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VEGETATION ECOLOGY Vegetation Ecology Edited by Eddy van der Maarel © 2005 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Eddy van der Maarel to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2005 by Blackwell Science Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vegetation ecology / edited by Eddy van der Maarel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-05761-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Plant ecology. 2. Plant communities. I. van der Maarel, E. QK901.V35 2005 581.7—dc22 2004006037 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 9.5/12pt Caslon by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents List of contributors vi Preface ix 1 Vegetation ecology – an overview Eddy van der Maarel 1 2 Vegetation and environment: discontinuities and continuities M.P. Austin 52 3 Vegetation and ecosystems Christoph Leuschner 85 4 Vegetation types and their broad-scale distribution Elgene O. Box & Kazue Fujiwara 106 5 Clonal plants in the community Brita M. Svensson, Håkan Rydin & Bengt Å. Carlsson 129 6 Plant dispersal potential and its relation to species frequency and co-existence Peter Poschlod, Oliver Tackenberg & Susanne Bonn 147 7 Vegetation dynamics Steward T.A. Pickett & Mary L. Cadenasso 172 8 Diversity and ecosystem function Jan LepS 199 9 Species interactions structuring plant communities Jelte van Andel 238 10 Terrestrial plant–herbivore interactions: integrating across multiple determinants and trophic levels Mahesh Sankaran & S.J. McNaughton 265 11 Interaction between higher plants and soil-dwelling organisms Thomas W. Kuyper & Ron G.M. de Goede 286 12 Vegetation conservation, management and restoration Jan P. Bakker 309 13 Plant invasions and invasibility of plant communities Marcel Rejmánek, David M. Richardson & Petr PySek 332 14 Vegetation ecology and global change Brian Huntley & Robert Baxter 356 Index 373 Contributors Dr Mike P. Austin, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, G.P.O. 284, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Tel. +61 2 62421758; Fax +61 2 62421705; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Dr Jan P. Bakker, Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, P.B. 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands Tel. +31 50 3632221; Fax +31 50 3632273; e-mail [email protected] Dr Robert Baxter, Environmental Research Centre, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom Tel. +44 191 3341261; Fax +44 191 3341201; e-mail [email protected] Susanne Bonn, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany Tel. +49 711 6016715; Fax +49 941 9433106; e-mail [email protected] regensburg.de Prof. Elgene O. Box, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2502, USA Tel. +1 706 5422369; Fax +1 706 5422388; e-mail [email protected] Dr Mary L. Cadenasso, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, P.B. AB, Millbrook, NY 12545- 0129, USA Tel. +1 845 6775343; Fax +1 845 6775976; e-mail [email protected] Dr Bengt Å. Carlsson, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Villavägen 14, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Tel. +46 18 4712891; Fax +46 18 553419; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Kazue Fujiwara, Vegetation Science, Department of Natural Environment & Information, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan Tel. +81 45 3394355; Fax +81 45 3394370; e-mail [email protected] Dr Ron G.M. de Goede, Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8005, 6700 EC Wageningen, The Netherlands Tel. +31 317 485048; Fax +31 317 483766; e-mail [email protected] contributors vii Prof. Brian Huntley, Environmental Research Centre, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom Tel. +44 191 3341282; Fax +44 191 3341201; e-mail [email protected] Dr Thomas W. Kuyper, Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8005, 6700 EC Wageningen, The Netherlands Tel. +31 317 482352; Fax +31 317 483766; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Jan Leps,ˇ Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, and Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BraniSovská 31, CZ-370 05 ˇceské Budejovice,ˇ Czech Republic Tel. +420 38 7772374; Fax +420 38 7772345; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Dr Christoph Leuschner, Pflanzenökologie, Abt. Ökologie und Ökosystemforschung, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany Tel. +49 551 395718; Fax +49 551 395701; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Samuel J. McNaughton, Biological Research Labs, Syracuse University, 130 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244-1220, USA Tel. +1 315 4433507; Fax +1 315 4432012; e-mail [email protected] Dr Steward T.A. Pickett, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, P.B. AB, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129, USA Tel. +1 845 6775343; Fax +1 845 6775976; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Dr Peter Poschlod, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany Tel. +49 941 9433108; Fax +499419433106; e-mail [email protected] regensburg.de Dr Petr Pysek,ˇ Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Pruhonice,˚ Czech Republic Tel. +420 27 1015266; Fax +420 27 1015266; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Marcel Rejmánek, Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Tel. +1 530 7521092; Fax +1 530 7521449; e-mail [email protected] Dr David M. Richardson, Institute for Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa Tel. +27 21 6502440; Fax +27 21 6503726; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Håkan Rydin, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Villavägen 14, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Tel. +46 18 4712854; Fax +46 18 553419; e-mail [email protected] Dr Mahesh Sankaran, Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL57PY, UK; also Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA Tel. +1 970 4911964; Fax +1 970 4911965; e-mail [email protected] viii contributors Dr Brita M. Svensson, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Villavägen 14, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Tel. +46 18 4712879; Fax +46 18 553419; e-mail [email protected] Dr Oliver Tackenberg, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany Tel. +49 941 9433105; Fax +499419433106; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Dr Jelte van Andel, Community and Conservation Ecology Group, CEES, University of Groningen P.B. 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands Tel. +31 50 3632224; Fax +31 50 3632273; e-mail [email protected] Prof. Dr Eddy van der Maarel, Community and Conservation Ecology Group, CEES, University of Groningen, P.B. 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands Tel. +31 561 430760; 06 63421030; Fax +31 561 430941; e-mail [email protected] Preface This book is a multi-authored account of the many-sided topic of vegetation ecol- ogy. It is usual nowadays to involve many authors in a textbook since it is almost impossible for one, or a few, authors to cover the full breadth of a modern field of science. As editor I have certainly had some influence on the choice and contents of the various chapters, but nevertheless the chapters are independent essays on import- ant aspects of vegetation ecology. During the development of the first, introductory chapter the idea grew not only to introduce some concepts, but also to present some more personal views in a historical perspective on developments in various parts of the world. In this con- nection I have taken the chance to comment on the use (and abuse) of terms borrowed from other sciences and from society which are less appropriate for vegetation ecology or even ecology at large. I have also paid some attention to topics either not, or only partly, covered by the following chapters and discuss various important new publications which could not all be elaborated in the individual chapters. Vegetation ecology is linked to a series of other bio- and geoscience disciplines such as animal ecology, climatology, nature conservation, palaeo-ecology, plant geo- graphy, plant physiology and population ecology. Some of these transitional fields are, at least partly, treated in separate chapters; others could only be mentioned in passing. In retrospect, two actual topics which were not treated in full in any of the chapters, ‘pattern and process in the plant community’ and ‘plant functional types’ deserve special attention, and are treated in sections 1.15 and 1.16 of the introduc- tory chapter, respectively.
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  • Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae)

    Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae)

    Fruits and Seeds of United States Department of Genera in the Subfamily Agriculture Agricultural Faboideae (Fabaceae) Research Service Technical Bulletin Number 1890 Volume I December 2003 United States Department of Agriculture Fruits and Seeds of Agricultural Research Genera in the Subfamily Service Technical Bulletin Faboideae (Fabaceae) Number 1890 Volume I Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., Charles R. Gunn, and Anna L. Weitzman Fruits of A, Centrolobium paraense E.L.R. Tulasne. B, Laburnum anagyroides F.K. Medikus. C, Adesmia boronoides J.D. Hooker. D, Hippocrepis comosa, C. Linnaeus. E, Campylotropis macrocarpa (A.A. von Bunge) A. Rehder. F, Mucuna urens (C. Linnaeus) F.K. Medikus. G, Phaseolus polystachios (C. Linnaeus) N.L. Britton, E.E. Stern, & F. Poggenburg. H, Medicago orbicularis (C. Linnaeus) B. Bartalini. I, Riedeliella graciliflora H.A.T. Harms. J, Medicago arabica (C. Linnaeus) W. Hudson. Kirkbride is a research botanist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, BARC West Room 304, Building 011A, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350 (email = [email protected]). Gunn is a botanist (retired) from Brevard, NC (email = [email protected]). Weitzman is a botanist with the Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany, Washington, DC. Abstract Kirkbride, Joseph H., Jr., Charles R. Gunn, and Anna L radicle junction, Crotalarieae, cuticle, Cytiseae, Weitzman. 2003. Fruits and seeds of genera in the subfamily Dalbergieae, Daleeae, dehiscence, DELTA, Desmodieae, Faboideae (Fabaceae). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Dipteryxeae, distribution, embryo, embryonic axis, en- Technical Bulletin No. 1890, 1,212 pp. docarp, endosperm, epicarp, epicotyl, Euchresteae, Fabeae, fracture line, follicle, funiculus, Galegeae, Genisteae, Technical identification of fruits and seeds of the economi- gynophore, halo, Hedysareae, hilar groove, hilar groove cally important legume plant family (Fabaceae or lips, hilum, Hypocalypteae, hypocotyl, indehiscent, Leguminosae) is often required of U.S.