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The Detection of Doping in Sport and the Role of Forensic Science

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The Detection of Doping in Sport and the Role of Forensic Science Long Island University Digital Commons @ LIU Undergraduate Honors College Theses 2016- LIU Post 2018 The etD ection of Doping in Sport and the Role of Forensic Science Kelly Carey LIU Post, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liu.edu/post_honors_theses Recommended Citation Carey, Kelly, "The eD tection of Doping in Sport and the Role of Forensic Science" (2018). Undergraduate Honors College Theses 2016-. 19. https://digitalcommons.liu.edu/post_honors_theses/19 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the LIU Post at Digital Commons @ LIU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors College Theses 2016- by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ LIU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract The detection of doping in sport is a vital component to creating a fair competitive environment for athletes. Educating athletes on the process of doping detection from start to finish may help them make better decisions when they are faced with doping, either intentionally or unintentionally. The doping detection process starts with the World Anti-Doping Agency and other Anti-Doping Organizations deciding what athletes should be tested and what they should be tested for, and ends with either a positive or negative doping test. Athletes’ knowledge on the doping detection process often ends when their sample is collected, unless they are accused of doping and face consequences of suspension or even being banned from the sport. However, athletes should be more knowledgeable on the testing procedures used once their samples are collected. Today, the most common tests used are gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry, and mass-spectrometry-mass spectrometry, among others. These techniques can be used to detect steroids, narcotics, stimulants, masking agents, contaminants of dietary supplements, and other substances on the WADA Prohibited List. Innocent athletes should be able to defend themselves if a test method gives a false-positive result, and understanding the accuracy of these test methods and how many different techniques there are should deter dishonest athletes from doping. Advancements are constantly being made to detect new substances and better detect substances that are commonly used. Informing athletes of the possible health risks and how certain drugs may even decrease their athletic performance should be deterrents as well. Educating the athletic community on the doping process from start to finish is the key to creating a doping free environment for competitive sports. ! i! Table of Contents ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................ii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1 1.1 History Of Doping.........................................................................................................1 CHAPTER TWO: THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY (WADA).................................3 2.1 History Of The WADA..................................................................................................3 2.2 The World Anti-Doping Code.......................................................................................4 2.3 Prohibited List................................................................................................................5 2.4 The Athlete Guide..........................................................................................................6 2.5 The Doping Control Process..........................................................................................8 2.6 Athlete Biological Passport (ABP)..............................................................................10 2.6.1 The Haematological Module.........................................................................11 2.6.2 The Steroidal Module...................................................................................12 2.6.3 Athlete Passport Management Unit (APMU)...............................................13 CHAPTER THREE: INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR LABORATORIES..............13 3.1 WADA Laboratory Accreditation Process..................................................................14 3.2 Maintaining WADA Accreditation..............................................................................16 3.3 Suspension And Revocation Of WADA Accreditation...............................................17 CHAPTER FOUR: INTERNATIONAL TESTING STANDARDS.......................................18 4.1 Test Distribution Plan..................................................................................................19 4.2 Selecting The Athlete Pool..........................................................................................20 4.3 Sample Collection........................................................................................................22 ! ii! CHAPTER FIVE: TEST METHODS USED TO DETECT PERFORMANCE- ENHANCING DRUGS (PEDS).................................................................24 5.1 Erythropoietin Test Methods.......................................................................................26 5.2 Gas Chromatography And Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)...........................................32 5.2.1 Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer.........................................................................33 5.2.2 Full Scan Analysis In Electron Ionization (EI) Mode..................................34 5.2.3 Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) Mode..........................................................34 5.2.4 Chemical Ionization (CI)..............................................................................35 5.2.5 Problems That Arise When Using GC-MS And Possible Solutions............36 5.3 Detection Of Stimulants And Narcotics Using LC-MS And GC-MS.........................38 5.4 Detection Of Diuretics Using Metabolites...................................................................39 5.5 Characterization Of Selection Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) Using MS.....................................................................................................................42 5.6 Detection Of Non-Prohibited Drugs In Human Urine Using LC-MS.........................43 CHAPTER SIX: UNINTENTIONAL DOPING.......................................................................45 6.1 Unintentional Doping Due To Poppy Seed Consumption...........................................47 6.1.1 Utilizing Thebaine As A Marker For Poppy Seed Consumption.................49 6.2 Unintentional Doping Due To Tainted Food Products................................................54 6.3 False-Positive Results Caused By Elevated Levels Of Physiologic Hormones..........55 6.4 Unintentional Doping With Anabolic Agents And How To Detect Their Metabolites In Urine........................................................................................................................56 CHAPTER SEVEN: DETECTION OF STEROIDS...............................................................58 7.1 Detection Of Designer Steroids...................................................................................58 ! iii! 7.2 Steroid Use In Major League Baseball........................................................................62 CHAPTER EIGHT: DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS..................................................................64 8.1 Unclear Labeling And Contamination Of Dietary Supplements May Cause Athletes To Unintentionally Dope.............................................................................................66 8.2 Detecting Dietary Supplement Contamination............................................................71 CHAPTER NINE: MASKING AGENTS..................................................................................73 9.1 Potential Use Of Liposomes As Masking Agents........................................................73 9.2 Use Of Diuretics As PEDs And Masking Agents........................................................76 9.3 Pharmacology Of Diuretics..........................................................................................77 9.4 Transition In The Methods Used To Test For Diuretics..............................................80 9.5 Health Risks Of Diuretic Use......................................................................................81 CHAPTER TEN: CONSEQUENCES OF RECENT CHANGES MADE TO THE PROHIBITED LIST.....................................................................................82 10.1 Research On Meldonium That Emphasized Why It Should Be Banned...................83 10.2 A Failed Drug Test Does Not Always End An Athlete’s Career..............................85 CHAPTER ELEVEN: CONCLUSION.....................................................................................87 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................89 ! iv! CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Doping is unfortunately a common occurrence in the sports industry today. It seems as if there is a new athlete under scrutiny for doping each day. Rather than simply looking to just punish these athletes to deter doping, the athletic community should work to make them better
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