emergent eucalypts and over spinif ex Buff-banded rail Australian bustard () grasses. The distribution of the flora and Little button quail vegetation in the region is strongly determined by Bush stone-curlew climatic influences, in particular rainfall, together with Black-fronted dotterel geological and edaphic (soil) considerations. These Crested pigeon influences promote a diverse landscape mosaic of Spinifex pigeon Diamond dove vegetation types and a surprisingly species-rich flora for Peaceful dove such an arid area. Another strong selective force Galah influencing floristic distribution and the arrangement Little corella of vegetation across the landscape is fire, particularly in Cockatiel relation to the burn history of an area. Australian ringneck The flora of the Meentheena Conservation Park was Budgerigar Horsfield's bronze cuckoo poorly known prior to the governmental acquisition of Pheasant coucal the pastoral lease in April 1999. At the time of Barking owl acquisition only 89 species were recorded from Barn owl the station. Most of these species had been collected in Southern boobook the 1990s by staff in the Rangeland Survey team from Tawny frogmouth Spotted nightjar the Department of Agriculture or by well-known Australian owlet-nightjar volunteers Daphne Edinger and Gilbert Marsh. The Blue winged kookaburra flora list for the Park was augmented during the May Red-backed kingfisher 2000 Meentheena LANDSCOPE Expedition by the Sacred kingfisher addition of 197 species culminating in a flora of 286 Rainbow bee-eater Black-tailed tree-creeper species. This number is somewhat below expectations Variegated fairy-wren for such an area given florist richness estimates for White-winged fairy-wren other localities in northern arid Ruf ous-crowned emu-wren (Table 1). Using simple regression analysis procedures Yellow-rumped thornbill a flora in the vicinity of 430-460 species would be Yellow-throated miner White-plumed honeyeater within expectations for an area the size of Meentheena. Golden-backed honeyeater Clearly, additional survey work is required in the Park to increase our botanical knowledge and

15 LANDSCOPE Expedition Report No 41 (2002): Nullagine River and Ripon Hills

Table 1 Known plant species richness of various study areas within the Pilbara,

Locality Area (km2) No. of species Species/km2 Authority Mining Area C - Hamersley Range 560 422 753.6 ecologia 1997 Barlee Range Nature Reserve 1045 515 492 .8 van Leeuwen, unpublished Kennedy Range National Park 1416 314 221.8 Keighery et al. 2000 Cape Range Peninsula 2185 630 288.3 Keighery and Gibson 1993 Meentheena Cons. Park (2001) 2387 331 138.7 van Leeuwen, unpublished Meentheena Cons. Park (pre 2001) 2387 286 119.8 van Leeuwen, unpublished Karijini National Park 6274 800 127.5 Trudgen and Casson 1998 l{intyre Study area 7500 409 54.5 Hart, Simpson & Associates 1993 Southern Carnarvon Basin 75000 2133 28.4 l{eighery et al. 2000 Pilbara Biogeographical Region 179305 1900 10.6 van Leeuwen, unpublished

appreciation of the flora. Similarly, it is apparent that the flora occurring within large areas of the Park had not been documented, as previous survey efforts had primarily been confined to the alluvial plain of the Nullagine River towards the centre of the Park and the associated rough basaltic, doleritic and sandstone terrain slightly to the west of this imposing drainage line (Figure 1). Some collecting has also occurred along the Ripon Hills Road and limited botanical collecting has occurred to the north-west and on the south-eastern side of the Park, which are characterised by granitic plains. Similarily, no botanical surveys have been undertaken to the north-east, which harbours extensive highly dissected basaltic, silcrete and doleritic plateaux and plains. As already mentioned, fire is a significant force that influences the distribution of and vegetation types

,-

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Figure 1 Location of botanical collecting sites and 2000-2001 bum scars in the Meentheena Conservation Park.

16 LANDSCOPE Expedition Report No 41 (2002): Nullagine River and Ripon Hills across the Pilbara. It is well documented in many arid The classification of plants presented in this report zones that plants respond differently to fire depending conforms to that currently employed by the Western on various life history strategies (e.g. seeders vs Australian Herbarium as portrayed in Paczkowska and resprouters). A fire ephemeral life history is one such Chapman (2000). strategy that has important implications when documenting the flora of an area like Meentheena. This Results and Discussion strategy describes plants, primarily annuals or short­ Fulfilment of the botanical aim of the 2001 lived perennials, which thrive in the post-burn Expedition was somewhat hindered by a lack of rainfall environment (or after similar disturbances) and persist during the 2000/01 wet season. The rainfall at Marble for a few years thereafter gradually disappearing from Bar, the closest recording station to Meentheena, the regenerating vegetation community as seral during the 2000/01 wet season was approximately 130 progression towards a climax community occurs. mm below the average of 360 mm, while that recorded Explanations for the proliferation of such plants are over the first six months of 2001 was approximately 75 associated with reduced competition for light and per cent below average. Clearly the ability to detect and nutrient resources along with physiological record annual and ephemeral taxa, including fire considerations such as seed dormancy mechanisms. ephemerals was severely impeded by this lack of Obviously, such !ife history strategies and responses to rainfall. fire must be considered before the process of Nevertheless, 128 specimens were collected during developing a comprehensive flora list can be deemed the expedition from 17 localities around the complete. A great opportunity therefore exists to Meentheena Conservation Park. Excluding collections document the fire ephemeral flora of the Meentheena from outside the Park, which were all made in the Conservation Park as a consequence of large fires which Ripon Hills, a total of 72 species were represented by raised over 51 960 ha (22%) of the Park during the the 128 specimens. These 72 species represented 32 2000-2001 fire season. families and 52 genera. Forty-eight of the plants Consquently, the botanical aim of the 2001 collected during the expedition were new records for Meentheena LANDSCOPE Expedition was to augment the Park (Table 2). the flora list for the Park. This was to be accomplished Combining the new records obtained during the by three strategies, namely through: 2001 Expedition with records obtained during the • Revisiting sites which had been sampled in 2000 to previous 2000 Landscape Expedition (197 species) and document any new plants, particularly ephemeral historical records obtained from the Western Australian species that may have responded to wet season Herbarium and Agriculture WA, 330 species are now rainfall; known to occur in the Park (Table 2). These species • Sampling burnt habitats to document fire represent 133 genera from 53 families. The 2001 responsive ephemeral plants; and Expedition has resulted in the inclusion of plants from • Visiting new areas of the Park, such as the Ripon an additional 15 genera and six families to the flora list Hills, to document previously unrecorded species in for the Park. the Park.

Methods During the Expedition, plant species present on Meentheena were recorded using an opportunistic sampling regime. Indeed, flora sampling was entirely opportunistic and comprised expeditioners and leaders collecting samples as they visited fauna sampling grids and explored the Park. Specimens were processed in the field and pressed in conventional herbarium plant presses for drying under ambient conditions. Details of habit, abundance, locality, habitat, vegetation type and associated species were recorded for each collected specimen. Sufficient material was collected from each sample to facilitate the lodgement of voucher specimens in the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH), Pilbara Regional Herbarium (KARR) and the Australian National Herbarium (CANB). Upon return to the office, specimens were identified, databased and mounted ready for incorporation into the appropriate collections. Specimen identification was pe1iormed with reference to standard published floras applicable to the Pilbara (e.g. Jessop 1981; Wheeler et al. 1992), generic taxonomic treatments (e.g. Halford 1996; Grimes 1997) or through liaison with taxonomists at the PERTH and Eastern States' herbaria. 17 LANDSCOPE Expedition Rep01t No 41 (2002): Nullagine River and Ripon Hills

Table 2. Plants recorded from the Meentheena Genus sv. (SVL 4821) Conservation Park. Names in bold and underlined are CYPERACEAE new records for the Park recorded during the May 2001 Bulbostylis burbidgeae Landscape Expedition (* = non-native species, P2 = Cyperus cunninghamii conservation status). Cyperus vaginatus Cyperus sp. (SVL 4511) ADIANTACEAE Cyperus sp. (SVL 4575) Cheilanthes sieberi Cyperus sp. (SVL 4564) Cheilanthes brownii Cyperus sp. (SVL 4782) TYPHACEAE Cyperus sp. (SVL 4784) Typha domingensis Cyperus sp. (SVL 4790) Eleochan·s sp. (SVL 4789) Amphipogon strictus COMMELINACEAE contorta Commelina ensifolia Aristida holathera MORACEAE Aristida sp. (SVL 4533) Ficus opposita var. indecora *Cenchrus ciliaris Ficus brachypoda *Cenchrus setigerus PROTEACEAE Chryspogon fal!ax Grevillea pyramida!is Cymbopogon ambiguus Grevillea wickhamii subsp. aprica Dacty!octenium radulans Hakea !area Dicanthium sp. (SVL 4820) SANTALACEAE Digitaria sp. Santalum lanceolatum Enneapogon caerulescens CHENOPODIACEAE Enneapogon po!yphyl!us Dysphania kalpari Enneapogon sp. Dysphania rhadinostachya Eragrostis cumingii Enchylaena tomentosa Eragrostis pergracilis Salsola tragus Eragrostis setifolia Sclerolaena sp. (SVL 4569) Eragrostis tenellula Eragrostis sp. Achyranthes aspera Eriachne aristidea '1-Aerva javanica Eriachne benthamii Altemanthera nana Eriachne helmsii Altemanthera nodiflora Eriachne ovata Amaranthus mitchellii Eriachne pulchella subsp. dominii Gomphrena affinis Eriachne sp. (SVL 4484 Gomphrena canescens Eriachne sp. (SVL 4580) Gomphrena cunninghamii Iseilema membranaceum aervoides Paspalidium rarum Ptilotus appendiculatus Perotis rara Ptilotus astrolasius Setaria dielsii Ptilotus auriculifolius Sorghum sp. (SVL 4528a) Ptilotus axillaris Sorghum sp (SVL 4817) Ptilotus calostachyus Sporobolus australasicus Ptilotus carinatus Themeda triandra Ptilotus exaltatus Themeda sp. (SVL 4536) Ptilotus fusiformis Triodia angusta Ptilotus helipteroides Triodia epactia Ptilotus mollis P2 Triodia lanigera Ptilotus sp. (SVL 4542) Triodia longiceps NYCTAG INACEAE Triodia pungens Boerhavia coccinea Triodia wiseana Boerhavia gardneri Yakirra austra!iensis Boerhavia schomburgkiana Genus sp. (SVL 4504) AIZOACEAE Genus sp. (SVL 4507) Trianthema cussackiana Genus sp. (SVL 4567) Trianthema glossostigma Genus sp. (SVL 4571) Trianthema oxycalyptra Genus sp. (SVL 4766) Trianthema pilosa Genus sp. (SVL 4779) Trianthema portulacastrum Genus sp. (SVL 4820) Trianthema twgidifolia

18 LANDSCOPE Expedition Report No 41 (2002) : Nullagine River and Ripon Hills

Trianthema sp. Cullen !eucanthum MOLLUGINACEAE Cullen martinii Glinus oppositifolius Cullen pogonocarpum Mollugo molluginis Cullen stipulaceum PORTULACACEAE Cullen sp. Calandrinia sp. (SVL 4780) Desmodium filiforme Portulaca oleracea Glycine tabacina CARYOPHYLLACEAE Glycine sp. (SVL 4806) Polycarpaea brevifl.ora Indigofera colutea Polycarpaea corymbosa Indigofera linifolia Polycarpaea holtzei Indigofera linnaei Polycarpaea longifl.ora Indigofera monophylla MENISPERMACACEAE Indigofera rugosa Tinospora smilacina Indigofera trita PAPAVERACEAE Lotus australis ,i-Argemone ochroleuca Rhynchosia minima CAPPARACEAE Sesbania cannabina Cleome viscosa Sesbania formosa DROSERACEAE Swainsona decurrens Drosera indica Swainsona formosa MIMOSACEAE Swainsona kingii ampliceps Swainsona pterostylis Swainsona stenodonta Acacia arida Templetonia egena Acacia bivenosa Tephrosia bidwillii Acacia coriacea subsp. pendens Tephrosia sp. Bungaroo Creek (Met 11601) Acacia cowleana Tephrosia sp. 1 Acacia eriopoda Tephrosia sp. 2 Acacia exilis Tephrosia sp. (SVL 4799) Acacia famesiana Tephrosia sp. (SVL 4846) Acacia gregorii Vigna lanceolata Acacia hilliana Zamia albifl.ora Acacia inaequilatera ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Acacia maitlandii Tribulus hirsutus Acacia ptychophylla Tribulus macrocarpus Acacia pyrifolia Tribulus occidentalis Acacia retivenia subsp. clandestina Tribulus platypterus Acacia spondy!ophylla Tribulus suberosus Acacia sclerosperma POLYGALACEAE Acacia tetragonophylla Polyga!a isingii Acacia trachycarpa EUPHORBIACEAE Acacia tumida Euphorbia australis Acacia victoriae Euphorbia coghlanii Dichrostachys spicata Euphorbia drummondii CAESALPINIACEAE Flueqqea virosa subsp. melahthesoides Petalostylis labicheoides Leptopus decaisnei Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii Phyllanthus lacunellus Senna artemisioides subsp. oligophylla Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Senna glutinosa subsp. g!utinosa STACKHOUSIACEAE Senna g!utinosa subsp. x luerssenii Stackhousia sp. (SVL 4837) Senna g!utinosa subsp. pruinosa SAPINDACEAE Senna notabilis Atalaya hemiglauca Senna symonii TILIACEAE Senna venusta Corchorus aestuans PAPILIONACEAE Corchorus fascicularis Alysicarpus rugosus Corchorus lanifl.oms Cajanus pubescens Corchorus tridens Crotalaria crispata Corchorus walcottii Crotalaria cunninghamii Corchorus sp. (SVL 4512) Crotalaria medicaginea Corchorus sp. (SVL 4525) Cullen leucochaites Corchorus sp. (SVL 4537)

19 LANDSCOPE Expedition Report No 41 (2002): Nullagine River and Ripon Hills

Triumfetta appendicu[ata !pomoea muelleri Triumfetta chaetocarpa lpomoea sp. (SVL 4811) Triumfetta maconochieana Polymeria calycina 7humfetta p!umigera Polymeria sp. (SVL 4491) 7riumfetta propinqua Polymeria sp. (SVL 4560) Triumfetta sp. (SVL 4830) BORAGINACEAE Triumfetta sp. (SVL 4841a) Heliotropium aff. crispatum Triumfetta sp. (SVL 4841b) Heliotropium heteranthum MALVACEAE Heliotropium inexplicitum Abutilon fraseri Heliotropium murinum Abutilon lepidum Heliotropium ovalifolium Abutilon sp. (SltL 4829) Heliotropium sp. (SVL 4833) Gossypium australe Trichodesma zeylanicum VERBENACEAE Hibiscus brachychlaenus Clerodendrum floribundum Hibiscus burtonii SOLANACEAE Hibiscus coatesii *Datura leichhardtii Hibiscus leptocladus Nicotiana benthamiana Hibiscus pandurifonnis Nicotiana occidentalis Hibiscus sturtii Nicotiana rosulata Sida echinocarpa *Physalis minima Sida rohlenae Solanum diversiflorum Sida sp. (SVL 4502) Solanum horridum Sida sp. (SVL 4517) Solanum lasiophyllum Sida sp. (SVL 4518) Solanum sp. (SVL 4568) Sida sp. (SVL 4520) SCROPHULARIACEAE Sida sp. (SVL 4545) Peplidium sp. (SVL 4572) 4550) Sida sp. (SVL Peplidium sp. (SVL 4816) Sida sp. (SVL 4835) Stemodia grossa STERCULIACEAE Stemodia viscosa Waltheria indica Striga squamigera Waltheria virgata BIGNONIACEAE LYTHRACEAE Genus sp. (SVL 4538) Ammannia baccifera PEDALIACEAE COMBRETACEAE Josephinia sp. Mt Edgar Stn (NT Burbidge 1194) Terminalia canescens MYOPORACEAE Eremophila latrobei candida subsp. dipsodes Corymbia ferriticola Eremophila sp. Corymbia hamersleyana RUBIACEAE camaldulensis Oldenlandia crouchiana Synaptantha tillaeacea CUCURBITACEAE Eucalyptus odontocarpa *Cucumis melo Eucalyptus victrix Cucumis sp. (SVL 4822) Mela!euca argentea Mukia maderaspatana Melaleuca glomerata CAMPANULACEAE HALORAGACEAE Wahlenbergia tumidifructa Myriophyllum verrucosum LOBELIACEAE A.PIACEAE Lobelia quadrangularis Trachymene oleracea GOODENIACEAE OLEACEAE Dampiera candicans Jasminum didymum Goodenia heterochila A.POCYNACEAE Goodenia lamprosperma Carissa lanceolata Goodenia micrm1tha ASCLEPIADACEAE Goodenia microptera Cynanchum floribundum Goodenia stobbsiana CONVO LVULACEAE Goodenia triodiophila Bonamia pannosa Scaevola amblyanthera Bonamia rosea Scaevola sp. Convolvulus erubescens STYLIDIACEAE Evolvulus alsinoides Stylidium desertorum Jacquemontia pmmosa Stylidium fluminense !pomoea lonchophylla 20 LANDSCOPE Expedition Report No 41 (2002): Nullagine River and Ripon Hills

ASTERACEAE Rare Flora but requires further survey to fulfil stringent Centipeda minima survey conditions before addition to the schedule can be considered. This species has previously been collected Centipeda sp. (SVL 4559) from four localities in the inland Pilbara, from south-east Chrysogonum trichodesmoides of Marble Bar at the Warrawoona Mining Centre; in the Flaveria australasica Rudall River area; on the footslopes of Mt Bruce in the Ixiochlamys cuneifolia Hamersley Range and west of Marble Bar in the Gorge Ixiochlamys sp. (SVL 4523) Range. During the expedition this species was collected at the base of a breakaway near the Ripon Hills sink-hole. Olean·a sp. The species was also recorded from the Ripon Pentalepis trichodesmoides Hills Mining Centre, which is outside the Park. Pluchea tetranthera Pteracaulon serrulatum Other plants of botanical interest recorded during Pterocaulon sphacelatum the Expedition include: Senecio aff leucoglossus Triumfetta p[umigera: This tall (1.5 m) upright plant with small Streptoglossa adscendens hairy burr-like fruit was collected from the access track to Streptoglossa bubakii the Ripon Hills sink-hole. Suggestions made by SVL at the Streptoglossa odora time indicated that this species was possibly new, having not previously been reported in the scientific literature. Genus sp. (SVL 4483) While these comments proved incorrect the species is a Genus sp. (SVL 4522) new record for the Pilbara and this collecting locality Genus sp. (SVL 4565) represents the first for the species outside the Kimberley region in Western Australia. The Ripon Hills population Most of the plants recorded at Meentheena are also represents the most southern known for the species, which typically has a distribution across semi-tropical typical, ubiquitous species found throughout the northern Australia. The Ripon Hills population is 370 km Pilbara. The grass family (Poaceae) with 50 species was south on the next nearest population, which is located in the richest recorded, a feature typical of most Pilbara the southern Edgar Ranges. The Ripon Hills population study areas. Twenty-two families were represented by represents a significant disjunct outlier population for this species. only one species. Other common elements of the flora Triumfetta appendiculata: This shrub was collected from the were peas (Papilionaceae), wattles (Mimosaceae), mulla banks of the Nullagine River below Baroona Hill. This mullas (Amaranthaceae) and daisies (Asteraceae) with population is the most eastern recorded for the species, 38, 23, 20 and 18 species respectively. By far the most which has a distribution that is typically centred on the west Pilbara coastline and inland to the Hamersley visually conspicuous plants on Meentheena were Ranges. regenerating spinif ex (Triodia) and wattles (Acacia) Templetonia egena: This broom-bush shrub, which grows up to which were conspicuous in all habitats with six and 20 2 m tall, was collected from the plateau adjacent to the species, respectively. Other conspicuous plants were Ripon Hills sink-hole. This population represents a the re-sprouting emergent eucalypts, especially the significant north-westerly range extension for the species, which has a sporadic distribution throughout the river red gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) which southern rangelands and desert regions of Western fringed the Nullagine River, and the white-barked Australia. The Ripon Hills population is the second snappy gums (Eucalyptus leucophloia) which stylishly recorded from the Pilbara Biogeographical Region. graced the slopes of most hills. The tall majestic Eucalyptus odontocarpa: The mallee was observed several times along the access track to the Ripon Hills Mining Centre paperbarks (Melaleuca argentea) bordering most of the and thereafter collected along the track to the Ripon Hills pools along the Nullagine River together with the white sink-hole. These populations represent a slight westerly dragon tree or corkwood (Sesbania formosa) were also extension of the distributional range of the species, which a conspicuous component of the flora. previously was delimited by the Oak over River, east of Meentheena. Most plants recorded at Meentheena have a Seven non-native plant species have been recorded ubiquitous distribution throughout the Pilbara and on the Meentheena Conservation Park (Table 2). Two of much of the arid inland regions of central Western these were added during the 2001 Expedition. These Australia. However, two of the plants recorded in the non-native species are buffel grass (Cenchrus cilian's}, Park, one for the first time during this expedition, are birdwood grass (Cenchrus setigerus), kapok bush of conservation interest. These plants are Josephinia (Aerva javanica), Mexican poppy (Argemone sp . 'Mt Edgar Stn.' (N.T. Burbidge 1194) and Ptilotus ochroleuca), thornapple (Datura leichhardtil), ulcardo mollis, as described below: melon (Cucumis melo) and wild gooseberry (Physalis Josephinia sp. 'Mt Edgar Stn.' (N. T. Burbidge 1194): This undescribed species is known from six collections all minima). Mexican poppy and the ulcardo melon were obtained from the Mt Edgar-Meentheena area. The species is recorded during the most recent survey. A few plants currently not listed on CALM 's Priority Flora List. The with cosmopolitan distributions throughout the species was collected from three localities during the Southern Hemisphere were also recorded on expedition. All localities were along the Nullagine River on alluvial wash areas close to the ri ver in areas that had Meentheena. These include prickly saltwort (Salsola recently been burnt. This species is now known from five tragus), purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and mimosa localities on Meentheena. bush (Acacia famesiana). Pti/otu.s mollis: This species is listed on CALM's Declared Further botanical survey research is required in the Rare and Priority Flora List as a Priority 2 taxon . This designation implies that the species is known from one or a Meentheena Conservation Park to comprehensively few (<5) populations, at least some of which are not believed document the flora. The current flora list of 330 to be under immediate threat. The species is under urgent species is still below expectations for an area of this size consideration for addition to the Schedule of Declared in north-western Australia (Table 1). Examination of 21 LANDSCOPE Expedition Report No 41 (2002): Nullagine River and Ripon Hills the flora list for the Park suggests that it is currently depauperate in species representative of the Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Goodeniaceae, Papilionaceae, Poaceae and Solanaceae. A5 many of the presumed missing representatives from these families are annual and ephemeral species, planning future botanical surveys after sufficient rainfall and in spring would be a profitable strategy. Similarly, the sampling of burnt habitats after sufficient rainfall should be pursued, as should the documentation of the flora in the northern and western part of the Park as well as in the vicinity of Yilgalong Creek. Stephen van Leeuwen and Bob Bromilow

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