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Bioassessment and the Partitioning of Community Composition and Diversity Across Spatial Scales in Wetlands of the Bonneville Basin

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Bioassessment and the Partitioning of Community Composition and Diversity Across Spatial Scales in Wetlands of the Bonneville Basin Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2007-07-13 Bioassessment and the Partitioning of Community Composition and Diversity Across Spatial Scales in Wetlands of the Bonneville Basin Mary Jane Keleher Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Keleher, Mary Jane, "Bioassessment and the Partitioning of Community Composition and Diversity Across Spatial Scales in Wetlands of the Bonneville Basin" (2007). Theses and Dissertations. 980. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/980 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. BIOASSESSMENT AND THE PARTITIONING OF COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY ACROSS SPATIAL SCALES IN WETLANDS OF THE BONNEVILLE BASIN by: Mary Jane Keleher A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Brigham Young University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology Brigham Young University August 2007 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a dissertation submitted by Mary Jane Keleher This dissertation has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. _____________________ _____________________________ Date Dr. Russell Rader (Chair) _____________________ _____________________________ Date Dr. Steven Peck _____________________ _____________________________ Date Dr. Sam Rushforth _____________________ _____________________________ Date Dr. Dennis Shiozawa _____________________ _____________________________ Date Dr. Loreen Woolstenhulme ii BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT AND COLLEGE ACCEPTANCE As chair of the candidate’s graduate committee, I have read the dissertation of Mary Jane Keleher in its final form and found that (1) its format, citations and bibliographical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university and department style requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library. ___________________ ___________________________________________ Date Dr. Russell B. Rader (Chair, Graduate Committee) Accepted for the Department of Biology ___________________ __________________________________________ Date Dr. Russell B. Rader (Graduate Coordinator) Accepted for the College of Life Sciences ___________________ __________________________________________ Date Dr. Rodney Brown (Dean, College of Life Sciences) iii ABSTRACT Bioassessment and the Partitioning of Community Composition and Diversity Across Spatial Scales in Wetlands of the Bonneville Basin Mary Jane Keleher Department of Biology Doctor of Philosophy The Bonneville Basin encompasses an area that was covered by ancient Lake Bonneville and which today lies within the Great Basin province. The Bonneville Basin is distinguished geologically by its characteristic parallel north-south mountain ranges that are separated by broad, alluviated desert basins and valleys. Benches and other shoreline features of ancient Lake Bonneville prominently mark the steep, gravelly slopes of these ranges. Numerous artesian desert springs are present at the base of the mountains and in the valley floors that form various sizes of both isolated wetlands and wetland complexes. Many these wetlands are some of the most unique and currently some of the most threatened wetlands in the United States. Several aquatic species and communities have maintained an existence as relict populations and communities in these wetlands since the receding of Lake Bonneville over 10,000 years ago. For example, Hershler has described 58 previously undescribed species of hydrobiid snails, 22 of which are endemic to single locations. Like hydrobiid snails, numerous other species, such as the least chub, Iotichthys phlegethontis and the iv Columbia spotted frog, Rana luteioventris, depend on these wetlands for their continued existence, many of which are already imperiled. The continued decline and loss of these wetlands would further push many of these species toward endangerment and/or extinction. Several factors have already eliminated or altered many of these habitats including capping and filling, water depletions, agricultural practices, livestock grazing, and introduction of nonnative species. In recent years, the significant loss and degradation of wetlands resulting in sensitive species designations have provided impetus for resource agencies to develop and implement management plans to conserve and protect these vital ecosystems. One problem facing appropriate management is the lack of biological information for determining which wetlands should receive protection priorities based on the presence of viable, functioning characteristics. The purpose of this dissertation project was to obtain biological information needed to support defensible decisions concerning conservation, protection, acquisition, restoration, and mitigation of the artesian springs in the Bonneville Basin. The primary objectives of this project were to 1) Develop bioassessment procedures for artesian wetlands of the Bonneville Basin using macroinvertebrates and 2) Determine patterns of community composition and diversity for macroinvertebrates and metaphyton algae at multiple scales in Bonneville Basin artesian wetlands. Keywords: Bonneville Basin, bioassessment, macroinvertebrates, metaphyton algae, community composition, community diversity, desert wetlands, artesian springs v ACKNOWLEGMENTS I would like to thank the following individuals, agencies, and other entities for making this project possible: 1) Our field crew; Dean Leavitt, Mark Merkley, John Rothesberger, and Ben Shettell for field data collection and laboratory sample processing and enduring sometimes inhospitable desert conditions, 2) Jane Keleher’s PhD graduate committee; Dr. Russell Rader (chair), Dr. Steven Peck, Dr. Sam Rushforth, Dr. Dennis Shiozawa and Dr. Loreen Woolstenhulme for their advice and review throughout this project, 3) the Utah Department of Natural Resources, United States Bureau of Land Management, and Brigham Young University for funding this project, 4) Dr. Richard Durfee for macroinvertebrate identifications, 5) Dr. Dick Dufford for metaphyton algal identifications and 6) The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources for sharing multiple year biological and chemical data at many of the sites associated with this project. I also would like to extend a special “thanks” to my husband, Christopher Keleher, my son, Finian Keleher and my mother and father, Patricia and Charles Perkins for their continued love, encouragement and support. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOASSESSMENT AND THE PARTITIONING OF COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY ACROSS SPATIAL SCALES IN WETLANDS OF THE BONNEVILLE BASIN...........i GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL................................................................................................ ii DEPARTMENT AND COLLEGE ACCEPTANCE................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEGMENTS...............................................................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE - BIOASSESSMENT OF ARTESIAN SPRINGS IN THE BONNEVILLE BASIN, UTAH - USA..................................................................................................................................................1 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................2 METHODS .................................................................................................................................................8 Study Area and Site Selection................................................................................................................8 Physical and Chemical Data ..................................................................................................................9 Macroinvertebrates ..............................................................................................................................10 Reference Classification ......................................................................................................................11 Biological Indicators............................................................................................................................14 RESULTS..................................................................................................................................................18 Reference Classification ......................................................................................................................19 Diversity Indices..................................................................................................................................20
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