DOCSLIB.ORG

Ahnas El Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna) : with Chapters on Mendes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ahnas El Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna) : with Chapters on Mendes AHNAS EL MEDINEH. THE TOMB OF PAITEEI AT EL KAB. EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND. Iprcsiticnt. SIR JOHN FOWLEK, Daut., K.C.M.G. Uicc=iCirc5i5cnt5. Sir Charles Newton, K.C.B., D.C.L. The Hon. Edwauh O. Mason (U.S.A.). Prof. R. Stuart Poole, LL.I>. (Hon. ,Sei-.). TnE Hon. John Geo. Dourinut, D.G.L. E. Maunde TiioMRSON, Esq., C.B., D.C.L., LL.L). (Canada). Charles Dudley Waenei;, Esq.,L.II.l)., LL.D. PiiOF. G. :\rAsrEi!0, D.C.L. (France). (U.S.A.). Josun Mullens, E.sq. (Australia). TuE Rev. W. G. Winslow, J ).])., D.C.L. i\L Charles IIkntsch (Switzerland). (Ron. Trcas. and Hon. Sec, U.S.A.). n. A, Grueuer, Esq., F.S.A. The Kev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.C.L. (Boston, U.S.A.). Clarence H. Clark, Esq. (Penn. U.S.A.). 1I.ion. Sccrctair. PuoF. R. Stuaut Poole, LL.J). /Ilbcnilici'!5 of Committee. The Kt.Hon. Loud Amheust OEnACKNEY,E.S.A. The Rev. W. ^MacGregor, :\I.A. T. n. Baylis, E.sq., Q.C., M.A. J. G. Meiggs, Es(i. (U.S.A.). Miss Bradbury. Prof. J. H. Miudleton, M.A., Litt.D. J. S. Cotton, Esq., ILA. A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A. M. J. HE Morgan {Dirccteur Gmcral i/cs Anti- D. Paurisii, Esq. (U.S.A.) quit^s lie l'E<jiji)te). Col. J. C. Ro.ss, R.E., C.M.G. Siu John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. The Rev. Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. W. Fowler, Esq. H. ViLLiERS Stuart, Esc^. Major - General Sir Erancis Grenfell, Mrs. Tiraru. G.C.M.G., K.C.B. The Rev. H. G. To.mkins, M.A. F. L. Griffith, Esq., B.A., E.S.A. The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of Truro. T. Farmer Hall, Esq. Hermann Weber, Esq., M.D. PnoF. T. Lewis, Haytek F.S.A. Major-General Sir Charles Wilson, K.C.B., Mrs. McClure. K.C.M.G., F.R.S. /AHNAS EL MEDINEH (HEPtACLEOrOLIS MAGNA) / AVITII CHAPTERS ON JIENDKS, THE NOME OE THOTH, AND EKONToPoLlS BY EDOUARD NAVILLE '/ AND APPENDIX ON P.YZANTINE SCDEPTUKES BY Professor T. HAYTER LEWIS, F.S.A. THE TOMB OF PAHEEI AT EL KAB BY J. J. TYLOR, F.S.A. , and F. Ll. GRIFFITH, B.A., F.S.A. ELEVENTH MEMOIR OP THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. PUBLItiUED BY OllDKR OF THE COMMITTEE. LONDON: Sold at thk OFFICE OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Gp.e.\t Russrli, Street, W.C. AND TiY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Patebnosteu Housr, Ciiaiung Ciios.s Road; B. QUARTTCH, \r^, Piccadilly; A. ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Stiieet, Covkxt Gakde.n-. 1894 D m z m > < m O -n H I m H m nT3 m O Tl o z m >37 O r-m O O-a > o AHNAS EL MEDINEH (HEEACLEOPOLIS MAGNA). PREFACE. The present memoir comprises the result of two campaigns ; and it bears testimony to what every experienced excavator knows only too well, that sites Avhich at first sight seem the most promising are often those which cause the greatest disappointment. But still, although I did not find at Ahnas remains of the Xth and Xlth dynasties, as 1 had hoped, and although Tmei el Amdid and Tell Mokdam yielded only a few monuments, the excavations at those places have by no means been barren. They have materially contributed to the solution of historical and geographical (jucstions, and have thus furthered the progress of Egyptology. Besides, the Byzantine ornaments discovered at Ahnas are quite unique among the products of Christian art in Egypt. I have particularly to thank my eminent friend, Prof. Erman, for the map of Ahnas, which he drew during his visit to the spot with Dr. Schweinfurth. As in the former memoirs, the linear plates have been drawn by Mmc. Naville, and the phototypes have been executed from negatives taken by the Rev. Wm. MacGrcgor and myself EDOUARD NAVILLE. Malagny, Julij, 1893. CONTENTS. Heeacleopolis Magna— page Its Origiu and its Name ......... 1 Divinities of Ileraclcopolis ........ 7 Monuments Discovered ......... 9 The Necropolis . ,11 Mendes 15 * TnK Nome op Thotii . .22 Leontopolis 27 Appendix on Byzantine Scdi.ptures found at Ahnas 32 Indexes 35 ; HEEACLEOPOLIS MAGNA ITS ORIGIN AND ITS NAME. About twelve miles north-west of the town of emperors, before tlie ]\loliammedan conquest, Beni Siief, the great canal which bounds the for it contains the ruins of several Coptic cultivated laud, i.e. the Balir Yusuf, makes a churches—chiefly bases and shafts of columns, strong curve towards the east. There it skirts some of them very large. But nothing indi- huge mounds of decayed houses, covered with cated the site of an ancient Egyptian temple, masses of broken pottery, and a few granite and yet there had been more than one. It monuments scattered here and there amongst was by mei'e guess-work that we discovered thorn. The mounds extend over an area of the place where the god Arsnyhes had his 360 acres. They are popularly known as Onnn dwelling, and we made many soundings before el Kemau, the Mother of MonmU, because of we hit upon it in a depression west of the their size. The Copts called the place Almas ; Kom el Dinar. One may form an idea of the its official name is Hcnassiet el Medinch, I he, labour required for discovering and clearing /iity of Henassieh, and it has long been recog- the remains of this temple, when 1 say that, nized as the site of Ileracleopolis Magna. to this end, I was obliged to remove more The greater part of these mounds is waste tlian -to, 000 cubic metres of earth. We do not land, utilized by the inhabitants for sehakh know at what date Hcracloopolis was founded, digging only. This is especially the case with but very anciently it was one of the important the mound called Kom el Duu'ir. But sevci'al cities of Egypt. Manetho says that the IXth hamlets and villages now occupy the site, the and Xth Dynasties were Heracleopolitan, and, most important of them being the one called even from the scanty information which has Melaha. Just in front of this village are come down to us, we must conclude that Ilera- four standing columns, called the Kciiisch, or cleopolis played an important part in the church, and belonging to a Eomau or Byzantine events of that obscure period. The tombs of edifice. Two abandoned saltpetre pits are also Sioot, attributed to the Xth Dynasty by M. to be found. They were used at the beginning Maspero and Mr. Griffith, describe the wars of this century in the manufacture of gun- waged on behalf of their Heracleopolitan powder for the Mameluks and Mohammed Ali. sovereign by the vassal princes of Sioot, pro- Although this was the occasion of much dig- bably against rebels from Thebes. Hence, ging, it does not seem to have led to the there is frequent mention of the city of Hera- discovery of any antiquities. The place must cleopolis in these inscriptions, and even the have been important in the time of the Greek name of one of the kings who is supposed to ; TIKKACLEOPOLIS; Its have resided tlicre is also given. We might romance, and not an historical document. therefore have reasonably expected that our description of the city in no way agrees with excavations would throw some light on those the eminence of Heracleopolis in mythology, a dark times, and help us to fill up this great point which we shall have to consider later, nor historical gap in our present knowledge. yet with the oldest historical text wherein the Mariette entertained great hopes as to excava- city is mentioned, and which dates from the tions in the mounds of Ahnas. He reverts Xllth Dynasty. to the subject several times in his last memoir, The Xllth Dynasty, which, as we may judge published in 1879, and which has justlj- been from its important work in the Fayoom, had a " special this district, could not well called his Archaeological Will.^ C'est i"i Ahnas liking for el Medineh, representee aujourd'hui par des neglect Ahnas, and we have proof that it did mines asscz etendues, qui n'ont ete jnsqu'ici not, in a stele engraved on the rocks of I'objet d'aucune investigation serieuse, que Hamamut.^ It belongs to an officer called nous devrons essayer do faire revivi'c des ° '^ Khani, relates that in the % (] who [j souvenirs des IX" et X" dynasties." But these fourteenth year of his reign, U [ A J A hopes, in which I also shared, have been com- pletely disappointed ; the oldest remains which <:^ I I I 1 ^ I h ^ ^^^A^^ _Z1 of Ahnas belong to the I found in the mounds ^25- ^ cz:^ Xllth Dynasty. •I v I Jf' Blajesfij ordered him io r/o to Roliennu One of the most ancient references to the city His in order to tiring the of Heracleopolis exists in a tale, whose origin (Hamamdt), fine monu- may be assigned to the Xllth or XTIIth ments iiiJticJi tris Majesti/ erected, to Tiershe f {Arsaphes) the lord, Hvncnsntcn. in- Dynasty,- although the events which it relates of This reign are supposed to take place much earlier, under scription belongs to the of Usertesen III., the reign of Nebkara of the Illrd Dynasty. but as the king erected statues at Hunensuten locality, it is It describes a quarrel between a peasant and a to the god of the clear that the huntsman who had robbed him.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Presence of Myth in the Pyramid Texts
    The Presence of Myth in the qnamid Texts A thesis submitted in conformity with the nquirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Near and Middk Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto National CiBrary Bibiioth ue nationale u*m of Canada du Cana% The author has granteci a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive ticence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, Ioan, distri'btûe or sen reproduire, prêter, disbn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/& de reproduction sur papier ou sur fomiat électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the choit d'auteur qni protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid exûacts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être miphés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE PRESENCE OF MYTH IN THE PYRAMID TEXTS Doctor of Philosophy 200 1 Jeder Elisabeth Hellum Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto The Pyramid Texts, written on the waUs of the entrance corridors, antechambers, and funerary chambers of the royal pyramids of the late Fiifth and entire Skth Dynasties, are filied with mythic statements and allusions, without using prose or poetic narrative. They hctioned as a holistic group, each distinct from the other, yet each working within the group to create a situation paraHehg the mythic, celestial worid of the afterlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur
    Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur Herausgegeben von Jochem Kahl und Nicole Kloth Band 43 | 2014 Helmut Buske Verlag Hamburg SAK-43_Druck_x3_2014-12-15.pdf 3 Dezember 15, 2014 13:50:52 Die Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (SAK), gegründet 1974, erscheinen jährlich in ein bis zwei Bänden. Manuskripte erbeten an die Herausgeber oder an den Verlag: Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH Richardstraße 47 D-22081 Hamburg [email protected] Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Jochem Kahl Dr. Nicole Kloth Freie Universität Berlin Sondersammelgebiet Ägyptologie Ägyptologisches Seminar Universitätsbibliothek Altensteinstr. 33 Plöck 107-109 D-14195 Berlin D-69117 Heidelberg [email protected] [email protected] Beirat: Prof. Dr. Hartwig Altenmüller (Hamburg) Prof. Dr. Manfred Bietak (Wien) Prof. Dr. Angelika Lohwasser (Münster) Prof. Dr. Joachim Friedrich Quack (Heidelberg) Alle Manuskripte unterliegen einer anonymisierten Begutachtung (peer review); über die An- nahme oder Ablehnung des Manuskripts entscheiden die Herausgeber. Über die Internetseite http://studien-zur-altaegyptischen-kultur.de sind die Formatvorlage sowie weitere Hinweise zur Erstellung von Manuskripten für die SAK zu finden. ISSN 0340-2215 (Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur) ISBN 978-3-87548-692-6 © Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH, Hamburg 2014. Alle Rechte, auch die des auszugsweisen Nach- drucks, der fotomechanischen Wiedergabe und der Übersetzung, vorbehalten. Dies betrifft auch die Vervielfältigung und Übertragung einzelner Textabschnitte durch alle Verfahren wie Speiche- rung und Übertragung auf Papier, Filme, Bänder, Platten und andere Medien, soweit es nicht §§ 53 und 54 URG ausdrücklich gestatten. Bildbearbeitung, Druckvorstufe: Da-TeX Gerd Blumenstein, Leipzig. Druck: Strauss, Mörlenbach. Buchbinderische Verarbeitung: Schaumann, Darmstadt. Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier: alterungsbeständig nach ANSI-Norm resp.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleopatra II and III: the Queens of Ptolemy VI and VIII As Guarantors of Kingship and Rivals for Power
    Originalveröffentlichung in: Andrea Jördens, Joachim Friedrich Quack (Hg.), Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äußerem Druck. Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Internationales Symposion Heidelberg 16.-19.9.2007 (Philippika 45), Wiesbaden 2011, S. 58–76 Cleopatra II and III: The queens of Ptolemy VI and VIII as guarantors of kingship and rivals for power Martina Minas-Nerpel Introduction The second half of the Ptolemaic period was marked by power struggles not only among the male rulers of the dynasty, but also among its female members. Starting with Arsinoe II, the Ptolemaic queens had always been powerful and strong-willed and had been a decisive factor in domestic policy. From the death of Ptolemy V Epiphanes onwards, the queens controlled the political developments in Egypt to a still greater extent. Cleopatra II and especially Cleopatra III became all-dominant, in politics and in the ruler-cult, and they were often depicted in Egyptian temple- reliefs—more often than any of her dynastic predecessors and successors. Mother and/or daughter reigned with Ptolemy VI Philometor to Ptolemy X Alexander I, from 175 to 101 BC, that is, for a quarter of the entire Ptolemaic period. Egyptian queenship was complementary to kingship, both in dynastic and Ptolemaic Egypt: No queen could exist without a king, but at the same time the queen was a necessary component of kingship. According to Lana Troy, the pattern of Egyptian queenship “reflects the interaction of male and female as dualistic elements of the creative dynamics ”.1 The king and the queen functioned as the basic duality through which regeneration of the creative power of the kingship was accomplished.
    [Show full text]
  • Macedonian Kings, Egyptian Pharaohs the Ptolemaic Family In
    Department of World Cultures University of Helsinki Helsinki Macedonian Kings, Egyptian Pharaohs The Ptolemaic Family in the Encomiastic Poems of Callimachus Iiro Laukola ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XV, University Main Building, on the 23rd of September, 2016 at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2016 © Iiro Laukola 2016 ISBN 978-951-51-2383-1 (paperback.) ISBN 978-951-51-2384-8 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2016 Abstract The interaction between Greek and Egyptian cultural concepts has been an intense yet controversial topic in studies about Ptolemaic Egypt. The present study partakes in this discussion with an analysis of the encomiastic poems of Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 305 – c. 240 BC). The success of the Ptolemaic Dynasty is crystallized in the juxtaposing of the different roles of a Greek ǴdzȅǻǽǷȏȄ and of an Egyptian Pharaoh, and this study gives a glimpse of this political and ideological endeavour through the poetry of Callimachus. The contribution of the present work is to situate Callimachus in the core of the Ptolemaic court. Callimachus was a proponent of the Ptolemaic rule. By reappraising the traditional Greek beliefs, he examined the bicultural rule of the Ptolemies in his encomiastic poems. This work critically examines six Callimachean hymns, namely to Zeus, to Apollo, to Artemis, to Delos, to Athena and to Demeter together with the Victory of Berenice, the Lock of Berenice and the Ektheosis of Arsinoe. Characterized by ambiguous imagery, the hymns inspect the ruptures in Greek thought during the Hellenistic age.
    [Show full text]
  • Death and Divine Judgement in Ecclesiastes
    Durham E-Theses DEATH AND DIVINE JUDGEMENT IN ECCLESIASTES TAKEUCHI, KUMIKO How to cite: TAKEUCHI, KUMIKO (2016) DEATH AND DIVINE JUDGEMENT IN ECCLESIASTES, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11382/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Kumiko Takeuchi DEATH AND DIVINE JUDGEMENT IN ECCLESIASTES Abstract The current scholarly consensus places Ecclesiastes’ composition in the postexilic era, sometime between the late Persian and early Hellenistic periods, leaning towards the late fourth or early third centuries BCE. Premised on this consensus, this thesis proposes that the book of Ecclesiastes is making a case for posthumous divine judgement in order to rectify pre-mortem injustices. Specifically, this thesis contends that issues relating to death and injustice raised by Qohelet in the book of Ecclesiastes point to the necessity of post-mortem divine judgement.
    [Show full text]
  • ITQB Phd Students´ Meeting the Annual Gathering of All
    ITQB PhD Students´ the annual gathering of all the Meeting doctoral students enrolled at ITQB Book of Abstracts ITQB PhD Students´ the annual gathering of all the Meeting doctoral students enrolled at ITQB 3rd ITQB PhD Students’ Meeting Dear participant, Welcome to the 3rd ITQB PhD Students’ Meeting! This year, despite the financial difficulties, we hope we have kept the quality of previous meetings. We believe that the ITQB PhD Students’ Meeting is a unique opportunity for all generations of ITQB scientists to get together and we expect to see the scientific enthusiasm thriving during these three days. This year we decided to organize the oral and posters presentations by thematic sessions and to invite young doctorates to chair these sessions with us in order to take the scientific debate one step further. We also have three poster sessions, giving the participants more time to discuss their work. During this meeting 45 students will present their work. To broaden our horizons, we have invited three keynote speakers from outside ITQB, all from a successful generation of scientists in Portugal, working in biological areas distinct from those existing in ITQB: Francisco Dionísio from FCUL, Luísa Figueiredo from IMM and Arsénio Fialho from IST. To conclude our work program, a burst of energy will be brought to us by Miguel Gonçalves, a young psychologist who made his own original career path. Finally we would like you all to join us at the closing dinner, kindly offered by Câmara Municipal de Oeiras, where we will deliver the awards for best oral and best poster presentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing Oursel Es in the Xenoi – Plato's Warning to the Greeks
    Akropolis 3 (2019) 129-149 Marina Marren* Seeing Ourseles in the Xenoi – Plato’s Warning to the Greeks Abstract: In this essay about the story of Atlantis in Plato’s Timaeus, we focus on the crucial political message that the Atlantis tale contains. More precisely, we seek to respond to a question that may evade a completely satisfactory answer. The question is: Could Plato’s story of the rise and fall of Atlantis, in the Timaeus, be a warning tale to the Greeks of his own time? In order to root the inves- tigation prompted by this question in solid textual ground, we pay close attention to the framing of the Atlantis tale. In what follows, we analyze the series of substitutions (between mythical, ancient, and historical cities, i.e., Atlantis, Athens, and Sais) that Plato uses as he seeks to bring his readers to a point from which we can assess the politics of ancient Athens – a city that in Plato’s time stands on the brink of repeating the political blunders of the formerly glorious empire of the East. Introduction In the spirit of the tradition that takes Plato’s dialogues to be both works of literary genius and of philosophy, we pay careful attention to Plato’s narrative frames and to his choice of interlocutors in order to tease out the philosoph- ical and political recommendations that Plato has for his ancient readers and that his dialogues offer to us. To that end, in Section II, we focus on providing philosophically pertinent details related to the identity and ambitions of Critias IV who, on our interpretation, is the narrator of the Atlantis story.
    [Show full text]
  • ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ROOTS of CHRISTIANITY, 2ND EDITION Vii
    The Ancient Egyptian Roots of Christianity Expanded Second Edition Moustafa Gadalla Maa Kheru (True of Voice) Tehuti Research Foundation International Head Office: Greensboro, NC, U.S.A. The Ancient Egyptian Roots of Christianity Expanded Second Edition by MOUSTAFA GADALLA Published by: Tehuti Research Foundation (formerly Bastet Publishing) P.O. Box 39491 Greensboro, NC 27438 , U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recorded or by any information storage and retrieVal system with-out written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. This second edition is a reVised and enhanced edition of the same title that was published in 2007. Copyright 2007 and 2016 by Moustafa Gadalla, All rights reserved. Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gadalla, Moustafa, 1944- The Ancient Egyptian Roots of Christianity / Moustafa Gadalla. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Library of Congress Control Number: 2016900013 ISBN-13(pdf): 978-1-931446-75-4 ISBN-13(e-book): 978-1-931446-76-1 ISBN-13(pbk): 978-1-931446-77-8 1. Christianity—Origin. 2. Egypt in the Bible. 3. Egypt—Religion. 4. Jesus Christ—Historicity. 5. Tutankhamen, King of Egypt. 6. Egypt—History—To 640 A.D. 7. Pharaohs. I. Title. BL2443.G35 2016 299.31–dc22 Updated 2016 CONTENTS About the Author vii Preface ix Standards and Terminology xi Map of Ancient Egypt xiii PART I : THE ANCESTORS OF THE CHRIST KING Chapter 1
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient Egyptian Universal Writing Modes by Moustafa Gadalla
    The Ancient Egyptian Universal Writing Modes Moustafa Gadalla Maa Kheru (True of Voice) Tehuti Research Foundation International Head Office: Greensboro, NC, U.S.A. The Ancient Egyptian Universal Writing Modes by Moustafa Gadalla Published by: Tehuti Research Foundation P.O. Box 39491 Greensboro, NC 27438, U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recorded or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Copyright © 2017 by Moustafa Gadalla, All rights reserved. Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gadalla, Moustafa, 1944- The Ancient Egyptian Universal Writing Modes / Moustafa Gadalla. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references Library of Congress Control Number: 2016900021 ISBN-13(pdf): 978-1-931446-91-4 ISBN-13(e-book): 978-1-931446- 92-1 ISBN-13(pbk.): 978-1-931446-93-8 1. Egypt—Civilization—To 332 B.C. 2. Civilization, Western—Egyptian influences. 3. Egyptian language—Influence on European languages. 4. Egypt—Antiquities. 5. Egypt—History—To 640 A.D. I. Title. CONTENTS About the Author xiii Preface xv Standards and Terminology xxi The 28 ABGD Letters & Pronunciations xxv Map of Egypt and Surrounding xxix Countries PART I : DENIAL, DISTORTION AND DIVERSION Chapter 1 : The Archetypal Primacy of 3 The Egyptian Alphabet 1.1 The Divine “Inventor” of The Egyptian 3 Alphabetical Letters 1.2 Remote Age of Egyptian
    [Show full text]
  • Juan J. Castillos Egyptian Predynastic Cemetery Research
    Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa and Recent Research Studies in African Archaeology 8 Poznan Archaeological Museum 2003 Juan J. Castillos Egyptian Predynastic cemetery research The subject of my paper for this Symposium - a study of some aspects of the predynastic cemeteries at Badari - was recently published elsewhere (Castillos 2000). What follows here is then only a summary of the main points I had made in that paper as well as a statement of intention about future work on this subject that we agreed to carry on during the last session of this meeting. As a result of my study I have found that the predynastic social evolution in the Badari area differed from that of the neighbouring contemporary commu ­ nities of Mostagedda and Matmar, mainly by the development of a more stratified society which is revealed by the funerary archaeological record. In the Badari section of the Nile valley the social inequality emerging from our figures for both size and wealth of the tombs, appears to had peaked during the Badarian culture and declined in the following Predynastic periods (Nagada I and II) to rise back to the Badarian level during the Protodynastic (Nagada III). The Badari area also seems to indicate the existance of a major centre of the Badarian culture which had negatively affected the subsequent cultural development, while in, e. g., the Mostagedda area no such centre had grown and this area seems to exhibit a steadily growing development throughout the whole Predynastic times. When I became interested in the Predynastic Egypt years ago, scholars - with very few exceptions - were still drawing conclusions based mostly on quite subjective estimations of certain features of the archaeological record (“descrip ­ tive hypothetical”) (Bard 1994: 36) such as unusual tombs or objects found in them.
    [Show full text]
  • Islands in the Nile Sea: the Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City
    ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City Copyright 2012 Veronica Marie Morriss ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah Carlson Nancy Klein Head of Department, Cynthia Werner May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City. (May 2012) Veronica Marie Morriss, B.A., The Pennsylvania State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Shelley Wachsmann In ancient Egypt, the Nile was both a lifeline and a highway. In addition to its crucial role for agriculture and water resources, the river united an area nearly five hundred miles in length. It was an avenue for asserting imperial authority over the vast expanse of the Nile valley. River transport along the inland waterways was also an integral aspect of daily life and was employed by virtually every class of society; the king and his officials had ships for commuting, as did the landowner for shipping grain, and the ‘marsh men’ who lived in the northernmost regions of the Nile Delta.
    [Show full text]
  • Cwiek, Andrzej. Relief Decoration in the Royal
    Andrzej Ćwiek RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE OLD KINGDOM STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT, SCENE CONTENT AND ICONOGRAPHY PhD THESIS WRITTEN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KAROL MYŚLIWIEC INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY FACULTY OF HISTORY WARSAW UNIVERSITY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would have never appeared without help, support, advice and kindness of many people. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: Professor Karol Myśliwiec, the supervisor of this thesis, for his incredible patience. Professor Zbigniew Szafrański, my first teacher of Egyptian archaeology and subsequently my boss at Deir el-Bahari, colleague and friend. It was his attitude towards science that influenced my decision to become an Egyptologist. Professor Lech Krzyżaniak, who offered to me really enormous possibilities of work in Poznań and helped me to survive during difficult years. It is due to him I have finished my thesis at last; he asked me about it every time he saw me. Professor Dietrich Wildung who encouraged me and kindly opened for me the inventories and photographic archives of the Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, and Dr. Karla Kroeper who enabled my work in Berlin in perfect conditions. Professors and colleagues who offered to me their knowledge, unpublished material, and helped me in various ways. Many scholars contributed to this work, sometimes unconsciously, and I owe to them much, albeit all the mistakes and misinterpretations are certainly by myself. Let me list them in an alphabetical order, pleno titulo: Hartwig
    [Show full text]