Article

Komunitas: International Journal of Communication and Conflict Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019):85-98 DOI:10.15294/komunitas.v11i1.18051 of North Coast Resources © 2019 Semarang State University, p-ISSN 2086 - 5465 | e-ISSN 2460-7320 Utilization in Regency http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/komunitas UNNES JOURNALS

Ail Muldi1, Sumardjo² , Rilus A Kinseng³, Basita Ginting Sugihen4

1Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa 2,3,4Faculty of Human Ecology, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Received: February 10, 2018; Accepted: March 1, 2019; Published: March 30, 2019

Abstract The gap in the coastal resources utilization on the North Coast in Serang Regency has the potential to cause conflict between coastal communities dealing with local governments and sea sand mining companies. This research focuses on how the communication practices of the conflicting parties and the typology of con- flict, communication interactions in conflict relations and communication strategies in conflict solutions. The research used qualitative approach which was conducted through in-depth interview with informants purposively. The results of the research showed that the dominance of natural resources was the trigger for conflict in the utilization of coastal resources on the North Coast in Serang Regency. The ineffectiveness of government and company communication in managing conflict potentials made coastal communities per- ceived the sea sand mining activities negatively. Coastal communities fought for their interests in various forms namely demonstrations, anarchism, social conflict between layers and human rights violations. The most active community groups were fishermen because sea sand mining had caused technical problems with fishing and decrease in income. The conflicting parties communicated with each other openly, defen- sively and in confrontational way. The practice of communication in resolving conflicts ran less effectively because the government and the company did not involve conflicting parties through communication to resolve the conflict. The research findings are the basis of understanding to manage potential conflicts and its escalations through appropriate communication to reach consensus to realize convergence of interests.

Keywords communication strategy; natural resource conflict; conflict resolution

INTRODUCTION increased in the reform era as the change of system of state ownership to natural resour- Coastal resources utilization conflict is ori- ces which were no longer centralistic but it ginally caused by access gap and no con- has been decentralized by the government. vergence of interests due to appropriate Local governments have the authority to communication. Agricultural and natu- manage natural resources in their regions ral resource conflicts (NRC) in Indonesia based on Constitution No. 32 of 2004 which after the new order era were increasingly high and increasing from latent to mani- Corresponding author fest conflict accompanied by human rights Jl. Raya Jakarta Km 4 Pakupatan, Serang City, Province violations (HuMa, 2013; KPA, 2015). Agri- Email cultural and natural resources conflicts had [email protected] 86 Ail Muldi, et al, Communication and Conflict of North Coast Resources Utilization in Serang Regency was revised into Constitution No. 23 of 2014 in building member identity and group col- concerning on regional government. Local lectivity in conflict groups (Kreisberg 2003). government has the potential to increase The conflict turns brutal because of the lack Regional Original Revenue (ROR) from na- of communication channels (Engel & Korf tural resources based on Constitution No. 33 2005). The closure of dialogue results in re- of 2004 concerning on financial balance bet- sentment, political resistance, violence and ween the central and regional governments. escalation (Susan, 2009). Decentralization encouraged the Go- Fishermen were getting bolder to fight vernment of Serang Regency to exploit sea for their interests in public in the era of de- sand. Sea sand exploitation which is inten- centralization (Kinseng, 2017). Fishermen in ded to increase ROR is a political driven Balik Papan and East Kalimantan were figh- of regional and government head. The sea ting for their rights and lives by carrying out sand exploitation activities were getting various strategies from peaceful dialogue, higher along with market demand. Local go- demonstrations, hostages, to arson. Fis- vernments were more accommodating with hermen resolved the resource conflicts by capital penetration from outside the region means of peace or violence. Resource con- which was often counter-productive with flicts at the level of brutality are influenced justice, welfare, and sustainability of natu- by livelihood problems and depend on the ral resources (Nurzal, 2004). Sea sand exp- resolution process. If the conflict resolution loitation was ecologically very detrimental process drags on, peaceful resolution does and harmed small islands as well as coastal not succeed, conflict tends to be brutal (Kin- communities who worked as fishermen who seng, 2007). utilized fisheries resources as a source of li- Eco-sociological approach sees con- velihood (Satria, 2009). flict as the result of clash of interests and the Government and company policies developed social-environmental positions in the utilization of natural resources were and relationships that develop following so- dominated and the terms of interest of fun- cial interactions. Conflict is a social relation- ders were from outsiders. The source of the ship between social actors characterized by conflict came from the market economy opposition and anger, whether expressed domination towards the control of natural openly or not in order to achieve their own resources. The structural natural resource desires (Kinseng, 2013). Struggles in natu- conflicts have various, chronic, compre- ral resource conflicts also involve emotions hensive problems and these were sensitive that make conflicts complex and damage to issues of social justice. Natural resource stakeholder relations (Sultana, 2011). From conflicts occurred in various forms, such as a psychological point of view, conflict is a demonstrations, anarchism, social conflicts perception of differences in interests or the between layers, separatist movements, and belief that the aspirations of the conflicting human rights violations (Sumardjo, 2015). parties cannot be achieved simultaneously Latent (closed) interest groups be- (Pruitt & Rubin, 2004), the different objec- come manifest (open) if there are brave tives of the parties that are mutually bound leaders to have conflict relations, groups (Littlejohn & Domenici, 2007). The differen- which have conflict ideologies, group mem- ces in perception are the main conditions for bers who are free to organize conflicts and conflicts (Putnam, 2013). have members who are committed and Establishing communication among communicate with others (Dahrendorf stakeholders to manage conflicts at a latent 1986). Conflict is most likely to occur when stage by identifying potential conflicts in quasi-group between coordinated groups the early stages prevent escalation (Kapelus are aware of their interests objectively and et al. 2011). Open communication is often collectively so as to form conflict groups avoided by those who win the competition. (Turner, 1998). Conflict becomes apparent Communication serves as a mechanism that depending on the communication process ensures social equality in a group (Leibbrand

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019):85-98 87

& Saaksvuori, 2012). The space for dialogue conflicts in the North Coast of Serang Re- should be opened and free from the domi- gency is created? How is the communicati- nance of power so that open communicati- on among the conflicting parties in the rela- on creates intersubjective communication tion of coastal resource utilization conflict? in which the community and the power of How is the effectiveness of communication interests reach consensus through non-vi- and conflict resolution? How do the com- olent arguments (Susan, 2009). Consensus munication strategy for managing potential is achieved by attaining mutual understan- conflict and its escalation reach consensus ding (Kincaid & Rogers, 1981). based on convergence of interests? This re- In the conflict of fisheries resources in search is expected to produce novelties na- Bangladesh, communication played an im- mely analyzing natural resource conflicts portant role in building consensus among from the perspective of development com- opposing parties in various settings. Com- munication. The research focuses on com- munication between stakeholders is the munication practices in managing conflict main key in the process of understanding in the coastal resources utilization, commu- each other, managing and resolving con- nication interaction of the conflicting par- flicts (Jahan et al. 2009). Communication is ties, various communication efforts in con- not the only method of conflict resolution, flict solutions and their effectiveness as well but the absence of communication between as producing communication strategies to parties will increase conflict (Adejimola, manage conflict potential. 2009). Open communication among con- flicting groups reduces the output of conflict and encourages disputants to work together RESEARCH METHOD to win the disputes (Leibbrand & Saaksvuo- The research approach used qualitative ap- ri, 2012) as well as leads to the reduction of proach with a case study (Creswell, 2007). destructive competition processes (Cason et The research was conducted in July 2017 al. 2012). until July 2018. The sources of the primary Interactive communication model is data were collected by participant obser- in accordance with the climate of a demo- vation and in-depth interview to 16 infor- cratic society (Sumardjo 2006). Interaction mants involved in the conflict of coastal and of conflicting parties is directed towards a marine resources utilization including fis- collaborative approach carried out by (1) hermen, community leaders, managers of participatory involvement of the parties, (2) Lontar Fish Auction Market (TPI), seaweed interaction style which prioritizes dialogue farmers, activists from non-governmental and avoids the domination of one party, (3) organizations (NGOs), local governments clear rules of the game and mutual agree- and sea sand mining companies. Secondary ment, (4) method used is participatory and data collection was done by using literature dialogical, (5) involving mediators from lo- studies of previous research and documen- cal leaders, both formal and non-formal, (6) tation studies including government docu- avoiding involvement of leaders who have ments and the news from local and national their own vested interests (Sumardjo et al. newspaper. Data analysis was carried out 2014). At the level of group communication, using interactive models (Miles et al. 2014). group communicators from the community are religious leaders / community leaders as opinion leaders. Opinion leader communi- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cation with the community plays an impor- Conflict and Communication Typology tant role in preventing natural resource con- The policy of utilization of the north coast flicts (Siagian et al. 2013) and open conflict in Serang Regency to become the location resolution (Fitriyah, 2015). of sand mining has resulted in a structural The research aims to answer the prob- conflict between the Government of Serang lem concerning on how coastal utilization Regency, the Government of Banten Provin-

UNNES JOURNALS 88 Ail Muldi, et al, Communication and Conflict of North Coast Resources Utilization in Serang Regency ce, PT. Jetstar, as the sand mining compa- their opinions, attitudes and actions in the ny dealing with affected local communities. public boldly and openly. The majority of Sea sand mining activities that are admi- coastal communities working as fishermen nistratively located in the waters of Lontar conducted demonstration to fight for their Village triggered the resistance from people interests in the regional government. In line living in northern coastal villages including with the research conducted by Kinseng Pontang, Tengkurak, Tanara, Lontar, Singa- (2017) that post-New Order era, fishermen rajan, Domas, Sujung and Susukan villages fought for their interests openly. Soegijono who mostly worked as fishermen. According (2015) argued that there would be an inc- to Sumardjo (2015), the typologies of north rease in the number of actors and masses coast utilization conflict are demonstrati- involved in conflict which related to increa- on, anarchism, social conflict of community singly open social and political conditions. layers which have reached the stage of hu- When local government did not ma- man rights violations (Figure 1). Every par- nage the conflict quickly or the conflict was ty was not profitable in conflict because it protracted, public demonstrations tended affected material losses, mental and social to increase to be anarchism. Anarchic ac- damage. tions of coastal communities usually occur- Sea sand mining activities on the red when people demonstrates in emotional north coast of Serang Regency have been situations and in large numbers. Coastal carried out since 1997 (New Order Era), but communities that were emotional when the conflict was manifested since 2003–2016 getting provocative messages from other (Reformation Era). The conflict was open members, tended to be triggered to commit because the political system in Indonesia acts of human rights violations. According was more democratic so that it opened the to Sultana (2011), the role of emotions in space for coastal communities to express resource conflicts depends on the aspects of

Figure 1. Tree of resource utilization conflict in the north coast of Serang Regency (modified from Sumardjo et al. 2014, researchers’ processed data)

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019):85-98 89 location, community characteristics and na- (4) communication role of ‘Front Kebang- tural resources. kitan Petani dan Nelayan’ (Farmers and The coastal communities who were ac- Fishermen’s Awakening Front) as a referen- tively involved were fishermen who depen- ce group for fishermen groups in the north ded their lives on the north coast. The con- coast. dition of resources was full of the risks faced Conflict is born from perception by fishermen, causing fishermen to have a (Pruitt & Rubin, 2004) and it marks inter- strong, firm and open character (2015). Fis- personal conflict (Putnam, 2013). The diffe- hermen conflict concerning issues of access rences in perception trigger conflict because to fisheries resources tended to be brutal as management of potential conflicts does not revealed by Kinseng (2013; 2007). According involve parties that represent the voice of to Sumardjo (2015), demonstration, as one fishermen (Annisa et al. 2009). Stakeholders of social movements, leads to anarchic and in north coast resources are divided into two destructive actions caused by economic and groups, namely the authorities, the regional political disparities triggered by dissatisfac- government, and the company as the party tion with the distribution of access, control that controls access and the users, the fis- and control over economic resources, resul- hermen group as those who maintain the ting in marginalization and discrimination. access. The differences in interest lead to the Based on the observable social symp- viewpoint of the authorities and the users of toms, the root cause of the problem was (1) the north coast of Serang Regency who have the gap in access of coastal communities different view in seeing the sources of the with a majority of fishermen to fisheries problems (Priyatna, 2013). resources including competition for fulfil- Whereas on the other hand, FKPN’s ling livelihoods, technical work disruptions interactive communication with the peop- and the decrease in income, (2) fishermen le of coastal villages face-to-face (primary) directly felt the impact of sand mining ac- and through the fishermen’s communica- tivities due to the access to natural resource tion network (secondary) triggered fisher- policies whose location overlapped with fis- men group (quasi-group) to turn into inte- hing locations and weak local government rest group. The intensive communication supervision which made the company viola- conducted by FKPN, increased latent inte- ted the production process (KLH, 2004), (3) rests (perceptional) into manifest interests market demand pressures made the compa- and triggered conflicts which were initial- ny which has mining rights violated the use ly latent into manifest conflict. FKPN had of fleet number and the widespread mine been developed into “opinion leaders” who location points which resulted in the large acted as a source of coastal people’s action scale of sea sand mining. preferences in open conflict as required by The main problems of the conflict Dahrendorf (1986). between coastal communities with local FKPN has the power and role towards governments and the company were caus- fishermen group because most of them are ed by (1) communication ineffectiveness in boat owners (juragan), capital owners (lang- managing potential conflicts to provide un- gan) and fish collectors (bakul). According derstanding of coastal communities about to Amiruddin’s (2014) research, it is stated the impact of sand mining on the sustaina- that traditional fishermen in Lontar Village bility of fisheries resources, (2) communica- have a dependency on life to langgan (cus- tion which was not participatory because it tomers) and bakul. This tended to apply in did not involve fishermen groups, (3 ) ne- the villages along the north coast of Serang gative perceptions of coastal communities Regency. In the case of coastal community about sea sand mining as a cause of decline conflict, the power relations of Lontar’s fis- in fishermen’s income, reduced number of hermen to Langgan and Bakul played an im- fish and abrasion in the north coast which portant role in the involvement of Lontar’s damaged fish and seaweed cultivation land, fishermen in open conflict. FKPN, as a pla-

UNNES JOURNALS 90 Ail Muldi, et al, Communication and Conflict of North Coast Resources Utilization in Serang Regency ce to struggle, had the legitimacy of coastal cult to solve because it involves many peop- communities and the structure of power re- le and involves a long history of previous lations to fishermen group in the north co- conflicts (Tubbs, 2013). The conflict map of ast. coastal resource utilization during the peri- od of conflict consists of coastal communi- Communication and Natural Resource ty groups, local governments, IUP owning Conflict companies, police, TNI (Indonesian Natio- The conflict of the north coast utili- nal Army), and community organizations. zation regime is a destructive conflict which The pattern of social relations bet- damages the social and physical order be- ween the parties involved in the conflict is cause the conflict relations that are built are cooperative relations and conflict relations. competitive with the output of conflict bet- The pattern of relations among conflic- ween one party who wins and the other who ting parties in the coastal resources utili- loses. Destructive conflicts are influenced by zation in Serang Regency is divided into the individual characteristics of the conflic- two groups, namely the “pro” sand mining ting parties during the interaction process. group and the “contra” sand mining group. Destructive conflicts are created when the The party which is pro sand mining is the parties involved in the process of conflict local government from the village level and have negative attitudes and feelings that are to higher level. PT. Jetstar was collaborating mutually hostile to each other (DeFleur et with Baladika Cooperative and Tirta Niaga al. 2014). The conflict between Serang Re- Pantura Cooperative to maintain public con- gency Government and PT. Jetstar with co- duciveness and management of Corporate astal communities is an inter-group conflict Social Responsibility (CSR) compensation that has occurred since 2003-2016. Conflict funds to the affected communities, com- between groups is often complex and diffi- munity leaders and “Jawara”. Community

Table 1. The mapping of relations of parties involved in north coast resources utilization conflict in Serang Regency (source: data processed by researchers). Fishermen leader Opinion Jawara government Local government District government Provincial PT. Jetstar Cooperative TNP Cooperative Baladika Police TNI FKPN TPI Lontar organization Non-gov

No Conflict party

1 Fishermen ------+ + + + 2 Opinion leader - + + + + + + + + + - - - 3 Jawara - + + + + + + + + + - - - Local government 4 - + + + + + + + + + - - - (village level) 5 District government - + + + + + + + + + - - - Provincial govern- 6 - + + + + + + + + + - - - ment 7 PT. Jetstar - + + + + + + + + + - - - 8 TNP Cooperative - + + + + + + + + + - - - 9 Baladika Cooperative - + + + + + + + + + - - - 10 Police - + + + + + + + + + - - - 11 TNI + + + + + + + + + + + + + 12 FKPN + ------+ + 13 TPI Lontar + ------+ + Non-government 14 + ------+ + organization

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019):85-98 91 leaders and “Jawara” tended to work with with coastal communities, they were said by the government and the company. “Jawara” Leibbrand and Saaksvuori (2012) as a group in Banten Province is the dominant group that will win the contest. When FKPN initi- in rural communities who has expertise in ated open communication but it did not get martial arts which acts as a tool of govern- any response from the local government, the ment power to subjugate other community communication pattern turned into defensi- groups (Kurniawan, 2012), the role of “Jawa- ve. Defensive communication is the process ra” is closely related to regional government of communication between conflicting par- policies (Muslim et al. 2015). ties who experience a tension relationship The contra sand mining community which tends to attack opponents of com- groups are coastal communities who work munication and confrontation (Kaye 1998). as fishermen including fish and seaweed far- The communication of someone, which is mers, groups of community organizations defensive, communicates to fight for his/her engaged in fishermen and environmental rights, always feels right, wants to win alone advocacy including administrators of Lontar and does not see mistakes in himself/herself Fish Auction Market (TPI), FKPN, Indonesi- (Littlejohn & Domenici 2001). an Forum for the Environment (WALHI) , FKPN, along with coastal commu- The People’s Coalition for Fisheries Justice nities, the majority of which are fisher- (KIARA) and the Jakarta Legal Aid Institu- men groups, have repeatedly carried out te (LBH). The parties who are contra to the defensive dialogues with the Government mining have a conflict with the police as a of Serang Regency and it produced an ag- security and public order party. It is different reement regarding the termination of sea from the TNI which is collaborative with all sand mining activities. When the local go- groups involved in the conflict. vernment or the company took several ac- tions that violated the agreement from the results of the previous dialogue, fishermen tended to close communication channels and interacted confrontationally. Confron- tational communication is the expression of anger in the form of words, attitudes and open actions which cause physical, mental and social damage done by one party to the other. Fishermen closed communication channels because fishermen no longer had trust in local government and the company. The closed communication for any dialogue increased the escalation (Adejimola, 2009), and caused violence (Engel & Korf 2005; Su- san 2009). When the communication channel with the Serang District Government was closed, FKPN conducted open communica- tion with various state institutions that have Figure 2. The communication of parties the authority / authority over the Serang involved in north coast resources utiliza- District Government to fight for complaints tion conflict in Serang Regency (source : re- from coastal communities. FKPN’s open searchers’ processed data). communication with parties outside the conflict (external) led to the reduction of The Government of Serang Regency destructive competition processes, not just and PT. Jetstar as the owner of legal autho- communication between conflict parties rity tended to avoid open communication (Cason et al. 2012). It enabled to generate

UNNES JOURNALS 92 Ail Muldi, et al, Communication and Conflict of North Coast Resources Utilization in Serang Regency conflict resolution based on external inter- with some of the coastal communities of ventions or other state institutions (Kries- Lontar to provide support for sand mining berg, 2003). activities with compensation including: (1) construction of coastal breakwater dam, (2) Communication Effectiveness and coastal mangroves planting for abrasion Conflict Resolution control, and (3 ) reactivation of Lontar Fish Local governments and the company have Auction Market (TPI). The unidirectional made various communication efforts with pattern of local government communicati- coastal communities for conflict resolution. on did not facilitate the aspirations of coas- The communication strategies of the regio- tal communities’ interests. Communication nal government and companies are carried participants who did not represent groups out when the conflict problem is manifested of fishermen as affected groups made less (manifest). Governments and companies effective communication for conflict solu- tended to take coercive actions to coastal tions. The provision of compensation from communities to resolve conflicts. Various local governments that did not represent local government and corporate communi- the aspirations of the interests of fishermen cations with coastal communities tended to triggered a demonstration of the communi- be less effective because the communicati- ty of other coastal villages. on pattern was unidirectional, the purpo- PT. Jetstar collaborated with Tir- se of communication was informative, the ta Niaga Pantura Cooperative to maintain communication technique of the message the security of sea sand mining operation. delivery style was instructive, the position TNP Cooperative Manager involved “Jawa- of government and companies was more ra” group and police in carrying out coercive dominant and communication participants actions in the form of threats, intimidation did not represent fishermen groups. The and criminalization of fishermen for con- less effective communication of conflict par- flict resolution. The communication of TNP ties for conflict solutions does not facilitate Cooperative, Jawara and police to coastal consensus based on convergence of interests communities was carried out with coerci- (table 3). ve communication techniques, namely the Conflict of coastal and marine resour- delivery of messages in the form of orders, ces utilization in Serang Regency based on instructions and even bribery containing the sequence of conflict events occurred in sanctions and threats (Effendy, 2008), for- several rounds of periodic conflicts, name- cing other people to obey those who are “in ly in 2003-2004, 2011-2014, and in 2015-2016. power” in the form of threats , punishment The Government of Serang Regency had an and physical action (Liliweri, 2011). The cri- active role in communicating in the resolu- minalization of Lontar fishermen trigge- tion of the 2003-2004 conflict. The company red the Lontar community to “occupy” Se- had an active role in communicating with rang police station and take TNP Director coastal communities in 2011-2014 after the as their hostage. Coercive communication employment contract required companies technique is not effective because it tends to to resolve community conflicts together with trigger other coercive communication and the local government. The conflict moved conflict escalation. to the Banten Provincial Government since PT. Jetstar collaborated with the Ba- 2015-2016 as an implication of Law No. 24 of ladika Cooperative to conduct community 2014 relating mining affairs to the authority security and control. Baladika Cooperative of the provincial government. Local govern- Manager openly communicated coercive- ment communications and companies with ly to community leaders, fishermen group, coastal communities produced solutions to coastal communities about the provision of conflicts (table 2). compensation funds from PT. Jetstar which The Government of Serang Regency, was managed by the CSR Team. The Baladi- Lontar District and Village communicated ka Cooperative carried out personal coercive UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019):85-98 93

Table 2. The results of communication between the central government, regional govern- ment, the company and coastal communities as a solution to the conflict and its implica- tions Source of con- Conflict solution Implication flict The gap in ac- The plantation of mangroves on the The communities of villages con- cessing natural coast, the establishment of breakwa- ducted demonstrated resources ter dam and the reactivation of Lon- tar Fish Auction Market (TPI) The TNP Cooperative collaborated FKPN and the communities were with Jawara to threaten and intimi- increasingly massive in protest- date fishermen and report the perpe- ing and fishermen were increas- trators of the attack on the fleet to the ingly anarchist in attacking the police operating fleets The provision of CSR funds man- Horizontal conflict between the aged by Baladika Cooperative which Lontar communities between involved communities and FKPN net- fishermen and non-fishermen work in Lontar The compensation of CSR funds in It triggered the previously closed the amount of Rp. 1.500/m3 which conflict to be an open conflict was collectively managed with com- munities was rejected by fishermen The Pressure on The socialization of the Jakarta Bay Lontar communities reported market demand reclamation moratorium was fol- PT. Jetstar which was still operat- for reclamation lowed up by the Governor of Banten ing to the Indonesian Parliament of PIK - Jakarta with a moratorium of sea sand min- (DPD), Banten Provincial DPRD, Bay ing KKP and Ombudsman Access of natu- Banten Provincial Government inter- The Government of Serang Re- ral resource pol- vention and Minister of Environment gency did not extend the pro- icies Republic of Indonesia to pause and duction operation permit of PT. conduct an environmental evaluation Jetstar involving the communities communication to conflicting actors from ket) about the cooperation with the Lontar fishermen group, fisherwomen and FKPN community in sand mining activities with mass network to no longer be involved in compensation of CSR funds of Rp. 1,500 / conflicts and force them to join the CSR m3 which was managed collectively with the Team of PT Jetstar. Open and personal coer- community. The company and regional go- cive communication technique successfully vernment were more dominant as the par- managed to reduce conflict but it did not ticipants of communication and their style build consensus for resolving the conflict. of message delivery was instructive, namely The provision of CSR funds managed by Ba- the delivery of messages that positions the ladika Cooperative and coastal communities participants of communication as “superior- caused horizontal conflict between Lontar inferior”. The government and company did communities who are fishermen and non- not care about the aspirations of fishermen fishermen. to make an agreement to control the post- PT. Jetstar and Banten Provincial Go- operation environmental impacts. As the vernment communicated with the local result, the communication between conflic- leaders (RT and RW), and representatives ting parties was less effective to satisfy both of fishermen (Lontar Fish Auction- Mar parties. Fishermen returned to protest sand

UNNES JOURNALS 94 Ail Muldi, et al, Communication and Conflict of North Coast Resources Utilization in Serang Regency mining operation. with increasing differences, mobilizing - st The intervention of state institutions rength and interests (Engel & Korf, 2005). as the third party played a role in resolving The communication strategy of re- the conflict: (1) The Banten Provincial Go- gional governments and the company with vernment conducted instructive commu- coastal communities are managed in a plan- nication through Banten Governor’s letter ned manner (table 3). The communication Number 541/35/313Bpdl/VI/2004 to tempo- between conflicting parties is carried out in rarily stop sand mining from not fulfilling the process of providing community sup- the provisions of Constitution No. 23 of 1997 port to the company as a condition of en- and Presidential Decree No. 33 of 2002 con- vironmental permit to obtain IUP and the cerning on AMDAL and marine spatial plan- setting of AMDAL as regulated in the Envi- ning, (2) Ministry of Environment (KLH) ronmental Management and Protection Act formally communicated through Minister (PPLH) Number 32 of 2009. Local govern- of Environment’s letter Number: B-259/ ment must understand the conflict poten- MENLH/05/2004 to temporarily stop sand tial of coastal resources utilization policies mining because it was disturbing the com- and the importance of managing conflict munity and fulfilling the requirements re- before the escalation of conflict is emerged garding evaluation study of PT. Jetstar Pha- and difficult to stop. Managing conflict is se I, (3) The central government conducted entirely dependent on the Regional Govern- socialization concerning on the termination ment as the party that has the authority to of the Jakarta Bay reclamation moratorium issue IUP. Coercive approach tends to invite based on the Letter of the Coordinating Mi- similar actions, expands conflict and encou- nister for Maritime Affairs Number: 27.1/ rages destructive characteristics (Engel & Menko/Maritime/IV/2016 and it impacted Korf, 2005). on the Banten Governor’s decision on mora- Decentralization demands an approa- torium of sea sand mining. ch to regional governance that is interactive with regional needs and local aspirations. Communication Strategy for Manag- The interactive communication model is ing Conflict Potential dialogic, humane and in accordance with The conflict of resources utilization needs to the community climate with democratic be managed constructively through the pro- character (Sumardjo, 2006). The interaction cess of communication between the parties of conflicting parties is directed to problem- who are involved in the conflict. Managing solving approach and is satisfying both par- conflict potential is in order to minimize the ties, “win-win solution”. Some elements that impact of conflict. The communication of must be considered are (1) encouraging the stakeholders in the early stages of conflict/ involvement of the parties in a participato- conflict potential plays an important role in ry manner, (2) the style of interaction puts preventing conflict escalation (Kapelus et forward a dialogical approach and avoids al. 2011). Communication strategy for mana- the dominance of one party, (3) clear rules ging conflict potential prevents open (ma- of the game and mutual agreement, (4) the nifest) conflict and the escalations are pos- methods used are participatory and dialo- sible: (1) before the parties do not trust each gical, (5) facilitating the existence of me- other (Kriesberg, 2003), (2) before the af- diators from local leaders, both formal and fected groups as quasi-groups form conflict non-formal, (6) avoiding the involvement of groups/ formed manifest interests (Dah- leaders who have their own vested interests rendorf, 1986), (3) before the communicati- (Sumardjo et al. 2014). on between members of the conflict group The communication practice bet- builds identity and collectivity (Kriesberg, ween local government and the company 2003), and increases aggressiveness to ot- with coastal communities must involve all her groups (Leibbrandt & Saaksvuori, 2012), groups of people who are directly affected, (4) before the intensity of conflict increases especially those who were rejecting sea sand

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019):85-98 95

Table 3. The comparison of occurred and suggested communication practice in managing north coast utilization conflict potential in Serang Regency Communication strategy for managing conflict potential No Issue Occurred communication Suggested communica- practice tion practice 1 Conflict stage When the conflict is in mani- When the conflict is la- fest form tent or conflict potential 2 Conflict management Coercive Collaborative 3 Communication pattern Linear communication Interactive 4 The purpose of commu- Informative Building consensus nication 5 The style of message de- Instructive Persuasive livery 6 Communication partici- Not representing the groups in- Involving all parties pant volved in the conflict 7 The structure of com- Local governments and the Equality of communica- munication participant company are more dominant tion and egalitarian mining such as north coast fishermen, the and security as well as targeted compensati- administrator of Lontar Fish Auction Mar- on and CSR implementation that meets the ket (TPI), fish/seaweed farmers, communi- needs of both parties (4 ) making agreement ty organization leaders and their networks on the implementation and supervision of that were actively involved in the conflict sand mining production and the implemen- beforehand. Inter-group communication tation of community-based CSR to manage tends to be represented by coastal commu- conflict (5) determining action plans based nity leaders. Therefore, religious leaders on agreements (6) taking action based on and community leaders both structural and the agreement. cultural must be involved. The involvement The communication between local of communication from coastal communi- governments and the company with coastal ty leaders aims to prevent natural resource communities was managed effectively with conflicts among the community in the early communication structures that facilitated stage (Siagian et al. 2013) or when it is open the equality of communication participants (Fitriyah, 2015). to encourage openness and empathy (Devi- The communication flow of the local to, 2013), because the communication bet- government, the company and coastal com- ween parties involved in the conflict tended munities adopted Bolton collaborative ap- to dominate and control the other parties. proach (in Kaye 1994), which was managed (Littlejohn & Domenici, 2007). Every com- in stages, namely: (1) conducting dialogue munication participants from the local go- about the negative perceptions of coastal vernment, company and coastal communi- communities, particularly fishermen groups ties interacted openly, free from domination regarding the location of mining, shipping and discursive so that each communicati- technical difficulties, and operational viola- on participant reached consensus through tions, (2 ) conveying persuasive messages to non-violent argumentation (Susan, 2009). find a solution that enables it to minimize Conflict parties’ consensus was achieved the impact of sand mining on fishermen’s by communication participants by interac- welfare and empowerment of coastal com- ting, creating and sharing information with munities, (3) determining solutions related each other to achieve mutual understanding to mining locations, monitoring production (Kincaid & Rogers, 1981).

UNNES JOURNALS 96 Ail Muldi, et al, Communication and Conflict of North Coast Resources Utilization in Serang Regency

CONCLUSION of TNP Cooperative. The coercive commu- nication practices of government and the The gap in the coastal resources utilization company tends to produce feedback on becomes the trigger of the conflict between coercive actions. Whereas the coercive com- local government, the company and coastal munication of the Baladika Cooperative to communities. The communication of the lo- coastal communities, especially conflicting cal government and sand mining company actors, dampen the temporary conflict, but to coastal communities which was less effec- it does not produce consensus for a solution tive is unable to establish an understanding to the conflict. Intervention of communica- of the impact of sand mining on the sustai- tion from external parties including Banten nability of fisheries resources. FKPN’s com- Provincial Government, the Ministry of En- munication encouraged the transformation vironment and the Maritime Coordinating of fishermen groups into conflict groups Ministry as third parties, play a role in resol- that are fighting for their interests. Coastal ving the conflict. communities fought for their interests in This research suggests to make an ef- various forms such as demonstrations, anar- fective communication channel between chism, social conflicts between layers and local government and the company with human rights violations. The emotion of coastal communities to manage conflict po- coastal communities, exposure to messages tential and its escalation by reaching con- and the number of mass demonstrations, sensus based on convergence of interests. sometimes, play a role in conflict escalation. The flow of communication between local Conflicting parties are divided into government, the company and communi- two sides, “pro” sand mining and “contra” ties is managed in stages to bring collective sand mining parties. The communication of needs, interests and agreements as a con- conflicting parties occurred openly, defensi- flict solution from the sources of conflict. vely and in confrontational way. FKPN inte- The communication practices of conflicting racted defensively with the contra sand mi- parties are carried out during the latent con- ning group, covering regional governments flict/conflict potential collaboratively based from the village to the provincial level, sand on interactive communication patterns, mining company, community leaders and communication which aims to build con- the police. While, FKPN’s communication sensus, persuasive communication message with various state institutions that have po- styles, communication participants repre- wer over the Government of Serang Regency senting all coastal communities with equal is open to each other. Fishermen commu- and egalitarian communication participant nicated in a confrontational manner with structures. the local government from the village to the provincial level, the company, and the police, but communicated defensively with references community leaders. Jawara communicated Adejimola, A. S. (2009). Language and communica- confrontationally with FKPN and fisher- tion in conflict resolution. Journal of Law and men. NGOs only communicated with the Conflict Resolution, 1(1),pp. 001-009. regional government and the police defen- Amiruddin, S. (2014) Jaringan Sosial Pemasaran Pada Komunitas Nelayan Tradisional Banten. Ko- sively. munitas: International Journal of Indonesian Communication practice between lo- Society and Culture, 6(1), pp. 106-115 DOI: cal government and the company for con- 10.15294/komunitas.v6i1.2949. flict resolution is less effective because it Annisa, L., Satria, A. and Kinseng, R.A., (2009). Kon- does not involve all coastal communities in- flik Nelayan Di Jawa Timur: Studi Kasus Pe- rubahan Struktur Agraria dan Diferensiasi volved in the conflict. Local government and Kesejahteraan Komunitas Pekebun di Lebak, the company managed conflicts coercively Banten. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, through the practice of coercive communi- 3(1). pp. 113-124. cation of “Jawara” and the administrators Cason, T.N., Sheremeta, R.M. and Zhang, J., (2012). Communication and efficiency in competitive

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019):85-98 97

coordination games. Games and Economic Be- Juni 25. havior, 76(1), pp.26-43. Kriesberg, L. (2003). Constructive conflict: From esca- Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry& Research lation to resolution (2nd). Lanham, MD: Row- Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. man and Littlefield Publisher, Inc. Second Edition. California: Sage Publications. Kurniawan, B. (2012). Kearifan Lokal di Tengah Arus Dahrendorf R. (1986). Konflik dan Konflik dalam Ma- Pembangunan. WELFARE, Jurnal Ilmu Kes- syarakat Industri : Sebuah Analisa Kritik. Ja- ejahteraan Sosial, 1(2), pp. 225-238. karta (ID): CV Rajawali. Leibbrandt A, Saaksvuori L. (2012). Communication DeFleur, M.H., Kearney, P., Plax, T.G, DeFleur, M.L., in intergroup conflicts. European Economic (2014). Fundamentals of Human Communica- Review, 56(1), pp. 1136–1147. doi:10.1016/j.euro- tion : Social Science in Everyday Life, Fourth ecorev.2012.05.003. Edition. New York (NY) : McGraw-Hill Com- Liliweri, Alo. (2011). Komunikasi Serba Ada Serba Mak- panies, Inc. na. Jakarta (ID): Kencana. DeVito, J.A. (2013). The Interpersonal Communica- Littlejohn, S.W, Domenici, K. (2001). Engaging com- tion Book, Thirteenth Edition. New York (NY) munication in conflict: systemic practice. Lon- : Pearson Education Inc. don : Sage Publication Inc Effendy, O.U. (2008). Dinamika Komunikasi, Cetakan Littlejohn, S.W, Domenici, K. (2007). Communica- ketujuh. Bandung (ID): PT. Remaja Rosda- tion, conflict, and the management of differ- karya ence. Illnois : Waveland Press, Inc. Engel, A., Korf, B. (2005). Negotiation and mediation Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Republik In- techniques for natural resource management. donesia. (2004). Surat Nomor B-2529/MEN- Food and Agriculture Organization of the LH/05/2004: Rekomendasi Tindak Lanjut Ka- United Nations (FAO), Rome. sus Penambangan Pasir Lepas Pantai Oleh PT. Fitriyah, N. (2012). Strategi Komunikasi Dalam Upaya Jetstar. Jakarta. Penanganan Konflik Pembangunan Industrial Murshed-e-Jahan, K., Salayo, N.D. and Kanagarat- : Studi Kasus Konflik Masyarakat Padarincang nam, U. (2009). Managing fisheries conflicts Terhadap Pembangunan PT. Aqua Danone, Ju- through communication planning: Experience rnal Riset Komunikasi, 3(6), pp. 309-320. from inland fisheries of Bangladesh. Fisheries Huma. (2013). Outlook Konflik Sumberdaya Alam Research, 99(2), pp.112-122. dan Agraria 2012, Avalaible at: https://huma. Muslim A, Kolopaking LM, Dharmawan AH, Soetarto or.id/home/pusat-database-dan-informasi/ E. (2015). Dinamika Peran Sosial Politik Ulama outlook-konflik-sumberdaya-alam-dan-agrar- dan Jawara di Pandeglang Banten. MIMBAR, ia-2012-3.html. 31(2), pp. 461-474. Kaye M. (1998). Communication Management. Sydney Miles MB, Huberman M, Saldana J. (2014). Qualita- : Prentice Hall Australia. tive Data Analysis: a Methods Sourcebook. Kapelus P, Richards E, Sherwin H. 2011. Conflict-sensi- Third edition. California (US): Sage Publica- tive impact assessment. In: Vanclay F, Esteves tions. AM, editors. New directions in social impact Nurzal ER. (2004). Upaya Penanganan Pasir Laut Dari assessment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Sisi Kebijakan. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Publishing. P3TL-BPPT, 5(3), pp. 212-220. DOI: http:// KPA. (2015). Reforma Agraria dan Penyelesaian Kon- dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v5i3.318. flik Agraria Disandera Birokrasi, Avalaible at: Putnam, L.L. (2013). Definitions and Approaches to http://kpa.or.id/publikasi/baca/Laporan/31/ Conflict, in Oetzel JG, Ting-Toomey S, editors. Catahu_2015:_Reforma_Agraria_dan_Penyele- The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communica- saian_Konflik_Agraria_Disandera_Birokrasi. tion : Integrating Theory, Research, and Prac- Kinseng, R. A. (2007). Konflik-konflik sumberdaya tice, Second Edition. London (UK): SAGE Pub- alam di kalangan nelayan di Indonesia. SO- lication, Inc. DALITY, 1(1), pp. 87-104. Doi: 10.22500/sodal- Priyatna, F.N., Kinseng, R.A., Satria, A. 2013. Akses ity.v1i1.5936 dan Strategi Aktor-aktor Dalam Pemanfaatan Kinseng, R. A. (2013). Identifikasi Potensi, Analisis dan Sumber Daya Waduk Djuanda. Jurnal Sosek Resolusi Konflik, in Victor PH Nikijuluw, Luky KP, 8(1, pp. 1-9. Adrianto, dan Nia Januarini (editor). Coral Pruitt, D.G., Rubin, J.Z. 2004. Teori Konflik Sosial. Yo- Governance. Bogor (ID): IPB Press gyakarta (ID) : Pustaka Pelajar. Kinseng, R. A. (2017). Decentralisation and the Living Riyanto, S., Saleh, A. and Firmansyah, A., 2015. Conditions and struggle of Fishers : A Study in Tipologi Konflik Berbasis Sumber Daya Pan- West and East Kalimantan. Journal of Sus- gan di Wilayah Perkebunan Sawit. Jurnal Ilmu tainable Development, 10(1), pp. 71-82. Pertanian Indonesia, 19(3), pp.189-196. KLH. (2004). Laporan Verifikasi Kasus Penambangan Rogers, E.M., Kincaid, D.L. 1981. Communication Net- Pasir Laut oleh PT. Jetstar di Desa Lontar, Ke- work : Toward a New Paradigm for Research. camatan Tirtayasa, Kabupaten Serang, Banten. New York (NY): The Free Press. Koran Radar Banten. (2004). Djoko Desak Bunyamin Satria, A. 2009. Ekologi Politik Nelayan. Yogyakarta Stop Pengerukan Pasir, Koran Radar Banten, (ID) : LkiS

UNNES JOURNALS 98 Ail Muldi, et al, Communication and Conflict of North Coast Resources Utilization in Serang Regency

Satria, A. (2015). Pengantar Sosiologi Masyarakat Pe- cess, control and conflict. Geoforum, 42(1), pp. sisir. Jakarta (ID): Diterbitkan atas kerjasama 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.12.002. antara Fakultas Ekologi Manusia IPB dengan Sumardjo. (2006). Komunikasi dalam Perspektif Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. Ekologi Manusia. in : Adiwibowo S, editor. Siagianm H.F., Abdullah, M.Y., Mustaffa, N.B., Ah- Ekologi Manusia. Bogor (ID): FEMA IPB. mad, F. (2013). K’ Pola Penglibatan Dan Impak Sumardjo. (2015). Pemberdayaan: Alternatif perluasan Komunikasi Para Ulama Mencegah Konflik strategi deradikalisasi. Seminar Deradikalisasi, Dalam Masyarakat. Jurnal Komunikasi KARE- IPB Convention Centre Bogor, 13 Oktober BA, 2(1), pp. 41-54. 2015. Sjaifuddin. (2007). Pengelolaan lingkungan wilayah Susan, N. (2009). Sosiologi Konflik dan Isu-Isu Konflik pesisir dan laut teluk banten berkelanjutan. PhD Thesis, Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB. Kontemporer. Jakarta (ID): Kencana Prenada Soegijono, S.P. (2015). Papalele : Dangerous Encoun- Media Group. ter and Transaction in Conflict.Komunitas: In- Tubbs, S. (2013). Human Communication : Principles ternational of Indonesian Society and Culture, and Contexts, Thirteenth Editions. New York 7(2), pp. 297-306. DOI: 10.15294/komunitas. (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. v7i2.4520. Turner, J. H. (1998). The Structure of Sociological The- Sultana, F. (2011). Suffering for water, suffering from ory (Fifth Ed), Wadsworth Publishing Com- water: Emotional geographies of resource ac- pany. Belmont, California.

UNNES JOURNALS