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Sexuality, Health and Human Rights

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Sexuality, Health and Human Rights Sexuality, Health and Human Rights This new work surveys how rapid changes taking place at the start of the twenty-first century in social, cultural, political and economic domains impact on sexuality, health and human rights. The relationships between men, women and children are changing quickly, as are traditional family structures and gender norms. What were once viewed as private matters have become public, and an array of new social movements – transgender, intersex, sex worker, people living with HIV – have come into the open. The book is split into three parts: • Global ‘sex’ wars – discusses the notion of sexualities, its political landscapes internationally, and the return of religious fervour and extremism. • Epistemological challenges and research agendas – examines modern ‘scientific’ understandings of sexuality, its history and the way in which HIV and AIDS have drawn attention to sexuality. • The promises and limits of sexual rights – discusses human rights approaches to sexuality, its strengths and limitations and new ways of imagining erotic justice. Offering a unique framework for understanding this new world, set in the context of the major theoretical debates of recent decades, this book will be of interest to professionals, advocates and policy researchers, and is suitable for a wide range of courses covering areas such as gender studies, human sexuality, public health and social policy. Sonia Corrêa coordinates Sexuality Policy Watch at the Brazilian Interdis- ciplinary AIDS Association (ABIA), Brazil. Rosalind Petchesky is Distin- guished Professor of Political Science at Hunter College, City University of New York, USA. Richard Parker is Professor of Sociomedical Sciences at Columbia University, USA. Sexuality, Culture and Health series Edited by Peter Aggleton, Institute of Education, University of London, UK Richard Parker, Columbia University, New York, USA Sonia Corrêa, ABIA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Gary Dowsett, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Shirley Lindenbaum, City University of New York, USA This new series of books offers cutting-edge analysis, current theoretical perspectives and up-to-the-minute ideas concerning the interface between sexuality, public health, human rights, culture and social development. It adopts a global and interdisciplinary perspective in which the needs of poorer countries are given equal status to those of richer nations. The books are written with a broad range of readers in mind, and will be invaluable to students, academics and those working in policy and prac- tice. The series also aims to serve as a spur to practical action in an increasingly globalized world. Also available in the series: Culture, Society and Sexuality A reader, 2nd edn Edited by Richard Parker and Peter Aggleton Dying to be Men Youth masculinity and social exclusion Gary T. Barker Sex, Drugs and Young People International perspectives Edited by Peter Aggleton, Andrew Ball and Purnima Mane Promoting Young People’s Sexual Health International perspectives Edited by Roger Ingham and Peter Aggleton Dangerous Liaisons? Mobility, sexuality and AIDs Edited by Felicity Thomas, Mary Haour-Knipe and Peter Aggleton Sexuality, Health and Human Rights Sonia Corrêa, Rosalind Petchesky and Richard Parker First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2008 Sonia Corrêa, Rosalind Petchesky and Richard Parker All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Corrêa, S. (Sonia) Sexuality, health and human rights / Sonia Corrêa, Rosalind Petchesky and Richard Parker. p. cm. – (Sexuality, culture and health) 1. Sex–Social aspects. 2. Sex–Political aspects. 3. Sex–Health aspects. 4. Human rights. I. Petchesky, Rosalind P. II. Parker, Richard. III. Title. HQ23.C6473 2008 306.7–dc22 2008002205 ISBN 0-203-89417-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-35117-0 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-35118-9 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-89417-0 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-35117-1 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-35118-8 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-89417-0 (ebk) Contents Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 PART ONE Global ‘sex’ wars 13 1 Landscaping sexualities 15 2 The real politics of ‘sex’ 34 3 The sad ‘return of the religious’ 53 PART TWO Epistemological challenges and research agendas 81 4 The modernization of ‘sex’ and the birth of sexual science 83 5 The social construction of sexual life 109 6 After AIDS 129 PART THREE The promises and limits of sexual rights 149 7 On the indispensability and insufficiency of human rights 151 8 Inventing and contesting sexual rights within the UN 164 9 Transnational debates: sexuality, power, and new subjectivities 175 vi Contents 10 At the outer limits of human rights: voids in the liberal paradigm 192 Postscript: dreaming and dancing – beyond sexual rights 219 Glossary of terms 225 Notes 229 Bibliography 262 Index 301 Acknowledgements All books are constructed through complex processes, and their authors acquire many debts along the way. As three co-authors drawing on work conducted over many years and with broad networks of colleagues, friends, and loved ones who have contributed in myriad ways to the ideas we have tried to develop here, we have many debts – far more than we can do justice to in these brief acknowledgements. First and foremost, we thank Peter Aggleton for encouraging us to take on this project, for waiting patiently in the face of many delays, and for convincing us that it was worth the wait. We are also deeply grateful to Grace McInnes, our editor at Routledge, whose ongoing support has been essential to the conclusion of this project. Sonia Corrêa and Richard Parker acknowledge the support of a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research and Writing Grant on Peace and Security Studies, from 1999 to 2001, which made it possible for them to begin to explore many of the issues examined in this volume. Ros- alind Petchesky would like to thank Sexuality Policy Watch (SPW) and the Dean of Arts and Sciences at Hunter College for making it possible for her to take time off in 2005 to 2006 to dedicate to this project. This effort has evolved from our ongoing work with SPW, with primary support from the Ford Foundation. We particularly thank the programme officers at Ford, Sarah Costa and Barbara Klugman, for the many contri- butions they have made to our thinking. We also thank our colleagues in the Steering Committee and the Advisory Group for SPW, Amal Abd El- Hadi Abou Halika, Sunila Abeysekera, Dorothy Aken’Ova, Codou Bop, Gloria Careaga, Radhika Chandiramani, Adenike O. Esiet, Maria Luiza Heilborn, Gilbert Herdt, Jodi Jacobson, Rhoda Reddock, Ignacio Saiz, David Satcher, and Michael Tan, whose ideas have helped to shape our thinking in various ways over the past six years. We acknowledge the influence of the remarkable group of researchers who collaborated with us on the 2007 SPW volume, SexPolitics: Reports from the Front Lines, which is, in many ways, the companion volume to the current book: Wesal Afifi, Hossam Bahgat, Belinda Beresford, Carlos viii Acknowledgements Cáceres, Kenneth de Camargo, Sergio Carrara, Marcos Cueto, Le Minh Giang, Françoise Girard, Nguyen Thi Mai Huong, Pinar Ilkkaracan, Ruben Mattos, Constance A. Nathanson, Wanda Nowicka, Nancy Palomino, Radhika Ramasubban, Helen Schneider, Robert Sember, and Adriana R.B. Vianna. We owe a huge debt to our colleagues in the SPW Secretariats in New York City, in the Center for Gender, Sexuality and Health and the Depart- ment of Sociomedical Sciences of the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, and in Rio de Janeiro, at ABIA (Associaça¯o Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS). We particularly thank Vagner de Almeida, Angela Collet, Kirk Fiereck, Jonathan Garcia, Miguel Muñoz-Laboy, Maria Dulce F. Natividad, Mayra Pabon, Robert Sember, and Nancy Worthington from the SPW Secretariats and Lindsay Ryan from Hunter College. Without their help and support, and their intellectual collabora- tion and partnership, this book would never have been finished. We acknowledge a wide range of friends and colleagues who have pro- vided comments, offered information, and given us advice, especially Carmen Barroso, Ronald Bayer, Suki Beavers, Alan Berkman, Mauro Cabral, Rhonda Copelon, Andrea Cornwall, Philip Dayle, Diane Di Mauro, Zillah Eisenstein, Amy Fairchild, John Fisher, Jennifer Hirsch, Paul Hunt, Susan Jolly, Scott Long, Elevarti Manohar, Katherine McDon- ald, Pramada Menon, Alice Miller, Geeta Misra, Vanita Mukherjee, Vera Paiva, Magaly Pazello, Cristina Pimenta, Allan Rosenfield, Alejandra Sardá, Gita Sen, Fatou Sow, Yvonne Szasz, Veriano Terto Jr., Carole S. Vance, Kim Vance, Miriam Ventura, and members of the seminar on Geopolitics and Insecurity at the CUNY Graduate Center. We thank Joan Ross Frankson for her help in editing the text, smooth- ing out our very different writing styles and making sense out of our fre- quent confusions, and for the good spirits, solidarity, and intelligence she brings to her work. Finally, in memoriam, we record a special acknowledgement to our dear friend José Barzelatto, who did so much in the early 1990s to create the context in which the various threads that unite our work could come together and intertwine. José may never have fully realized how great his legacy would be, or how much his work did to bridge the divides that existed between a number of intellectual fields (and social movements).
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