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The Effects of Different Shoes on Plantar Forces in Irish Dance

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The Effects of Different Shoes on Plantar Forces in Irish Dance The Effects of Different Shoes on Plantar Forces in Irish Dance Paul Trégouët, Ph.D., and François Merland, M.Sc. Abstract n recent years, Irish dance has while muscles also modulate the trans- 10,11 The purpose of this study was to compare seen a surge in popularity, such mission of impact forces. the effects of different footwear on plan- that there are now approximately Another feature of Irish dance is tar loading in Irish dance. Participants I4,000 teachers worldwide. There has the repetition of impact loading.12-14 were 12 open class dancers (the highest not been, however, a concomitant Irish dancing is made up of highly level) who were actively engaged in Irish evaluation of the scientific aspects of repetitive actions of the legs and feet. dance competition. Subjects had a mean this dance style, especially as it relates Furthermore, dancers work at high of 9.2 ± 2.1 years of experience in Irish to the health and wellbeing of the speeds, and in performance, they are dance. All dancers completed one bar dancers. One of the more prominent encouraged to increase their move- of a set phrase in each of three shoes: Irish dance soft shoe, hard shoe, and a features of Irish dance is the footwear ment velocity to produce loud and dance trainer. The order in which the involved, notably hard shoe and soft explosive effects. Thus, the dancers en- shoes were tested was counterbalanced shoe. While there is substantial evi- dure large amounts of lower extremity with a Latin square design. The variables dence to implicate footwear in injury impact stress, which could be a factor compared were maximum force, maxi- incidence,1-3 the role these specific in the incidence of injury. mum pressure, and impulse. Data were styles of footwear play as contributors Footwear is the only interface collected at 100 Hz using a Pedar insole to injury remains equivocal.4,5 The between the foot and the ground, so pressure sensor system. Values were ana- foot is where the body and the ground it is a crucial factor in the interaction lyzed for the whole foot, forefoot, and interact, and the foot can be subjected between the dancer and the perfor- rearfoot. Significant differences between to high forces during gait and other mance surface. There are differences shoe types were observed in impulse (p < functional activities. The impact be- of opinion regarding the effect of foot- 0.01) and maximum pressure (p < 0.01), 15-18 with the trainer exhibiting lower values tween the foot and the ground during wear on that interface. On the one than the other shoes. Differences were a single running step has a maximal hand, there are indications that dance also found between shoes in loading on force magnitude in excess of two to footwear may predispose a dancer to 6 regions of the foot (p < 0.01), with fore- four times bodyweight. This impact injurious forces, especially with repeti- foot values highest in the soft shoe. The force is absorbed by the foot and tive loading.15 Repetitive impact has footwear choice had a significant effect transmitted up the kinetic chain in the been cited as a primary risk factor for on the measured kinetics of the dancers. form of a shock wave.6,7 These impact lower extremity overuse conditions The trainer displayed significantly lower and shock magnitudes are influenced such as stress fractures, shin splints, values for kinetics than did the soft shoe. by surface, footwear, body mass, and plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendon Thus, it may be a safer (less injurious) acceleration properties. In order to strains.6,19 On the other hand, there choice for daily training. protect the body, the shock wave of is some evidence to support the idea impact is attenuated by anatomical that, with proper attention to detail, structures, for example the heel pad,8,9 footwear can reduce the forces experi- enced by dancers,20 thereby mitigating 21 Paul Trégouët, Ph.D., and François Merland, M.Sc., are at the Centre the risk of some overuse injuries. Audomarois de Recherche Biomécanique, Saint Omer, France. Irish dancers use two types of shoes for performance and competition, a Correspondence: Paul Trégouët, Ph.D., 22 rue des Epeers, 62500 Saint Omer, hard shoe and a soft shoe, neither of France; [email protected]. which, it has been said, is well designed Copyright © 2013 J. Michael Ryan Publishing, Inc. 41 http://dx.doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.17.1.41 42 Volume 17, Number 1, 2013 • Journal of Dance Medicine & Science for protection against impacts when est level) and were actively engaged in consisted of steps that are common to compared to the footwear used in Irish dance competition. Subjects had both hard shoe and soft shoe dancing. other sports.22 For Irish dance compe- a mean of 9.2 ± 2.1 years of experience PEDAR- X pressure measuring insoles tition, the rules limit variability in the in Irish dance. All were injury-free for (Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany) appearance of shoes, yet manufacturers at least 6 months prior to testing. were inserted into each of the three have found means to incorporate dif- There were three types of shoes types of shoes, and all subjects per- ferent materials into the design of the used in this project: Irish dance hard formed the sequence to the same mu- shoe. As competition takes up a much shoes, soft shoes, and a dance trainer. sic track and maintained the tempo smaller percentage of total time spent The dance trainer was a Bloch Boost once in each of the three shoe types. in dance than practice, in recent years DRT (Bloch Inc., Reno, Nevada, All data were collected in the same dancers have included a “dance train- USA). Examples of the different shoes session, and the presentation order of er” in their footwear choices, and this are shown in Figure 1 (it should be the shoes was counterbalanced using has been associated with a decreased noted that the soft shoe shown is a a Latin square design. There was a rest risk of injury at the ankle.4 However, man’s shoe, not the typical Ghillie period of approximately 3 minutes no published literature could be lo- that is worn by female dancers and between sequences, which allowed cated that compares the differences, has even less support and sole struc- for downloading the data from the if any, in the loads experienced at the ture than the shoe depicted). All Pedar-X, provided time for the dancer plantar surface of the foot in this type participants used their own hard and to change shoes, and also minimized of shoe versus the traditional soft shoe soft shoes for testing, and while all ap- the possible effect of fatigue. The or the hard shoe. peared to be in reasonably good state same floor was used for all trials. The There are significant differences of repair, it was not possible to control sequence was stopped and repeated in the construction of the two types for precision of fit or condition of the if mistakes occurred; thus, only trials of shoe. The standard soft shoe, also footwear. No inserts or other insoles that were free of error were saved. called a Ghillie, (which is comparable were used in the shoes. Data were recorded at 100 Hz to a ballet slipper) has a sole made up For the data collection, each dancer and saved to a laptop for analysis. In of 2 to 4 mm of leather. This is usually was taught a dance sequence and then addition to comparing data from the as pliable as possible, in order to pro- practiced it until he or she was capable entire plantar surface, the Pedar soft- vide optimal control of movement and of repeating it exactly. The sequence ware was used to divide the data into display the visual aspect of the foot. The hard shoe has a stiffer sole, with A the addition of a 3 to 4 cm fiberglass heel and a 1 to 2 cm fiberglass tap in the forefoot, located just anterior to the metatarsophalangeal joints. Thus, it is similar to a tap shoe in terms of its form and function. A newer design of dance trainer, such as that used in B this project, has a blown polyurethane outsole as well as an ethyl-vinyl- acetate insole, which provides shock absorption.23 With such greatly divergent mate- rial characteristics among footwear, dancers and teachers should be aware of the effects such differences can generate. Based on the available data and the necessity of choosing optimal footwear for dance training, the pur- C pose of this study was to compare the effects of different footwear on plantar loads to the foot in Irish dance. Methods Twelve trained dancers (11 females and 1 male) volunteered for this study and gave their informed consent to participate. All of the participants Figure 1 Examples of the three types of shoes used in this study: A, soft shoe; B, hard were “open class” dancers (the high- shoe; C, dance trainer. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science • Volume 17, Number 1, 2013 43 separate regions of the foot, thus al- in Ns. Although there was a signifi- Discussion lowing for specific comparisons of the cant difference between the regions The data indicated that the footwear rearfoot and forefoot, in addition to of the foot with regard to impulse studied could exert significantly dif- the whole plantar surface. It also was (p < 0.001), the repeated measures ferent forces on the dancers’ feet.
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