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Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide Poisoning on Human Health

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Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide Poisoning on Human Health Public Health Open Access MEDWIN PUBLISHERS ISSN: 2578-5001 Committed to Create Value for Researchers Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide Poisoning On Human Health Thomas NA and Jaiswal A* Research Article Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Volume 5 Issue 3 Tamil Nadu, India Received Date: March 29, 2021 Published Date: May 06, 2021 Ajeet Jaiswal, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cen- *Corresponding author: DOI: 10.23880/phoa-16000182 tral University of Tamil Nadu, India, Email: [email protected] Abstract Carbon monoxide and Cyanide are most familiar poisonings. Fire accidents act as main source for both poisonings. Carbon monoxide poisoning is formed from incomplete combustion of carbon compounds. Cyanide is readily available chemical and widely used in many industries like jewelry, paper, textiles. It is also used as weapon by terrorists. The methodology used in this paper is the review of secondary data sources available on the subject from library, internet, PubMed. Works done by and cyanide poisoning. Both poisonings have almost similar kind of effects on human body and the effect of poisoning on body several experts in the field was collected and interpreted. This review aims at detailed study on effects of carbon monoxide varies according to the dose. The review highlights that there is a need of effective and accurate antidote for both poisonings. The preventive measures can reduce the number and lethality from the exposures and psychiatric referral is essential for patients with intentional poisoning. Keywords: Carbon Monoxide; Cyanide; Carboxyheamoglobin; Oxyheamoglobin; Hydroxycobalamine; HBOT; Hypoxia Abbreviation: MPO: Myeloperoxidase; ROS: Reactive The common sources of the toxicant are improper working Oxygen Species. vehicles, generators, stoves, improper gas appliances. It can Introduction of heating appliances, fires, improper ventilation of motor Carbon monoxide poisoning and Cyanide poisoning cause chronic and acute poisonings [5]. are the two most known types of intoxication. Both can be of CO poisoning. The fatality rate is 0.5 to 1 per 1000000 occurred individually as well as together. Presences of both persons.In United Almost States 50% there of the are fatalapproximately poisonings 40000 are due cases to carbon monoxide. It is seen as a major reason for death in andpoisonings Roman areperiods seen wein arefire awareaccidents on dangerous[1]. These effectstypes of high in three quarters of burnt patients, which indicates intoxications can be accidental or intentional [2]. Since Greek fire accidents [2]. The carboxyl heamoglobin levels are seen monoxide poisoning goes undiagnosed in most burnt cases carbon monoxide. It was used for executions earlier [3]. It is a high probability of carbon monoxide poisoning [4]. Carbon gas without color, taste and smell [4]. Incomplete combustion of carbon substances causes carbon monoxide poisoning [5]. [6]. In Britain CO poisoning occur by central heating fault Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide Poisoning On Human Health Public H Open Acc 2 Public Health Open Access require large amount of resources to recover from the attack whereHistory as in U.Sshows the mainthat reasonin 1857 is Claudethrough Bernard exhaust foundfumes [3].out Both the mother and fetus are affected by cyanide poisoning that carboxyl heamoglobin is formed in CO poisoning by [10]. Cyanide exposure is highly lethal to pregnant women. reversible displacement of oxygen from heamoglobin. In 1926 another fact on hypoxia was revealed, it was that one[6]. poisoningAs both indirectlycarbon monoxide reduce other poisoning also. Physicians and cyanide should poisoning can be formed in fire accidents, the treatment for but also due to poor tissue uptake of oxygen. In the years 1960-70shypoxia is coalnot onlygas was caused converted by difficulty to Carbon in oxygen monoxide transport free take a special care to find out such poisonings in fire victims natural gases. It reduced the number of poisonings. Similarly to avoidMethodology undiagnosed conditions [6]. the poisoning from car exhausts was reduced by use of The present study is based on secondary resources available on the topic Carbon monoxide and cyanide catalyticCarbon converters monoxide [3]. poisoning is seen severe in pregnant poisoning. Data are collected from library, PubMed and women. Due to carbon monoxide poisoning maternal internet sites concerned using the search terms carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning, hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The search was done up to November 5 2020. Works Likemortality carbon is monoxidebetween 19-24%,Cyanide iswhile also afetal dangerous mortality chemical. is 36- 67%. It is the third most cause of accidental deaths in U.S [6]. analysis and interpretation are done. done by several experts in the field are selected and further hydrogenCyanide poisoning cyanide. Inis 1800creating it wasmore extracted morbidity from now almonds. [6]. In Results and Discussion Cyanide1786, cyanide exists inwas various first isolated forms. It from can bePrussian a gas as blue Hydrogen dye as Cyanide and it can be a salt, Potassium Cyanide or sodium Carbon Monoxide Poisoning a pale blue or colorless liquid, while in high temperature it Etiology: In carbon monoxide poisoning, heamoglobin cyanide [7]. In low temperature Hydrogen cyanide looks like binds to CO. Heamoglobin binds to carbon monoxide with an naturally found in cassava, lima beans, almonds, and seeds become gas with bitter almond smell [8]. Cyanide can be leftwardaffinity 240 shift times of oxygen-heamoglobin greater than oxygen dissociation [5]. This association curve of manyof apricots, industries apples, like peaches paper, textiles,[8]. They plastics, are cyanogenic electroplating, foods result in formation of carboxyheamoglobin [2]. It causes the photographic[9]. It is also solutions,involved inmetal cigarette cleaning. smoking. It is utilized It is used in gold in in heamoglobin. This stabilized form is known as R state. It industry to separate gold from its ore. Similar to carbon oxyheamoglobin [3]. The binding of CO forms stabilization increases affinity for oxygen in other sites of heamoglobin. It monoxide, fire accidents results in cyanide poisonings also causereduces myocardial the release infarction of oxygen and [4]. hypotension. Carbon monoxide Both of shows these [8]. According to toxic exposure surveillance system, greater affinity to myoglobin compared to heamoglobin and in the period of 1993-2003 there were 3165 cyanide poisonings.35% of burnt patients have high levels of cyanide finallySimilarly result in carbon cellular monoxide hypoxia [3]. binds to ferrous ion of content in their blood, showing probability of cyanide Cytochrome oxidase of mitochondria and stop oxidative phosphorylation. It causes decrease in Adenosine both for murders and homicides. For murder attempts triphosphate production or the energy production of body melamine,poisonings polyurethane, [7]. Cyanide ispoly used acrilonitrile, for intentional hydrogen poisonings, cyanide between components of electron transport chain and form pose threat mainly to international food and water supplies. [10]. The shuffling of electrons continues to take place Jonestownare used [9]. massacre It is also usedis the by most terrorists known to poseincident threats. of usingThey cyanide as a weapon. More than 900 deaths occurred by Pathophysiology:superoxides, which Carboncan cause monoxide cell, damage enters [4]. into the body drinking cyanide containing liquid. Osama Bin Ladan and mainly through inhalation. It enters the lungs and diffuses to alveolar membranes and then into heamoglobin of blood aISIS genocidal also make agent threats (CDC). by Drinkingcyanide poisonings water was [10].contaminated In World more toxicity when compared to transfusion of similar War 2 hydrogen cyanide was used by Germans as Zyklon B, as concentration[6]. Studies shows of carbon that inhalation monoxide of carbonexposed monoxide RBC. In casecauses of terrorist weapon as it is rapid in action, readily available, non smokers the carboxyheamoglobin levels greater than doesby industrial not require waste any containing special knowledge cyanides [9]. to use. It acts And as it an is ideal able 2% and for smokers a level greater than 10% is enough to to cause mass confusion and difficulties to society. After all it produce symptoms [4]. The carboxyheamoglobin level in Thomas NA and Jaiswal A. Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide Poisoning On Human Copyright© Thomas NA and Jaiswal A. Health. Public H Open Acc 2021, 5(3): 000182. 3 Public Health Open Access blood of poisoned patient is directly correlated with clinical necrosis, acute renal failure, parkinsonism. Young adults express peripheral neuropathy also Psychiatric effects like irritability, depression and neuropsychological defects like manifestationThe presence [3]. of excess carbon monoxide can activate impairment to attention, short term memories are also platelets by displacing NO from heamproteins in platelet. These NO react with super oxides and form peroxynitrate are rarely affected. Muscle necrosis is caused by the increase inexpressed creatine [14,15]. phosphokinase. Body organs Chronic like exposureskidney, liver, in pregnantpancreas ladies cause growth retardation, fetal distress, death of fetus Theseand inhibit activated function platelets of stimulatemitochondria neutrophils [4]. Thus in blood carbon to releasemonoxide myeloperoxidase poisoning increase (MPO). the
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