XA0201945

IAEA-SM-362/36 Tailings management at COGEMA Resources Inc.'s McClean Lake operation

J.W. Rowson COGEMA Resources Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Abstract. The new JEB mill at the McClean Lake uranium mining operation commenced production in late June 1999. Some of the ores to be processed by this plant contain significant amounts of arsenic and nickel. Technological innovations and engineering design have been applied to enable these ores to be processed with the prediction of minimal environmental impact in both the short and long term. The Tailings Management Facility (TMF) associated with the mill represents the state of the art in the uranium mining industry for engineered tailings, deposition techniques and control of releases of soluble contaminants. The results of the first year of operation of this new facility are presented with particular emphasis placed on the control of soluble arsenic and nickel concentrations in the final tailings pore water.

1. INTRODUCTION

The world's most recent and modern uranium milling facility is located at the McClean Lake Operation in northeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, see Fig. 1. The McClean Lake Operation is jointly owned by COGEMA Resources Inc. (70%), Denison Mines Ltd. (22.5%) and OURD (7.5%) with COGEMA Resources Inc. as the operator. Mill operation commenced in late June of 1999 and has been operating at or above design production levels since January 2000. In the current configuration, the mill is processing the McClean Lake ore bodies at a current production rate of 6 000 000 lbs U3O8 per year. Planning calls for the future processing of ore from the Midwest and Cigar Lake mine sites. The operating life of the milling facility is expected to be approximately 40 years.

Canadian Locations Athabasca Basin

Saskatchewan

FIG. 1. Uranium production locations in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan.

343 The nearby depleted JEB open pit mine has been re-constructed into the JEB Tailings Management Facility (TMF). The TMF has the capacity to receive about 1.8 million m3 of tailings from the mill over its operating life. This is adequate for all the ores from the McClean Lake, Midwest and Cigar Lake projects. Adjacent to the TMF is a small lake, Fig. 2, locally known as Fox Lake. Earlier hydrology evaluations had indicated that over the long term (10 000 years) the presence of the placed tailings in the TMF may have a negative impact on the water quality of Fox Lake. The contaminants of concern were arsenic and nickel, which originated in the pore water of the placed tailings. As a result, COGEMA Resources has developed the tailings preparation process in the mill and optimized the design and operation of the TMF to minimize this environmental impact. It is now expected that none of the water quality parameters in Fox Lake will exceed the Saskatchewan Surface Water Quality Objectives over the long term (10 000 years).

This paper presents a summary of the first year of operation, with respect to arsenic and nickel removal from pore water, of this new Tailings Management Facility.

FIG. 2. Ariel photograph of the McClean Lake milling site showing Fox Lake in the foreground followed by the TMF and the ore processing plant.

2. TMF DESIGN

2.1. Post operational requirements

The key issue for the JEB TMF concerned the long-term hydraulic isolation of the tailings materials within the facility. As has been described previously in Ref. [1], two principle design parameters are relied upon for the long-term release of potential contaminants to the ground water flow system. These are physical containment controls and geochemical controls.

The first of these is site specific and involves the physical characteristics of the tailings compared to the local Athabasca sandstone. The tailings as produced during mill operations contain a significant amount of fine-grained materials. Consolidation of these materials produces a tailings mass of very low hydraulic conductivity, approximately two orders of magnitude less than the surrounding sandstone. Under these conditions for the long term, the consolidated tailings represent a relatively

344 impermeable plug and groundwater flows around the tailings mass. Contaminant release from the tailings pore water, Fig. 3, is then dominated by a slow diffusion process driven by the contaminant concentration gradient between the pore water of the tailings mass and the ground water of the surrounding host rock.

Groundwater Flow

?C3rouri«MfatiBr Flow

•j 'iM;:!^ 'i:V

FIG. 3. Plan view depicting the principle physical containment control. Ground water flows through the sandstone and around the relatively impermeable tailings mass.

The second control on contaminant release is the tailings solids chemistry, which is designed to keep the concentrations of contaminants in the tailings pore water at such low levels that releases by the diffusion process over the long term are environmentally acceptable. The elements of arsenic and nickel have been shown to be problematic contaminants. Environmental objectives for these two elements require their concentration not to exceed 5 mg/L over the long term. To facilitate this environmental requirement, an internal operational objective of 1 mg/L has been implemented.

2.2. Operational period

COGEMA Resources has introduced new technology to the tailings preparation circuit in the mill for the long-term control of arsenic and nickel in the tailings pore water. The process is shown in Fig. 4. Total retention time for the neutralization process is approximately 3 hours with 1.5 hours reaction time a pH 4 and 1.5 hours at pH 8. A more detailed description of the process has been published elsewhere Ref [2].

The depleted JEB open pit mine was modified to suit the requirements for the TMF. The top perimeter of the TMF is approximately circular with a diameter of about 420 meters. The natural groundwater level is at or near surface. The total depth is about 118 m, with about 10 m of soil overburden above the sandstone formation. The structure penetrates the contact between the sandstone and the underlying granitic basement rock starting at a depth of about 85 m. To ensure hydraulic containment of tailings pore water during the operating period (40-50 years) a ring of de-watering wells have been installed around the edge of the pit, Fig. 5.

345 Raffinate Fe,(SO4), CaO (pH8)

Flocculant

Process Air

24 hour mstallurgical composite sample

FIG. 4. Flow sheet for the tailings preparation circuit.

Tailings Disposal System Raise Pumphouse

\ To

F 'j r Vi.l ! N i I !.

-i i II i K p , s li :• rii- in hi f •'

* P . V, s Hi" * ir t ur'it

s. . Air I1 • S- • 1 u'.. l (. * *' ^r T |J» c V Pump Eievatson Basemsnt Rock

FIG. 5. Design and operational features of the JEB tailings management facility (TMF).

The submersible pumps in these wells are located at a fixed elevation slightly above the desired pond level. These act as the primary control on the TMF pond water level and to intercept clean ground water before it enters the TMF. To monitor ground water levels four observational wells (external) are installed within the ring. In addition, four internal monitoring wells are installed between the de- watering well ring and the pit. An under drain filter of sand and rock at the base of the TMF promotes drainage of tailings pore water, further accelerating tailings consolidation. Water flows through the under drain filter which is connected to a de-watering drift and raise system. Hydraulic confinement of TMF pond waters is ensured by maintaining the following water level hierarchy: exterior well > interior well > pond level > sump level.

346 The tailings lines from the mill run down the TMF ramp and onto a floating walkway leading to the placement barge. The discharge pipe is suspended below the barge and the tailings are released into the pond approximately 1 m above the existing tailings surface. This placement methodology minimizes particle size segregation and insures that relatively permeable pathways do not develop within the tailings mass. The reclaim water barge is used to precisely control the pond level by returning the mill tailings pumping water back to the mill.

3. TMF PERFORMANCE TO-DATE

3.1. Mill tailings preparation circuit

For the first year of operation, the focus has been to ensure that the tailings preparation process has been discharging tailings to the TMF that are meeting the arsenic and nickel pore water concentrations required for long term environmental protection. Figs. 6 and 7 are summaries of daily results for nearly seven months of operation of the tailings preparation process. The process has proven to be easily controllable, despite the fact that acid waste solutions as high as 2000 mg/L As have been processed. As can be seen from Fig. 6 the addition of ferric sulphate solution to achieve and Fe/As molar ratio of 3 to 4 has successfully reduced As and Ni concentrations in the final tailings pore water to approximately 1 mg/L feeding the TMF. Similarly, the sensitivity of the process to terminal pH at a fixed Fe/As molar ratio is shown in Fig. 7. This figure illustrates that soluble As and Ni pore water concentration objectives can be met within a reasonably broad pH window. Table 1 documents the monthly tailings preparation circuit performance for the year 2000 to-date with respect to soluble As and Ni.

3.2. TMF operation

Hydraulic containment of the TMF pond water has been continuously achieved. Table 2 confirms hydraulic containment for the month of April for example. Physical aspects of operating the TMF have been intrinsically simple and trouble free due to the fundamentally sound design of the TMF facility.

Final neutralization pH ~ 8

Limit Concentration, mg/l As o 5 a & = 4 S 3

2 - u0) c 1 o O

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Fe/As molar ratio

Plant data from September 99 to Mid-March 00 • Arsenic A Nickel

FIG. 6. Arsenic and nickel concentrations in tailings pore water as a function of molar Fe/As ratio at a fixed pH of 8. Each point is the average of daily readings over a 7 months operating period.

347 Fig. 8 illustrates the As and Ni concentrations in the TMF pond water since operations started to the time of writing. The arsenic and nickel concentrations in the pond water are significantly lower than the tailings pore water values feeding the TMF due to dilution by inflowing ground and surface waters. Pond water As concentrations rose shortly after start-up to approximately 0.2 mg/L As. They then decreased to about 0.04 mg/L As during the winter months and returned to their former level during the current summer. At this point, this variation is attributed to a temperature effect.

Ratio of Fe/As 3.5:1

7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 Neutralization pH Plant data from September 99 to mid-March 00 • Arsenic A Nickel

FIG. 7. Arsenic and nickel concentrations in tailings pore water as a function of terminal neutralization pH at a fixed molar Fe/As ratio of 3.5.

TABLE I. MONTHLY AVERAGE OPERATING DATA FOR THE YEAR 2000 TO-DATE QUANTIFYING ARSENIC AND NICKEL CONTENT IN THE TAILINGS PORE WATER DISCHARGED FROM THE MILL TAILINGS PREPARATION CIRCUIT

Month Discharge from Tailings Preparation Circuit (m3) (mg/L As) (kg As) (mg/L Ni) (kgNi) January 19 751 1.43 28.2 0.76 15.0 February 20 101 0.92 18.5 1.15 23.2 March 21 623 0.69 15.0 0.76 16.5 April 22 791 0.36 8.3 0.36 8.2 May 20 954 0.27 5.7 0.28 5.9 June 21 324 0.96 20.6 0.45 9.5 July 20 886 0.95 19.8 0.59 12.2 August 20 474 0.77 15.8 0.43 8.9 Total/Average 167 904 0.79 131.9 0.59 99.4

348 TABLE II. EXAMPLE OF CONFIRMATION OF HYDRAULIC CONTAINMENT April 2000 Average Elevation (masl) Exterior Monitoring Wells 400.2 Interior Monitoring Wells 396.5 TMF Pond Elevation 392.2 TMF Raise Well Water Elevation 392.1

During the winter months the pond freezes and the water temperature drops to 0°C reducing the solubility of As. The summer operating temperatures reach 17°C. The Ni data in this figure exhibits a sharp rise in the month of September. This has been related to an abnormal release of ammonium sulphate to the TMF due to a mechanical failure in the mill. The temporary presence of ammonium ion increased the solubility of Ni in the TMF pond water.

Fig. 9 depicts the As and Ni concentrations in the TMF raise well water. This is the water that has passed through the filter and drift collection system. Both As and Ni concentrations behaved in a similar manner. For the first six months of operation, the As and Ni concentrations in the raise well water are similar to those in the TMF pond water. This is because the filter has not yet been covered with tailings and the raise well is drawing pond water through the filter. However, after about six months of placing tailings in the pond, a significant faction of the base filter has been covered and some consolidation of placed tailings has been occurring. Higher As concentrations are observed, particularly in January through March, from consolidation pore water drawn through the filter, drift and raise system. Since March however, both As and Ni concentrations in the raise well system have been slowly and steadily decreasing. It is currently thought that this reflects the fact that the surface area of the base filter is gradually being covered with placed tailings which steadily reduces the amount of pond water flowing through the filter into the raise well system. Table 3 provides a summary of the monthly TMF reclaim and raise well water quality data for the year 2000 to-date.

3.3. Soluble as balance

The TMF has been operated in a consistent manner for the year 2000. The pumps in the de-watering wells have all been set at 393.3 masl throughout this period. Fluctuations in pond water inventory have been relatively small. Using the information in Tables 1 and 3 and correcting for pond water inventory changes a solution balance for dissolved As was completed.

TMF POND WATER QUALITY ARSENTC AND NTCKEI,

CMSC Annual Limit

Arsenic la s CVSCAnruaMcton Level Nickel

Note: CNSC Annual Action Level and Limit is for Arsenic Only.

Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov- Dec-99 Jan-O0 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-0O Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Month

FIG. 8. Arsenic and nickel concentrations in the TMF pond water since operations began till August 2000.

349 TMF RAISE WELL WATER ARSENIC AND NICKEL CNJSC Annual Limil

OB C^JSC AnnjalAclion Level

Note; CNSC Annual Action Level and Limit is for Arsenic Only.

Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Month

FIG. 9. Arsenic and nickel concentrations in the TMF raise well system since operations started till August 2000.

TABLE III. MONTHLY AVERAGE OPERATING DATA FOR THE YEAR 2000 TO- DATE QUANTIFYING ARSENIC AND NICKEL CONTENT IN THE TMF POND RECLAIM WATER AND RAISE WELL SYSTEMS

Mon. TMF Reclaim Pond Water TMF Raise Well Water Volume Arsenic Nickel Volume Arsenic Nickel m3 mg/L kg mg/L kg m3 mg/L kg mg/L kg Jan. 142 379 0.04 6.1 0.20 21.2 4 520 0.40 1.8 0.67 3.1 Feb. 111 426 0.04 4.1 0.16 17.7 3 499 0.62 2.2 0.88 3.1 Mar. 87 512 0.04 3.9 0.15 13.5 3 688 0.50 1.8 0.61 2.2 Apr. 109 262 0.06 6.9 0.16 17.4 3 681 0.51 1.9 0.49 1.8 May 118431 0.10 12.2 0.17 20.7 3 706 0.44 1.6 0.38 1.4 June 119 792 0.19 23.1 0.17 19.9 3 572 0.40 1.4 0.30 1.1 July 124 970 0.25 31.2 0.14 18.0 3 664 0.36 1.3 0.24 0.9 Aug. 101 865 0.27 27.2 0.12 12.2 3 416 0.32 1.1 0.21 0.7 Total 915 637 0.13 114.7 0.15 140.6 29 746 0.44 13.2 0.48 14.3

Table 4 documents the monthly pond water inventory changes. Included in Table 4 to complete the balance are the As contributions each month from ground and surface waters flowing into the TMF pond.

A summary of the balance follows:

Inputs: Tailings porewater 131.9 kg As Ground/surface water 0.9 kg As Total input 132.8 kg As Outputs: TMF reclaim water (114.7) kg As TMF raise well water (13.2) kg As Total output (127.9) kg As Pond Inventory Change: (0.2) kg As Unaccounted Arsenic: 4.7 ka As

350 The total unaccounted arsenic over the period amounted to 4.7 kg As or 3.5% of the total fed to the TMF. This very close agreement, at least for this operating time period, indicates that there is no significant trend for solid arsenic to dissolve into solution after being placed into the TMF. The solid chemistry for arsenic in the placed tailings appears to be stable.

TABLE IV. MONTHLY AVERAGE OPERATING DATA FOR THE YEAR 2000 TO- DATE QUANTIFYING DISSOLVED ARSENIC INVENTORY CHANGES IN THE TMF POND WATER. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TMF POND WATER FROM GROUND/SURFACE WATERS IS ALSO CALCULATED IN THIS TABLE

Month Pond Elevation Solid Tailings Net Pond Inv. Ground/Surface Water Changes Volume Change Change Flow

b 3 3 masla m3 tonne m m kg As m3c mg/L kg Asd As Jan 389.7 0 9318 (3 451) (3 451) (0.1) 130 599 0.001 0.13 Feb 390.1 12 756 9 802 (3 630) 9 126 0.3 85 698 0.001 0.09 Mar 391.2 35 078 10 107 (3 743) 31 335 1.4 38 242 0.001 0.04 Apr 392.2 31 889 8 275 (3 065) 28 824 1.8 61 328 0.001 0.06 May 392.6 12 756 10 014 (3 709) 9 014 0.9 92 169 0.003 0.28 Jun 392.6 0 10 626 (3 936) (3 926) (0.8) 105 976 0.001 0.11 Jul 392.2 (12 756) 11 517 (4 266) (17 022) (4.3) 124 770 0.001 0.12 Aug 392.4 6 378 10 897 (4 035) 2 343 0.6 82 524 0.001 0.08 Tot/ave 391.6 86 101 80 556 (29 835) 56 233 (0.2) 721 207 0.001 0.91 a surface area of the pond at this elevation is approximately 31,889 m2 b specific gravity of dry solid tailings is 2.7 c ground/surface flow is [reclaim flow + raise well flow - tailings flow - inventory change] d ground/surface As concentration from average de-watering well analyses.

4. SUMMARY

These results represent the initial performance of the Tailings Management System at COGEMA's McClean Lake Operation. The system at this point is performing as predicted. However, it will take many years to validate the long-term performance of the TMF. Evaluations on rates of consolidation, degree of segregation during placement and long term pore water chemistry will be completed in future years. REFERENCES

[1] DE BOURAYNE, A., POLLOCK, R., ROWSON, J., "Planning Ahead: Tailings Management for High-Grade Uranium Ores and High Arsenic and Nickel Content", Radwaste Solutions, Vol. 7, No.3, (1999), pp. 42-48. [2] LANGMUIR, D., MAHONEY, J., MACDONALD, A., ROWSON, J. "Predicting Arsenic Concentrations in the Pore Waters of Buried Uranium Mill Tailings", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol.63,No.l9/20,pp.3379-3394,1999.

351