NATURAL ANALOGUES IN SERBIA
Snežana KomatinaKomatina--PetroviPetrović
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
Complex geological structure.
Satellite assemblage of Balkan and Apennines (Landsat(Landsat--33 images).
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
Regional geological map of Balkan and Apennines.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
Geological map of Serbia.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
Geotectonic/geomorphological/ hydrogeological units:
• Dinarides (SW Serbia) and Carphatobalkanides (E. Serbia) - extremely karstified limestones;
• Šumadija-Kosovo belt (W.Serbia) – different lithological structure;
• Serbian crystalline basement – crystalline schists basement, covered by Tertiary formations;
• Pannonian basin – depression filled by up to 4,500 m thick Tertiary and Quaternary formations.
GW in Serbian part of the Danube river basin.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
Types of aquifers:
• intensively karstified Mesozoic limestones, characterized by karst springs;
• fractured aquifers of Šumadija- Kosovo belt;
• aquifers with intergranular porosity in Pannonian basin and other depressions;
• alluvial aquifers.
Hydrogeological map.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
Numerous gw springs and different chemical content are result of presence of various deep aquifers.
GeoteGeotecctontonicic units of Serbia and mineral water occurencesoccurences.. 1. Dacian Dacianbasi basin;n; 2. Carpat Carpathhoo--balkanidbalkanideses;; 3. Serbo Serbo--mamaccedonedoniiaannmasmasss;; 4. Vardar zonzonee;; 5. Dinarides Dinaridesof W.Serbia; 6. Pann Pannonioniananbasi basin.n.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
HG unit Water Groups Total bodies of water WB and bodies GWB Quaternary Neogene Karst+fract Quaternary Neogene Karst+fractur ured ed Bačka and 510 00 06 Banat Srem, 411 01 07 Mačva, Pos- Tamnava Central 663 03 523 Serbia E. Serbia 341400 324
SW Serbia 006 00 17
W. Serbia 103 00 48
Total1912270 4 1375
Distribution of gw bodies (58 WB and 92 GWB).
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
Catchment Status
Good Bad NA
Danube 531 Sava 111 Kolubara 220 Drina 502 V. Morava 720 W. Morava 610 S. Morava 10 0 0 Nišava 520 Lim 801 Ibar 600 Timok 611 Tamiš 010 Tisa 020 Total60166 Present status of gw bodies.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 1. GeologyGeologyofof Serbia
GW impact assessment on ecosystems in Serbia has been performed from the two viewpoints:
Quantitative impact caused by gw tapping
Gw chemical effects on surface water bodies.
Conclusion: there are no gw quantitative and chemical effects on ecosystems and such situation can be expected till 2015. However, further investigation is needed.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 2. Vojvodina –Pannonian basin
Depth to the basin bottom varies in the wide range, predominantly 800-4,000m. Early Miocene sediments formed under marine conditions (sea water salinity over 300 g/l; in Sarmatian formations within brackish facies – approx. 14 g/l).
Tortonian formation is the main formation for oil and gas reservoirs. Pliocene sediments are with several horizons containing thermomineral and mineral water. Numerous fault structures.
Geological crosscross--sectionsection DanubeDanube--TisaTisa--Kikinda.Kikinda. 1. crystalline schists, 2-2-6.6. Mesozoic sediments, 77--8.8. marly sandstones, 99--10.10. sandsand-- clayey sediments, 11. fault, 12. borehole.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 2. Vojvodina –Pannonian basin
Confined geological structures are present not only in Triassic limestones, but also in MioPliocene deposits. That is why gas reservoirs are numerous.
Geological crosscross--sectionsection of a gas reservoir.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 2. Vojvodina –Pannonian basin
Methane is predominant gas. Strong methane eruptions have been recorded in Bečej borehole, and water and gas in borehole close to Melenci.
No. Borehole T (0C) % volume Gas He (+Ne) locality predomin % volume ant in % volume
N2 CO2 O2 CH4 N2 - 64 0.0030
1. Novi Sad 24.0 64.34 1.50 2.50 30.76 CH4 - 53 0.0071
2. Temerin 27.0 43.16 3.00 0.50 53.00 CH4 – 82 0.0077
3. Stari Bečej 37.0 8.37 2.50 7.00 82.00 CH4 – 57 0.0071
4. Ovča 18.0 40.62 0.70 1.10 57.00 N2 - 96 0.0516 5. Omoljica 36.8 96.10 2.00 0.50 -
Content of gas in gw of Pannonian basin.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 2. Vojvodina –Pannonian basin
Banatski dvor gas field is the first gas storage in Serbia (Lower Pontian sandstones).
Geological model of Banatski dvor gas storage.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 2. Vojvodina –Pannonian basin
Gw bodies in Bačka and Banat (6(6).).
Gw bodies in Srem and Mačva (7).
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 2. Vojvodina –Pannonian basin
High mineralization (17.0-29.5 g/l) – wells in Bavaniste, Velika Greda, Ovca, Boka, Torda, etc. and high iodine content (16-25 mg/l) - wells in Kikinda, Backo Petrovo selo, Itebej, Novosadska banja and Maglic.
Methane brines have not been investigated, as well as their effects on gw, except close to the wells, but they were probably formed in bays of Miocene sea.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 2. Vojvodina –Pannonian basin
Aquifers of Pannonian basin are without CO2, and so - effects to ecosystems are not existent.
Slano Kopovo.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 2. Vojvodina –Pannonian basin
Regarding seismic activity, Pannonian basin is not so active. That is why fluid migration to the surface can’t be registered.
Seismological map of Pannonian basin.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 3. Central Serbia
The oldest geological formations are Precambrian schists, covered by Tertiary sediments, up to 4,000m thick. Numerous regional faults are present.
Geological crosscross--sectionsection inin the area of KrusKrusevacevac town.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 3. Central Serbia
According to oil&gas exploration, confined structures rich in thermomineral water are known. For HC deposits, Sarmatian sandstone and limestone formations are the most important environment.
Map of TertiaryTertiaryformation thickness in Pomoravlje. CrossCross--sectionsection for Pomoravlje region.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 3. Central Serbia
Oil & gas field Ostrovo and other reservoirs could be interesting for CO2 geological storage.
Structural map of Ostrovo reservoir.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 3. Central Serbia
Content of minerals in gw of the oil field is over 16 g/l (Jugovo, near Smederevo – 26 g/l).
Palanacki kiseljak, Djavola varos and Tularska banja have more than 6 g/l.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 3. Central Serbia
Gw at 22 localities are rich in CO2 (> 1000 mg/l).
No. Locality T % Gas He (+Ne) (0C) volume predominant % volume in % volume
N2 CO2 O2 H2S
1. Sijerinska 67.0 30.50 62.55 7.00 - CO2 – 62 - banja
2. Vranjska banja 68.5 69.04 15.55 14.00 0.45 N2 – 70 0.0031
3. Tulare 19.5 5.91 88.00 6.00 Yes CO2 – 88 0.0031
4. Smed. Palanka 33.0 8.87 78.90 11.00 1.10 CO2 – 80 0.0010
5. Ribarska banja 33.0 91.13 5.40 1.60 1.60 N2 – 91 0.0951
6. Lomnica 14.0 12.82 72.00 - CO2 - 72 0.0004
Content of gas in mineral waters of Serbian crystalline basement.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 3. Central Serbia
As a result of deep thermometamorphic processes in rocks, high concentrations of CO2 are present at the top formations of crystalline schists.
Gw migrates along faults to the surface, enriching alluvial deposits (W. Morava alluvial plain near Krusevac town, Kubrsnica near Smed. Palanka, etc.), or discharging through numerous springs or into Neogene aquifers.
That is why effects of CO2 on ecosystems should be investigated more.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 3. Central Serbia
Influence of salty springs and brines to the ecosystems of Central Serbia has not be registered yet.
However, water from the Djavolja varos well is very aggressive for plants and animals (pH=3.5).
Đavolja varoš.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 3. Central Serbia
Fluid migration to the surface caused by seismic activity has not been investigated yet. Such occurences have been registered during earthquakes at Kopaonik mt. and in Krusevac.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 4. E. and W. Serbia ((CarpCarphhatoato--balkanidesbalkanides and Dinarides)Dinarides)
Complex geological structure and HG relations - the further investigation is necessary.
Main aquifers are karstified limestones.
Tara and Zvijezda mts. aquifers. Major part of groundwater of Tara and Zvijezda flows through karst collectors toward drainage basis in the northern part of the area, and the most important sink is Perućac spring, occuring at the limestone/Werfenian sediments contact (Qmax is approx. 5,200 l/s, Qav –2,300 l/s, Qmin – 500 l/s).
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 4. E. and W. Serbia ((CarpCarphhatoato--BBalkanidesalkanides and Dinarides)Dinarides)
No. Locality T (0C) % volume Gas He (+Ne) predominant in % volume % volume
N2 CO2 O2 H2S
1. Brestovačka banja 34.9 96.48 0.50 1.50 - N2 – 96 0.1740
2. Gamzigradska 39.5 95.48 3.00 0.00 - N2 – 95 0.1880 banja, spring
3. Grlište, spring 21.5 90.24 4.00 4.50 - N2 – 90 0.0039
4. Zvonačka banja, 28.5 80.98 1.00 17.00 - N2 – 81 0.0078 spring
5. Jošanica, spring 26.0 94.86 1.50 2.00 - N2 – 95 0.0031
6. Nikoličevo, well 34.0 92.20 1.00 5.50 - N2 – 92 0.0129
7. Nikoličevo, spring 33.0 97.62 1.00 0.00 - N2 –98 0.0155
8. Niška banja, spring 38.0 84.29 1.00 13.50 - N2 –84 0.0340
9. Rgoška banja, 25.5 90.23 2.00 6.50 - N2 –90 0.0039 spring
10. Soko Banja, spring 42.5 99.10 3.50 6.00 - N2 –89 0.1500
11. Šarbanovačka 28.5 98.11 0.005 0.50 - N2 –98 0.0232 banja, spring
12. Sisevac, spring 29.0 91.72 3.00 4.00 - N2 –92 0.0032
Content of gas in mineral waters of CarphatoCarphato--Balkanides.Balkanides.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 4. E. and W. Serbia ((CarpCarphhatoato--balkanidesbalkanides and Dinarides)Dinarides)
Among presented gas contretations, N is predominant. CO2 is characteristic for Vrnjacka banja, Veluce, Kursumlijska banja and Luzani near Pristina.
No. Locality T (0C) % volume Gas He (+Ne) predominant in % volume % volume
N2 CO2 O2 H2S
1. Kupinovo, well 37.2 91.67 4.50 2.50 - N2 – 92 0.1523
2. Slankamen, spring 18.5 33.53 2.50 1.50 62.0 CH4 – 62 0.0025
3. Jakovo, well 18.5 96.64 0.50 1.50 - N2 – 97 0.0124
4. Vrujci, Mionica 26.0 86.29 2.00 10.50 - N2 – 86 0.0071
5. Ovčar banja 37.0 88.26 6.00 4.00 0.50 N2 – 88 0.0156
6. Roška banja 23.5 92.89 1.50 4.00 - N2 – 93 0.0065
7. Visočka banja 23.0 86.29 0.50 12.00 - N2 –86 0.0039
8. Banja Koviljača 29.0 77.85 16.00 0.00 5.00 N2 –78 0.0065
Content of gas in mineral waters of Dinarides.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 4. E. and W. Serbia ((CarpCarphhatoato--balkanidesbalkanides and Dinarides)Dinarides)
Rajko cavecave,,E.E. SSeerbiarbia..
Samar stone bridge.bridge.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 4. E. and W. Serbia ((CarpCarphhatoato--balkanidesbalkanides and Dinarides)Dinarides)
Krupajsko spring (E.Serbia).
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues 4. E. and W. Serbia ((CarpCarphhatoato--balkanidesbalkanides and Dinarides)Dinarides)
SjeniSjenicacakarst springspring.. Karst of W.Serbia.
October 17-19, 2011 2nd CGS Europe Knowledge Sharing Workshop Maria Laach, Germany Natural Analogues