Zeitoun and Zeitoun
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Promotor Prof. dr. Stef Craps Universiteit Gent Copromotor Prof. dr. Pieter Vermeulen KU Leuven Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande toestemming van de uitgever. Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Sean Bex Dave Eggers and Human Rights Culture Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in Letterkunde 2016 Acknowledgements As much as the myth of the solitary and confined doctoral researcher may seem to confirm it, this research project on human rights culture and Dave Eggers would not have been possible without the considerable support of a great many people. Indeed, I have been able to count on a wide range of colleagues, friends, and family who were always there to celebrate every victory – however small – and overcome any obstacle – however daunting. First and foremost, I would like to mention my supervisors, Prof. Stef Craps and Prof. Pieter Vermeulen. I want to thank them both for the faith they placed in me to take on this FWO-funded research project and for the convivial relationship we maintained throughout. In an academic world where a PhD depends so heavily on the working relationships researchers and their supervisors have, I was exceptionally lucky to work with two who were eminently approachable and intellectually engaging in equal measure. My thanks also go out to the members of my Doctoral Guidance Committee (DGC), Prof. Lyndsey Stonebridge, Prof. Gert Buelens, and Prof. Eva Brems, who made time to read parts of my research at every stage of the process and who involved me in relevant networks and events whenever they had the chance. I would specifically like to thank Prof. Stonebridge for inviting me to take part in the Humanities in Human Rights collaborative skills project and Prof. Brems for providing me with the unique opportunity to interview Dave Eggers as part of his being awarded the UGent’s 2015 Amnesty International Chair. I am also indebted to Prof. Buelens, both for his valuable critical voice on my DGC and, more broadly, for supporting my research interests and projects since my undergraduate degree. It is a testament to his wide-ranging expertise that he has continued to provide me with invaluable guidance, even though this v dissertation on contemporary American literature differs quite markedly from the Victorian and, especially, Dickensian topics we worked on for my BA and MA theses. In this respect, I also owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to my erstwhile co- supervisor for those undergraduate theses, Dr. Jasper Schelstraete, who soon became a close colleague once I crossed the Rubicon that separates students from staff. Thank you for your excellent advice, banter, and friendship. I would also like to single out Dr. Birgit Van Puymbroeck and Dr. Sarah Haas for their much appreciated generosity of spirit and friendly chatter. Additionally, thanks go out to all the (former) colleagues who made coming to work a pleasure: Dr. Maaheen Ahmed, Christine Bezari, Holly Brown, Joanna Britton, Dr. Koenraad Claes, Prof. Philippe Codde, Charlotte D’Eer, Marita Dierick, Dr. Gero Guttzeit, Tom Parlevliet, Dr. Sarah Posman, Sevda Salayeva, Dr. Tobi Smethurst, Cedric Van Dijck, Dr. Deborah Van Durme, Prof. Marianne Van Remoortel, Vicky Van Steenbrugge, Dr. Stijn Vervaet, Gilles Weyns, and Beatrijs Wille. Thanks also to the two secondary school teachers who sparked my interest in literature, Marc Verdoodt and Anne Van Daele. Finally, thank you to my friends and family for their love and support: my parents, my grandparents, uncle John, Bram, Bart and Elise, Laurien, Sam, Sien, and – most of all – my partner Veerle. vi List of Abbreviations AU – African Union DGC – Doctoral Guidance Committee FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation ICC – International Criminal Court NSA – National Security Agency PATRIOT Act – Uniting and Strengthening America By Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act UDHR - Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN – United Nations vii Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Exploratory Case Study: J.M.W Turner’s The Slave Ship....................................................... 8 1 Dave Eggers and the Cultural Space of Human Rights .................................................... 17 1.1 What Is Human Rights? ................................................................................................ 22 1.2 Literature, Human Rights, and Human Rights Culture ........................................... 25 1.3 Short Case Study: Amnesty International ................................................................. 39 1.4 Mapping Out Human Rights Culture .......................................................................... 41 1.5 Dave Eggers in Human Rights Culture ....................................................................... 46 1.6 Concluding Remarks..................................................................................................... 62 2 Forging Rights-Spaces: Form, Intertextuality, and Cultural Politics ............................. 65 2.1 Human Rights Culture in History: Slavery and Abolitionism ................................ 74 2.2 “Black” Narratives: Form and Genre ......................................................................... 83 2.3 Imagining Rights-Spaces Before Emancipation: Frederick Douglass and Harriet Ann Jacobs ........................................................................................................ 91 2.3.1 Frederick Douglass ........................................................................................... 91 2.3.2 Harriet Ann Jacobs ........................................................................................... 98 2.4 Imagining Rights-Spaces After Emancipation: Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois ............................................................................................................ 105 2.4.1 Booker T. Washington ................................................................................... 105 2.4.2 W. E. B. Du Bois ................................................................................................ 113 2.5 Imagining Rights-Spaces in the Era of Human Rights: Eggers’s Collaborative Testimonies ......................................................................................... 119 2.5.1 Valentino Achak Deng and What Is the What ............................................... 119 2.5.2 Abdulrahman Zeitoun and Zeitoun ............................................................... 129 2.6 Concluding Remarks................................................................................................... 138 3 Filling Rights-Spaces: Beyond Identification in Human Rights Culture ...................... 143 3.1 Trauma Narratives as Human Rights Narratives ................................................... 147 3.2 Guarded Empathy in What Is the What ...................................................................... 168 3.3 Diffuse Identification in Voice of Witness: Voices from the Storm and Out of Exile ............................................................................................................................... 177 3.4 Disidentification in Zeitoun ........................................................................................ 186 ix 3.5 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................. 197 4 Closing Rights-Spaces: Eggers and Human Rights in the Global Public Sphere ..........201 4.1 Neo-Colonial Inflections ............................................................................................ 205 4.2 The Cosmopolitan Project ......................................................................................... 208 4.3 Discursive Spaces and Competing Discourses: You Shall Know Our Velocity and “Up the Mountain Coming Down Slowly” ....................................................... 213 4.3.1 Imagined Encounters, Missed Opportunities: You Shall Know Our Velocity .............................................................................................................. 216 4.3.2 Cosmopolitan Dialogues versus Neo-Colonialism: “Up the Mountain Coming Down Slowly” ................................................................................... 225 4.4 The Transnational Insecurity of Human Rights: A Hologram for the King ............ 232 4.5 Re-reading What Is the What and Zeitoun ............................................................. 239 4.6 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................. 249 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................255 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................................263 x Introduction In 2015, the American author Dave Eggers was awarded Ghent University’s Amnesty International Chair for his work in the field of human rights. This Chair is awarded each year to someone who has “made exceptional