Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopian Electric Power Ethiopian Electric Utility

PREPARATORY SURVEY ON ADDIS ABABA TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM REHABILITATION AND UPGRADING PROJECT

FINAL REPORT

November 2018

Japan International Cooperation Agency

NEWJEC Inc. 6 R JR（先） 18-029

Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

FINAL REPORT

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Survey ...... 1-1 1.2 Objective of the Survey ...... 1-2 1.3 Scope of the Survey ...... 1-2 1.3.1 Outline of the Survey ...... 1-2 1.3.2 Target Facilities of the Survey ...... 1-4 1.3.3 Flow of the Survey ...... 1-6 1.4 Implementation Structure ...... 1-8 1.4.1 Counterpart of EEP/EEU ...... 1-8 1.4.2 JICA Study Team Members ...... 1-8 1.5 Invitation to Japan ...... 1-9 1.5.1 Background and Objective ...... 1-9 1.5.2 Outline ...... 1-9 1.5.3 Photos in Japan ...... 1-10

Chapter 2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector 2.1 Social Economic Situation in Ethiopia ...... 2-1 2.1.1 Economy ...... 2-1 2.2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power and Energy Sector ...... 2-10 2.2.1 Consistency with High-Level Policies of Development by the Ethiopian Government ...... 2-10 2.2.2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power and Energy Sector...... 2-10 2.3 Current Condition of Transmission and Distribution Network ...... 2-12 2.3.1 Transmission Line and Substation Facilities in Addis Ababa Capital Region ...... 2-12 2.3.2 Distribution Network in Addis Ababa Capital Region ...... 2-13 2.4 Outline and Issues of Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project ...... 2-16 2.4.1 Project Contents of AADMP ...... 2-16 2.4.2 Result of the Data Collection Survey ...... 2-17 2.5 Facility Planning Standard and Design Standard ...... 2-20 2.5.1 132kV Overhead Transmission / Underground Cable / Substation ...... 2-20

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2.5.2 Distribution ...... 2-21 2.6 Power Supply and Demand Balance in the Future ...... 2-22 2.7 Assistance from Other Donors ...... 2-25 2.7.1 World Bank ...... 2-25 2.7.2 Africa Development Bank ...... 2-26 2.7.3 Other Donors ...... 2-27

Chapter 3 Necessity and Adequacy of this Project 3.1 Issues of Addis Ababa Power System and Effect of the PROJECT ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Expansion Plan of Addis Ababa Power System ...... 3-1 3.1.2 Power System Analysis of the Project Target System ...... 3-5 3.1.3 Recommendation ...... 3-8 3.2 Issue of Addis Ababa Distribution Network and Position of this Project on the Issue ...... 3-8 3.2.1 Issues of Distribution Network obtained from the Data Collection Survey ...... 3-8 3.2.2 Condition and Issues at the Start of the Survey ...... 3-10 3.2.3 Scope of the JICA Project ...... 3-13

Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey 4.1 Overhead Transmission Line ...... 4-1 4.1.1 Scope for the Transmission Lines ...... 4-1 4.1.2 Phase Conductors ...... 4-6 4.1.3 Tower ...... 4-12 4.1.4 Insulation Materials...... 4-16 4.1.5 Foundation ...... 4-18 4.2 Underground Cable ...... 4-19 4.2.1 Section 1 ...... 4-20 4.2.2 Section 2 ...... 4-23 4.2.3 Section 3 ...... 4-25 4.3 Substation ...... 4-28 4.3.1 Existing Addis Centre Substation ...... 4-31 4.3.2 Temporary Addis Centre Substation ...... 4-32 4.3.3 New Addis Centre Substation ...... 4-33 4.3.4 Black Lion Substation ...... 4-35 4.3.5 Gofa (Addis South II) Substation ...... 4-36 4.3.6 Kaliti-I substation ...... 4-37 4.3.7 Weregenu Substation ...... 4-39 4.3.8 Cotobie Substation ...... 4-40 4.3.9 Addis North Substation ...... 4-42

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and - ii - Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

4.3.10 Bella (Addis East II) Substation ...... 4-43 4.3.11 Minilik Substation...... 4-44 4.3.12 Debra Zeit II Substation ...... 4-45 4.4 Distribution Network ...... 4-47 4.4.1 Collect the Date of Existing Facilities ...... 4-47 4.4.2 Investigation of Medium Voltage Feeders ...... 4-49 4.4.3 Investigation of Distribution Transformer ...... 4-52 4.4.4 Reorganization of the Project Scope ...... 4-54

Geological Inspection 5.1 Outline of Geological Inspection ...... 5-1 5.1.1 Substations ...... 5-1 5.1.2 Transmission Towers ...... 5-1 5.2 Geological Inspection Result and Consideration of Foundation Type ...... 5-4 5.2.1 Addis Center Substation ...... 5-5 5.2.2 Addis North Substation ...... 5-6 5.2.3 Weregenu Substation ...... 5-6 5.2.4 Gofa Substation...... 5-7 5.2.5 Tower No. 25 ...... 5-8 5.2.6 Tower No. 36 ...... 5-8 5.2.7 Tower No. 48 ...... 5-9 5.2.8 Kaliti I Substation ...... 5-10 5.2.9 St. Mary’s Church ...... 5-10

Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Considerations 6.1 Environmental and Social Considerations...... 6-1 6.1.1 Description of Project Components and Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 6-1 6.1.2 Status of Environmental and Social Baseline ...... 6-1 6.1.3 Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Environmental and Social Considerations ...... 6-7 6.1.4 Comparison of the Alternatives ...... 6-16 6.1.5 Scoping ...... 6-19 6.1.6 TOR for Environmental and Social Considerations Study ...... 6-21 6.1.7 Results of Environmental and Social Consideration Study ...... 6-23 6.1.8 Impact Evaluation ...... 6-24 6.1.9 Mitigation Measures ...... 6-27 6.1.10 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 6-29 6.1.11 Stakeholder Meetings ...... 6-30

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6.2 Land Acquisition/ Resettlement ...... 6-33 6.2.1 Necessity of Land Acquisition and Resettlement ...... 6-33 6.2.2 Legal Framework on Land Acquisition and Resettlement ...... 6-34

Chapter 7 Preliminary Design Overhead Transmission Line ...... 7-1 7.1.1 Route of Over Head Transmission Lines ...... 7-1 7.1.2 Minimum Current Capacity for Over Head Transmission Line ...... 7-2 7.1.3 Preliminary Design for Over Head Transmission Line Facilities ...... 7-3 7.1.4 Budgetary Cost for Overhead Transmission Line ...... 7-18 7.1.5 Constriction Schedule for Over Head Transmission Line ...... 7-19 Underground Cable ...... 7-20 7.2.1 Outline of Route ...... 7-20 7.2.2 Required Transmission Capacity ...... 7-20 7.2.3 Preliminary Design of the Underground Cable System ...... 7-21 7.2.4 Budgetary Cost for Underground Cable ...... 7-28 7.2.5 Construction Schedule for Underground Cable ...... 7-29 Substation Facility ...... 7-30 7.3.1 Preliminary Design Concept ...... 7-30 7.3.2 New ADC Substation ...... 7-33 7.3.3 Existing ADC Substation ...... 7-37 7.3.4 Temporary ADC Substation ...... 7-38 7.3.5 BLL Substation ...... 7-38 7.3.6 GOF (Addis south II) Substation ...... 7-41 7.3.7 KALI Substation ...... 7-44 7.3.8 WER Substation ...... 7-48 7.3.9 COT Substation ...... 7-52 7.3.10 ADN Substation ...... 7-53 7.3.11 BEL Substation ...... 7-58 7.3.12 MIN Substation ...... 7-59 7.3.13 DBZ II Substation ...... 7-59 7.3.14 Budgetary Cost Estimate for Substation Facility ...... 7-60 Distribution Facility ...... 7-62 7.4.1 Basic Design for the Distribution facilities ...... 7-62 7.4.2 The Flowchart for the Rehabilitation Work ...... 7-64 7.4.3 The Method for estimating Transformer’s Peak Value ...... 7-66 7.4.4 Preliminary Design ...... 7-69 7.4.5 Budgetary Cost Estimate for Distribution Facilities ...... 7-73

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and - iv - Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

Chapter 8 Project Plan 8.1 Construction Schedule ...... 8-1 8.2 Project Cost Estimation ...... 8-1 8.3 Study of Procurement ...... 8-1 8.4 Terms of Reference (TOR) ...... 8-1

Chapter 9 Project Implementation and Operation and Maintenance Organization 9.1 EEP/EEU’s Financial Status ...... 9-1 9.2 Project Organization and O&M Organization ...... 9-2 9.2.1 Current Project Organization and O&M Organization ...... 9-2 9.2.2 Proposal for the Project and O&M Organization ...... 9-7

Chapter 10 Evaluation of Project 10.1 Quantitative Evaluation ...... 10-1 10.1.1 Project Benefit ...... 10-1 10.1.2 Evaluation by Economic & Financial Analysis ...... 10-4 10.1.3 Estimation of CO2 Emission ...... 10-5 10.2 Proposal of Operation and Effect Indicator ...... 10-7 10.2.1 Transmission Line and Substation Facility ...... 10-7 10.2.2 Distribution Facilities ...... 10-7 10.3 Target Values of Operation and Effect Indicators ...... 10-9 10.3.1 Transmission Line and Substation Facility ...... 10-9 10.3.2 Distribution Facilities ...... 10-9

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List of Figures

Fig. 1.3-1 Location of target facilities ...... 1-5 Fig. 1.3-2 Main Work Items and Schedule at Each Stage ...... 1-6 Fig. 1.3-3 Work Flow ...... 1-7

Fig. 2.1-1 Trend of GDP ...... 2-1 Fig. 2.1-2 Growth Rate of GDP by Year ...... 2-2 Fig. 2.1-3 Composition Ratio of GDP by Industry ...... 2-3 Fig. 2.1-4 The Trend of Composition Ratio by Industry ...... 2-3 Fig. 2.1-5 Prospect of Electricity Export (2016-2025) ...... 2-5 Fig. 2.1-6 Electricity export destinations and energy ...... 2-6 Fig. 2.1-7 Inflation Ratio ...... 2-7 Fig. 2.1-8 Exchange Rate Ethiopian Birr vs US Dollar ...... 2-7 Fig. 2.1-9 Foreign direct investment to Ethiopia ...... 2-8 Fig. 2.1-10 Composition Ratio of FDI by Industry ...... 2-9 Fig. 2.1-11 Composition of Ethiopian Corporate Investment by Country (2015) ...... 2-9 Fig. 2.2-1 Organization charts of EEP (left side) and EEU (right side) ...... 2-11 Fig. 2.3-1 The main transmission network of Addis Ababa Capital Region ...... 2-12 Fig. 2.3-2 Basic Structure of the Expressway System ...... 2-13 Fig. 2.3-3 Switching Station ...... 2-13 Fig. 2.5-1 Substation design standard (Technical Particular Guarantee in Tender) ...... 2-21 Fig. 2.5-2 Excerpts of Distribution Design Manual...... 2-22

Fig. 3.1-1 Outline of T/L and substation expansion plan ...... 3-1 Fig. 3.1-2 Study of T/L capacity to ADC substation ...... 3-3 Fig. 3.1-3 Study of T/L capacity to Weregenu substation ...... 3-5 Fig. 3.1-4 Existing Power System of Addis Ababa City ...... 3-6 Fig. 3.1-5 Power Flow in the existing power system (as of 2017) ...... 3-6 Fig. 3.1-6 Voltage calculation result of the future power system (Year 2020) ...... 3-7 Fig. 3.1-7 Short Circuit Current calculation result of the future power system (Year 2020) ...... 3-7 Fig. 3.2-1 Example of damaged fuse ...... 3-12 Fig. 3.2-2 Target area of Item A...... 3-14 Fig. 3.2-3 Sample picture of Q-GIS...... 3-15 Fig. 3.2-4 A part of Item A ...... 3-15 Fig. 3.2-5 Single diagram of GEF-04 ...... 3-17

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and - vi - Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

Fig. 3.2-6 Diagram of distribution system in Debre Zeit II substation ...... 3-18

Fig. 4.1-1 Tower Plotting on TL ADC-Kaliti-I ...... 4-1 Fig. 4.1-2 Layout of Kaliti-I Substation ...... 4-5 Fig. 4.1-3 Configuration of Bay (Kaliti-I Substation) ...... 4-6 Fig. 4.1-4 Cross-section of Typical Conductor ...... 4-7 Fig. 4.1-5 Monthly average temperature ...... 4-9 Fig. 4.1-6 Daily Load Curve for Distribution Level ...... 4-9 Fig. 4.1-7 The photographs of existing OPGW ...... 4-11 Fig. 4.1-8 Typical Type of Tower ...... 4-13 Fig. 4.1-9 Typical Type of Lattice Tower ...... 4-14 Fig. 4.1-10 Bird Guard ...... 4-15 Fig. 4.1-11 Accessories for tower ...... 4-16 Fig. 4.1-12 Three types of Insulator Disc...... 4-17 Fig. 4.2-1 Route map of the section 1 ...... 4-21 Fig. 4.2-2 BRT ...... 4-21 Fig. 4.2-3 Median strip ...... 4-21 Fig. 4.2-4 Mexico Square ...... 4-22 Fig. 4.2-5 Bridge-shaped road ...... 4-22 Fig. 4.2-6 Underpass at the time of construction ...... 4-22 Fig. 4.2-7 Schematic diagram of a cable bridge ...... 4-22 Fig. 4.2-8 Current situation of Black Lion substation ...... 4-23 Fig. 4.2-9 Route map of the section2 ...... 4-24 Fig. 4.2-10 Current situation of the bridge in the section 2 ...... 4-24 Fig. 4.2-11 Road construction ...... 4-24 Fig. 4.2-12 Current situation of the north side on the Gofa substation ...... 4-25 Fig. 4.2-13 Route map of the section 3 ...... 4-25 Fig. 4.2-14 Current situation around the connecting point of overhead lines which is close to St. Mary’s church ...... 4-26 Fig. 4.2-15 Current situation of the median strip and the three bridges on the way ...... 4-26 Fig. 4.2-16 Current situation of the compound adjacent to the east side of Weregenu substation ...... 4-27 Fig. 4.3-1 Location of each substation ...... 4-30 Fig. 4.3-2 132/15kV Power Transformer ...... 4-31 Fig. 4.3-3 132kV incoming T/L bay ...... 4-31 Fig. 4.3-4 Arrangement of New EEP Headquarter ...... 4-33 Fig. 4.3-5 Planned layout of temporary ADC substation ...... 4-33

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Fig. 4.3-6 Temporary Transformer1 ...... 4-33 Fig. 4.3-7 Temporary Transformer2 ...... 4-33 Fig. 4.3-8 Field survey result of new ADC substation ...... 4-35 Fig. 4.3-9 Foot print view of northeast ...... 4-35 Fig. 4.3-10 Foot print view of south ...... 4-35 Fig. 4.3-11 Current situation of BLL substation ...... 4-37 Fig. 4.3-12 Current situation of GOF substation ...... 4-38 Fig. 4.3-13 Current situation of KALI substation ...... 4-39 Fig. 4.3-14 Current situation of WER substation ...... 4-41 Fig. 4.3-15 Existing 132kV switchyard ...... 4-42 Fig. 4.3-16 New 132kV switchyard ...... 4-42 Fig. 4.3-17 Current situation of ADN substation ...... 4-43 Fig. 4.3-18 132kV switchyard ...... 4-44 Fig. 4.3-19 132kV protection panel for ADN ...... 4-44 Fig. 4.3-20 132kV GIS (China) ...... 4-45 Fig. 4.3-21 132kV control panel ...... 4-45 Fig. 4.3-22 132kV Power transformer ...... 4-46 Fig. 4.3-23 15kV metal cubicle ...... 4-46 Fig. 4.4-1 The situation of work by other donors ...... 4-48 Fig. 4.4-2 Picture of Tilting pole in field survey ...... 4-51 Fig. 4.4-3 An example of detailed load measurement result ...... 4-53 Fig. 4.4-4 Relevant part of project in DBZ area ...... 4-54

Fig. 5.1-1 Drilling Positions (on Google Earth Photo) ...... 5-4 Fig. 5.2-1 Geological Inspection Result (Addis Center Substation) ...... 5-5 Fig. 5.2-2 Geological Inspection Result (Addis North Substation) ...... 5-6 Fig. 5.2-3 Geological Inspection Result (Weregenu Substation) ...... 5-7 Fig. 5.2-4 Geological Inspection Result (Gofa Substation) ...... 5-7 Fig. 5.2-5 Geological Inspection Result (Tower No. 25) ...... 5-8 Fig. 5.2-6 Geological Inspection Result (Tower No. 36) ...... 5-9 Fig. 5.2-7 Geological Inspection Result (Tower No. 48 Substation) ...... 5-9 Fig. 5.2-8 Geological Inspection Result (Kaliti I Substation) ...... 5-10 Fig. 5.2-9 Geological Inspection Result (St. Mary’s Church) ...... 5-11

Fig. 6.1-1 Administrative divisions of Addis Ababa (location map) ...... 6-4 Fig. 6.1-2 ESIA Procedure ...... 6-10

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and - viii - Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

Fig. 7.1 1 T/L Network of Addis Ababa City ...... 7-1 Fig. 7.1 2 Tower Arrangement ...... 7-8 Fig. 7.1 3 Tower plotting for cable termination ...... 7-9 Fig. 7.1 4 Bird view of Cable Termination Tower ...... 7-10 Fig. 7.1 5 Reference samples in other countries ...... 7-15 Fig. 7.1 6 Deformation by Soil Pressure of road and houses ...... 7-16 Fig. 7.1 7 Basic Foundation Design ...... 7-16 Fig. 7.1 8 Rigid Foundation ...... 7-17 Fig. 7.2 1 Relationship between the current rating and the burial depth of the cable ...... 7-21 Fig. 7.2 2 Schematic diagram for layout of conduit pipes ...... 7-24 Fig. 7.2 3 Section of a conduit system installed by a pipe jacking method ...... 7-25 Fig. 7.2 4 Examples of equipment layout at departure shaft and plane views of the shafts...... 7-25 Fig. 7.2 5 Schematic diagram for the application of pipe jacking method ...... 7-26 Fig. 7.2 6 Example of cable and joint box arrangement in manhole ...... 7-27 Fig. 7.2 7 Example of frame supporting for a sealing end ...... 7-27 Fig. 7.3 1 Single Line Diagram of New Addis Center Substation ...... 7-33 Fig. 7.3 2 Layout of New Addis Center Substation ...... 7-34 Fig. 7.3 3 Protection Overview Diagram related to New ADC substation ...... 7-34 Fig. 7.3 4 Single Line Diagram of Black Lion Substation ...... 7-38 Fig. 7.3 5 Layout of Black Lion Substation ...... 7-39 Fig. 7.3 6 Single Line Diagram of Gofa Substation...... 7-41 Fig. 7.3 7 Layout of Gofa Substation ...... 7-41 Fig. 7.3 8 Construction Procedure in Gofa Substation ...... 7-44 Fig. 7.3 9 Existing bay connection in 132kV KALI S/S ...... 7-45 Fig. 7.3 10 Proposed bay connection ...... 7-45 Fig. 7.3 11 Single Line Diagram of KALI Substation ...... 7-46 Fig. 7.3 12 Layout of KALI Substation ...... 7-46 Fig. 7.3 13 Single Line Diagram of Weregenu Substation...... 7-48 Fig. 7.3 14 Layout of Weregenu Substation ...... 7-49 Fig. 7.3 15 Protection Overview Diagram related to WER Substation...... 7-49 Fig. 7.3 16 Single Line Diagram of Addis North Substation ...... 7-53 Fig. 7.3 17 Layout of Addis North Substation ...... 7-54 Fig. 7.3 18 Protection Overview Diagram related to ADN Substation ...... 7-54 Fig. 7.3 19 Construction Procedure in Addis North Substation ...... 7-58 Fig. 7.4 1 A transformer installed on a wooden pole ...... 7-64

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Fig. 7.4 2 The flowchart for rehabilitation of medium voltage feeder ...... 7-65 Fig. 7.4 3 The flowchart for rehabilitation of distribution transformer ...... 7-65 Fig. 7.4 4 Standard load curve ...... 7-67 Fig. 7.4 5 An image of the procedure to determine the conversion rate...... 7-68 Fig. 7.4 6 Peak Divergence value ...... 7-68 Fig. 7.4 7 An image of peak estimation ...... 7-69 Fig. 7.4 8 Points representing target feeder of Item B ...... 7-72 Fig. 7.4 9 Points representing target feeder of Item C ...... 7-73

Fig. 9.2-1 Implementation Organization AfDB Project ...... 9-2 Fig. 9.2-2 EEP Organization Chart ...... 9-4 Fig. 9.2-3 EEU Organization Chart ...... 9-5 Fig. 9.2-4 Implementation Organization...... 9-8

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and - x - Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

List of Tables

Table 1.4-1 EEP/EEU Counterpart ...... 1-8 Table 1.4-2 Member of JICA Study Team ...... 1-8 Table 1.5-1 Schedule ...... 1-9 Table 1.5-2 Participant List...... 1-9 Table 2.1-1 GDP Growth Rate under Base Case Scenario (in %) valued 2010/11 Price ...... 2-4

Table 2.3-1 An Example of Transformer HI ...... 2-12 Table 2.3-2 An Example of Assessment Result of Distribution Network ...... 2-15 Table 2.3-3 An Example of the Status Survey Result of Distribution Transformer ...... 2-15 Table 2.4-1 Outline of Contract Packages for AADMP ...... 2-17 Table 2.4-2 Outline of the AADMP Project (After Study) ...... 2-20 Table 2.6-1 Ethiopia’s Generation Expansion Plan (2016-2020) ...... 2-23 Table 2.6-2 List of existing power plant in Ethiopia ...... 2-24 Table 2.7-1 World Bank's Assistance in Power Sector in the Recent Years ...... 2-25 Table 2.7-2 AfDB's Assistance in Power Sector in the Recent Years ...... 2-26 Table 2.7-3 Other Donors’ Assistance in Power Sector in Recent Years ...... 2-27

Table 3.1-1 Study of alternative options for Gofa substation ...... 3-3 Table 3.2-1 Target of the survey (before the first field survey) ...... 3-10 Table 3.2-2 Current situation of LV feeders in the Addis Ababa capital region ...... 3-11 Table 3.2-3 Survey target after the consultation during first field survey ...... 3-14 Table 3.2-4 Priority list for Item B ...... 3-16 Table 3.2-5 Feeder list for Item C ...... 3-18

Table 4.1-1 Site condition of Overhead Transmission line ...... 4-2 Table 4.1-2 Approach towers to Kaliti-I substation ...... 4-5 Table 4.1-3 Thermal Capacity of Conductors in EEP Transmission Line ...... 4-6 Table 4.1-4 Typical Type of Conductor in EEP ...... 4-7 Table 4.1-5 Surrounding Conditions ...... 4-8 Table 4.1-6 Temperature conditions for Sagging Calculation ...... 4-8 Table 4.1-7 Weather in Addis Ababa ...... 4-9 Table 4.1-8 OPGW Joint Record ...... 4-10 Table 4.1-9 Tower Type in Addis Ababa ...... 4-13

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Table 4.1-10 Design parameter for 132kV Lattice Tower Type (1cct) ...... 4-14 Table 4.1-11 Design parameter for 132kV Lattice Tower Type (2cct) ...... 4-14 Table 4.1-12 Typical Type of Insulation material ...... 4-17 Table 4.1-13 Foundation type for Lattice Tower ...... 4-18 Table 4.2-1 Demarcations for the work related to the median strip ...... 4-20 Table 4.3-1 Outline of Substation ...... 4-29 Table 4.4-1 Reorganization of scope of Item B ...... 4-49 Table 4.4-2 Survey Items in the Investigation of Medium-voltage line ...... 4-50 Table 4.4-3 Results of medium-voltage line field survey ...... 4-51 Table 4.4-4 Breakdown of failure factor of wooden poles ...... 4-51 Table 4.4-5 Survey Items in the Investigation of distribution transformer ...... 4-52 Table 4.4-6 Summary of result of detailed load ...... 4-53

Table 5.1-1 Coordinates of Drilling Positions ...... 5-2

Table 6.1-1 Description of project components ...... 6-1 Table 6.1-2 Plants listed in IUCN red list ...... 6-2 Table 6.1-3 Administrative divisions of Addis Ababa ...... 6-3 Table 6.1-4 Land use in Addis Ababa (in 2012) ...... 6-5 Table 6.1-5 Population distribution in Sub-city (2017) ...... 6-5 Table 6.1-6 Poverty rate in Addis Ababa City ...... 6-6 Table 6.1-7 Number of worship places/ religious sites by religion ...... 6-6 Table 6.1-8 Projects Categorized into Schedule 1 ...... 6-8 Table 6.1-9 Project Categorized into Schedule 2 ...... 6-9 Table 6.1-10 Projects Categorized into Schedule 3 ...... 6-9 Table 6.1-11 Results of gap analysis and policies to be taken by this project...... 6-11 Table 6.1-12 Laws and regulations related to Environmental and Social Considerations ...... 6-14 Table 6.1-13 Legislation related to the resettlement and land acquisition ...... 6-15 Table 6.1-14 Comparison of the alternatives (132 kV transmission lines from New Addis Center to Kaliti I Substation) ...... 6-17 Table 6.1-15 Scoping ...... 6-19 Table 6.1-16 TOR for Environmental and Social Considerations Study ...... 6-21 Table 6.1-17 Results of Environmental and Social Consideration Study ...... 6-23 Table 6.1-18 Impact Evaluation ...... 6-24 Table 6.1-19 Mitigation Measures ...... 6-27 Table 6.1-20 Monitoring Plan ...... 6-29

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and - xii - Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

Table 6.1-21 Outline of stakeholder meetings ...... 6-31 Table 6.1-22 Details of Discussion during Stakeholder Meetings ...... 6-31 Table 6.2-1 Necessity of land acquisition and resettlement ...... 6-33 Table 6.2-2 Status of compensation at Addis Center Substation ...... 6-34 Table 6.2-3 Conditions Applied for 132 kV Transmission Lines ...... 6-34 Table 6.2-4 GAP Analysis between the JICA Guidelines and Laws of Ethiopia ...... 6-37 Table 6.2-5 Calculation methods of full replacement cost ...... 6-43 Table 6.2-6 Number of PAHs and PAPs ...... 6-44 Table 6.2-7 Number of PAHs and PAPs for overhead transmission lines ...... 6-44 Table 6.2-8 Number of PAHs and PAPs for underground transmission lines ...... 6-45 Table 6.2-9 Land use and area affected by the project...... 6-45 Table 6.2-10 Crops and trees affected by the project ...... 6-45 Table 6.2-11 Socio-Economic Information of PAHs ...... 6-46 Table 6.2-12 Entitlement Matrix ...... 6-48 Table 6.2-13 ARAP implementation committee members ...... 6-51 Table 6.2-14 Schedule of ARAP implementation ...... 6-51 Table 6.2-15 Total cost and breakdown of compensation ...... 6-51 Table 6.2-16 Outline of stakeholder meetings ...... 6-53 Table 6.2-17 Main comments and responses during the stakeholder meetings ...... 6-54 Table 6.2-18 Environmental Checklist ...... 6-59

Table 7.1 1 Section of Over Head Transmission Line Portion ...... 7-1 Table 7.1 2 Conductor Types ...... 7-5 Table 7.1 3 Comparison of Conductor Characteristic ...... 7-7 Table 7.1 4 Application of Tower Type ...... 7-8 Table 7.1 5 Preliminarily Design for Every Tower Type ...... 7-11 Table 7.1 6 Electrical Clearance ...... 7-12 Table 7.1 7 Bill of Quantity for Tower ...... 7-12 Table 7.1 9 Construction Schedule for Overhead Transmission Line ...... 7-19 Table 7.2 1 Outline of route...... 7-20 Table 7.2 2 Design condition for the cable ...... 7-20 Table 7.2 3 Relationship between conductor size and permitted burial depth ...... 7-22 Table 7.2 4 Specification of the cable ...... 7-22 Table 7.2 5 Comparison of conduit pipes for power cables ...... 7-23 Table 7.2 7 Construction Schedule for Underground Cable ...... 7-29 Table 7.3 2 Construction Schedule for Substation Facility ...... 7-61

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Table 7.4 1 Combination pattern of the newly installed transformers ...... 7-71 Table 7.4 2 Quantity of rehabilitation work ...... 7-72

Table 9.2 1 Activities of each unit in EEP ...... 9-3 Table 9.2 2 Operation & Maintenance Team ...... 9-4

Table 10.1 1 Transformer Capacity (Existing & Expanded) and Peak demand (2017) of Each Substation ...... 10-1 Table 10.1 2 Result of Electricity supply Evaluation...... 10-2 Table 10.1 3 Number of transformers installed before and after construction work ...... 10-3 Table 10.1 4 Power loss reduction amount ...... 10-4 Table 10.1 10 Reduction of CO2 Emission by the Project (as of 2024) ...... 10-6 Table 10.2 1 Proposed Operation and Effect Indicators ...... 10-7 Table 10.2 2 Proposed Operation and Effect Indicators ...... 10-7 Table 10.3 1 Target Values of Operation and Effect Indicators ...... 10-9 Table 10.3 2 Outage frequency and Outage duration of Item B and C in 2017 ...... 10-10 Table 10.3 3 Targeted Values of Operation and Effect Indicators ...... 10-12

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and - xiv - Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

Abbreviations

Addis Ababa Distribution Master Plan Study AADMP Final Report Addis Ababa Distribution Master Plan Study AADMP Ic/R Amendment One Inception Report – Final Addis Ababa Distribution Master Plan Study AADMP IT/R Interim Report

AADRUP Addis Ababa Distribution Rehabilitation and Upgrade Project

AAHVRUP Addis Ababa High Voltage Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

ABC Aerial Bundled Cable

AFD Agence Française de Développement

AfDB African Development Bank

AIC Average Incremental Cost

AMT Amorphous Transformer

ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan

AU African Union

BADEA The Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa

BCU Bay Control Unit

BRT Bus Rapid Transit

BSP Bulk Supply Points

CB Circuit Breaker

China Exim The Export-Import Bank of the Republic of China Bank

CPF Country Partnership Framework

CSP Country Strategy Paper

DCC Distribution Control Centre

DMS600 Distribution Management System 600

EEA Ethiopian Energy Authority

EEP Ethiopian Electric Power

- xv - Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables / Abbreviations Final Report

EEPCo EEPCo. Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation

EEU Ethiopian Electric Utility

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIB European Investment Bank

EIRR Economic Internal rate of Return

EPC Engineering Procurement and Construction

FC Foreign Currency

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FIDIC International Federation of Consulting Engineers

GTP Growth and Transformation Plan

GW Galvanized Wire

HI Health Index

ICB International Competitive. Bidding

IGES Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

LC Local Currency

LLC Low Loss Conductor:

LRMC Long Run Marginal Cost

LRT Light Rail Transport

MEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change

MOFEC Ministry of Finance and Economic Cooperation

MoWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Energy

OPGW Optical Fiber Ground Wire

P/B Parsons Brinckeroff

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and - xvi - Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Table of Contents / List of Figures & Tables Final Report / Abbreviations

PFP Polycon Fiber reinforced Plastic

PLC Power Line Carrier

PPI Pin Post Insulator

QCBS Quality and Cost - Based Selection

Q-GIS QuantumGIS

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

ROW Right Of Way

S/S Substation

SCADA Supervisory control and acquisition system

Sw/St Switching Station

TSRUP Transmission and Substations Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

TSS Time Sequential Sectionalizing Switch

UNECA Economic Commission for Africa

VAT Value Added Tax

ZTE ZTE Corporation

- xvii - Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Final Report Introduction

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

Chapter 1 Final Report Introduction

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE SURVEY

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (hereinafter called “Ethiopia”) has the second largest population in Africa (99.4 million people, according to World Bank Report of 2015).

The “Infrastructure Quality Improvement including Power Development” is one of the most prioritized policies in the “Growth and Transformation Plan II (2015/16～2019/20),(GTP2)” which targets the low middle-income countries until 2025.

To support stability and continuous development of Ethiopia in particular, it is indicated that it is necessary to invest in the increase of power generation capacity and in the expansion of the transmission and distribution network. In addition, expansion of the transmission network from 16,018km (2014/15) to 21,728km (2019/20) is one of the prioritized targets.

Target area of this preparatory survey (hereinafter called “The Survey”) is Addis Ababa administration area and an area of approximately 50km radius area around the city (hereinafter called “Addis Ababa Capital Region”).

Moreover, along with the economic and population growth, many developments in housing and industrial fields are planned. According to the Addis Ababa Distribution Master Plan (hereinafter called “AADMP”) prepared by the African Development Bank（hereinafter called “AfDB”） in 2015, the power demand in Addis Ababa Capital Region is expected to continuously increase from 800MW in 2014 to 3,600MW in 2034. However, the utilization ratio of distribution transformers and most of the medium voltage distribution network is beyond 100 % of the rated capacity. Moreover, the capacity of power network including the substations has already reached the breaking point.

Concretely, 1) approximately 19% loss in distribution system occurs due to lack of capacity and equipment deterioration, 2) capacity of transformers and distribution line is getting overloaded because of the rapid increase in demand, and 3) degradation due to aging of equipment, are causing problems of frequent power outage and voltage drop in the distribution network. For example, in Addis Ababa, a frequency of power outage was more than 20,000 times and total duration was more than 20,000 hours during the year of 2017.

Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the transmission and substations, and rehabilitate the distribution network.

1-1 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Introduction Final Report

Considering these situations, JICA carried out the “Data collection survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System（hereinafter called “Data collection survey”）” from June 2018 through August 2017.

The data collection survey conducted includes 1) Verification of the project component for the expected package, which is a Japanese Yen Loan, 2) Study on Applicable Quality Infrastructure, 3) Project finding for transmission, substation and distribution system in Addis Ababa. Based on the results of the Data Collection Survey, Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project are scheduled to be implemented.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE SURVEY

The objective of the Survey is to conduct the feasibility study for Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project (hereinafter called “the Project”) and to carry out the necessary study to evaluate the implementation of the Project as an ODA loan project which includes a study on the necessity of the Project, outline, preliminary design, project cost, implementation schedule, procurement and construction method, organization structure for the Project, operation and maintenance organization, environmental and social consideration, etc.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE SURVEY

1.3.1 Outline of the Survey

Items Contents 1) Objective of the Project In Addis Ababa capital city, Transmission and Distribution System has to be rehabilitated and upgraded. By doing so, it is possible to supply stable power to the grid of capital city in Ethiopia and to contribute to the improvement of industrial infrastructures and socioeconomic development. 2) Objective of this Preparatory Survey For the above Project, the following items are conducted in this preparatory survey. In addition, a study on the necessary evaluation for the execution of Japanese ODA Loan is also Object done.  Confirmation of background of the Project  Present Condition and Issue of project components  Construction Method  Implementation Schedule for the Project  Project Implementation Organization  Operation and Maintenance Organization  Environmental Survey Addis Ababa administration area, capital city of Ethiopia and parts of the surrounding area of Target Area Oromia.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 1-2 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Final Report Introduction

Items Contents 1) Authorities： Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy（MoWIE）, Ministry of Finance and Economic Related Cooperation（EEA） authorities 2) Implementation Agency： (Implementation Ethiopia Electric Power（EEP）,Ethiopia Electric Utility（EEU） Agency) 3) Related authorities： Ministry of Finance and Economic Cooperation（MOFEC） 4) Related Donner：African Development Bank（AfDB） 1) Preliminary Design for Overhead / Underground Transmission and Substation Facility ① 132kVOverhead / Underground Transmission Kaliti I S/S ～Addis Centre S/S ～Black Lion S/S ② Upgrading the substation facilities including outdoor type GIS. Scope of Addis Centre (ADC) S/S, Addis North (ADN) S/S, Weregenu (WER) S/S etc. Work 2) Preliminary Design for Distribution Network (Rehabilitation of 33kV/15kV medium voltage network, distribution transformers) 3) Environmental and Social Survey (Resettlement Action Plan, Screening and Initial Environmental Examination) 4) Social Survey (Baseline Survey) 5) Training in Japan

1-3 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Introduction Final Report

1.3.2 Target Facilities of the Survey

The candidate facilities to be installed are shown below.

1) 132kV Transmission and substation facilities (a) 132kV Overhead Transmission line Voltage Number of No. From To (kV) circuits OH_Route1 Connection Point 1 Connection Point 2 132 2 * Connection point: Connection point between Overhead transmission line and underground cable.

(b) 132kV Underground Transmission Voltage Number of No. From To (kV) circuits UG_Route1 Addis Centre Substation Connection Point 1 132 2

UG_Route2 Connection Point 2 Kaliti I Substation 132 2 Black Lions UG_Route3 Addis Centre Substation 132 1 Substation UG_Route4 Weregenu Station Connection Point 3 132 2

(c) Upgrading the substation facilities including outdoor type GIS. Name Main component Primary Voltage Addis Centre Full replacement of substation (Outdoor type GIS) 132 kV Substation Transformers 200MVA(50MVA x 4units) Kaliti I Substation Reinforcement of receiving equipment (2 c.c.t./ AIS) 132 kV Black Lion Reinforcement of receiving equipment (1 c.c.t./ Indoor type 132 kV Substation GIS) Addis North Upgradation of transformers 100MVA(50+50) 132 kV Substation Weregenu Reinforcement of receiving equipment (2 c.c.t./ AIS) and 132 kV Substation installation of one transformer (50MVA 132/33kV)

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 1-4 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Final Report Introduction

2) Rehabilitation of distribution facilities (a) Rehabilitation of 33kV/15kV medium voltage network and Distribution transformers

Amount of Survey Facilities Length of Distribution transformer No. Main component Medium Voltage (Unit) (km) Item A 3 areas including the city center ― 1,290 Feeders for highest number of Item B 275 757 outages Feeders for area outside the city Item C 100 120 premise

ADN Substations

BLL Substations WER Substations

ADC Substations

Connection Point 3 Connection Point 1

Legend：：Overhead transmission ：Underground cable KALI Substations Connection Point 2 ：Substations ：Distribution network

(Distribution network: only item A is shown) Fig. 1.3-1 Location of target facilities

1-5 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Introduction Final Report

1.3.3 Flow of the Survey

The scope of the Survey is divided into two stages, i.e. “Confirmation of Present Condition of Power Network and Preliminary Design of the Project”, and “Evaluation of the Project”. Major work items of each stage are presented in Fig. 1.3-2.

Further, flow chart of the entire Survey work is shown in Fig. 1.3-3.

The 1st Stage: Confirmation of Present Condition of Power Network and Preliminary Design of the Project

1st Home Office  Kick off Meeting (Explanation and discussion on IcR) Work  Confirmation of background of the Project 1st Field Survey  Present Condition and Issue of project components  Power Supply and Demand 2nd Home Office  Determination of the Project component to be targeted for Preliminary design Work  Natural Conditions Survey 2nd Field Survey  Preliminary Design, Overhead / Underground Transmission and Substation Facility  Environmental Survey  Social Survey(Baseline Survey)  System Analysis  Explanation and discussion on It/R to the related Parties  Construction Method  Implementation Schedule for the Project  Project Implementation Organization  Operation and Maintenance Organization  Study of temporary construction plan for transmission and substation The 2nd Stage: Evaluation of the Project

3rd Home Office  Preliminary Design / Distribution Network Work  Study of temporary construction plan for transmission and substation 3rd Field Survey  Environmental Survey  Training in Japan 4th Home Office  Project Plan Work  Points to be noted for the Project implementation 4th Field Survey  TOR for Consulting Services in DD/CS  Project Cost Estimation 5th Home Office  Evaluation of Project

Work Fig. 1.3-2 Main Work Items and Schedule at Each Stage

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 1-6 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Final Report Introduction

November

Report (FR) Report

I3 Final I3 ２

Ｉ Preparation of FR

October

5th Home Office WorkOfficeHome 5th

September １

Ｈ Explanation and discussion on Df/R to the related Parties

H 4th 4th H

F.Survey ７

Ｇ Preparation of DfR

Draft Final Report (DfR) ReportFinal Draft

DD / CS: Detailed Design and Construction Supervision Construction and Design Detailed DD / CS:

August

Cost Cost

Project Project

Plan

Project

the

TOR for TOR for

Services

in DD/CS

Consulting

4th Home Office WorkOfficeHome 4th

Estimation

Evaluation Evaluation of

Project

for

implementation

Points Points to be noted

Evaluationofthe Project

Field Field

Design

Survey

Distribution Distribution

Survey(4)

・

Network(2)

Preliminary

F 3rd F

Environmental Environmental

July

and

Design

plan plan for

Study Study of

Distribution Distribution

Survey(3)

temporary temporary

・

Network(1)

Preliminary Preliminary

construction construction

transmission transmission

substation(2)

Environmental Environmental

Training Training in Japan

3rd H.O.W.3rd

2018

Work Flow Work

(1)

Schedule Schedule

plan plan for

June

Organization

Maintenance

Resettlement Resettlement Plan, Action and Screening IEE, Studies ESIA and by Local the Consultant

substation substation

for for the Project

Operation Operation and

transmission transmission and

Field Survey Field

Study Study of temporary

construction

Construction Construction Method

Project Project Implementation

Environmental Environmental Survey(2)

Implementation

2nd

1.3 １

Ｄ Explanation and discussion on It/R to the related Parties

Consultant

Report (ItR) Report

Interim

Fig. Fig.

Facility

May

Preparation Preparation for It/R

Office WorkOffice

Substation Substation Facility

・

Preliminary Preliminary Design

Overhead Overhead Transmission Facility

flow flow analysis

1analysis

・

Underground Underground Transmission

・

2nd Home 2nd

System System Analysis

Power

・

Social Survey Social Survey (Baseline Survey) the by Local Consultant

April

Topographic Topographic Survey and Geological Investigation by the Local Consultant

Survey Survey for Existing Distribution Network and Facilities the by Local

of of the Project

Social Survey

March

Field Survey Field

(Baseline (Baseline Survey)

）

Preliminary Preliminary design

of project of project components

Preliminary Preliminary Design (1)

1st

component component targeting for

Environmental Environmental Survey(1)

Natural Natural Conditions Survey

Power Power Supply and Demand

Ic/R

Confirmation Confirmation of background

Determination Determination of the Project

Present Present Condition and Issue

（１

Ｂ Kick off Meeting (Explanation and discussion on IcR to the related Parties)

Report

ConfirmationofPresent Condition ofPower Networkand Preliminary Design ofthe Project

O.W.

A 1st

Inception １

Ａ Preparation of Ic/R

February

Work Items Work

Work

Reports Field Survey Home Office

1-7 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Introduction Final Report

1.4 IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE

1.4.1 Counterpart of EEP/EEU

EEP/EEU assigned the following members as counterparts for this Preparatory Survey.

Table 1.4-1 EEP/EEU Counterpart Name Assignment Organization Mr. Abinet Ahmed Project Manager Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Ermias Bekelle Network System Analysis Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Amanuel Assefa Substation Design Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Dagnachew Tsega Overhead T/L Design Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Chumala Samuel, Mr. Aman Belete Underground T/L Design Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Michael Yimer, Mr.Tadesse Biru Protection Design Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Andualem Sie SCADA Design Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Andualem Sie, Mr.Ismael Muzeyin Communication Design Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Addis Mehar Civil Design Ethiopian Electric Power Ms. Selam Tarekegn Environmental Administration Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Hussen Aden Procurement and Financial Ethiopian Electric Power Mr. Elias Delash New HQ Design Ethiopian Electric Power Mr.Solomon Kenaw Project Manager Ethiopian Electric Utility Mr. Kabtamu Ketsela, Mr. Getu Tadesse Distribution Planning Ethiopian Electric Utility Mr. Getachew Adane Distribution Design Ethiopian Electric Utility Source: JICA Study Team

1.4.2 JICA Study Team Members

This survey was implemented by the following team members (JICA Study Team).

Table 1.4-2 Member of JICA Study Team Name Assignment Organization Mr. Kenichiro YAGI Team Leader/ Transmission and Distribution Planning NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Kiyotaka UENO Deputy Team Leader/ System Analysis NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Shinichi KAWABE Distribution Planning 1 NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Takao SUZUKI Transmission Facility 1 (Overhead Line) NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Ryosuke ISHII Transmission Facility 2 (Underground Cable ) NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Katsunori MORI Transmission Facility 2 (Underground Cable ) NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Akira KAWABE Substation Facility NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Fumihiro TAMURA Distribution Planning 2 NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Yoshinori YONEDA Distribution Facility1 NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Takahiro YOSHIZAWA Distribution Facility2 NEWJEC Inc. Ms. Yuki NAKAMURA Facility Planning/ Project Coordinator NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Akihiro OSADA Environmental and Social Consideration 1 NEWJEC Inc. Mr. Takeshi ABE Electric Power Civil Engineering NEWJEC Inc. Ms. Naoko FURUSAWA Environmental and Social Consideration 2 NEWJEC Inc.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 1-8 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Final Report Introduction

1.5 INVITATION TO JAPAN

1.5.1 Background and Objective

In this project, it is planned to introduce high quality manufacturer called as "Quality Infrastructure" with technological superiority in terms of reliability and life cycle cost for the expansion and rehabilitation of power facilities The objective of the invitation is to promote the understanding of “Quality Infrastructure” through tours of the related manufacturers and Japanese power utility.

1.5.2 Outline

The Tour in Japan was organized from July 1st 2018 to July 7th (7 days). Detail schedule is shown in Table 1.5-1, and program participants are listed in Table 1.5-2.

Table 1.5-1 Schedule Date Place Content

1/7/2018 -- --- Arrive in Japan AM JICA HQ courtesy call 2/7/2018 PM Factory Tour Factory of outdoor type GIS AM ――― Move to Nagoya 3/7/2018 PM Factory Tour Factory of Pin Post type Insulator AM ――― Move to Osaka Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. 4/7/2018 Latest method for distribution construction PM South Osaka distribution engineering Explanation for fundamentals of TSS center and Distribution training center Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. AM Outdoor type GIS installed substation Shikitsu substation 5/7/2018 Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. PM Latest SCADA for distribution network Namba distribution service center Seminar: Amorphous Metal Transformer, Invar 6/7/2018 AM NEWJEC conductor, and P-FRP 7/7/2018 -- ――― Leave to Ethiopia

Table 1.5-2 Participant List

Name Organization Position Mr. Abinet Ahmed Hussen EEP Project Manager, Project Office Mr. Estifanos Gebru Teklu EEP Manager, T&S strategy and Investment Mr. Asnakew Mekonnen Tegegne EEP In charge Addis Ababa Region Mr. Wendemu Hilemeskel EEP Manager, Substation Engineering Mr. Solomon Kenaw Birhanu EEU Project Manager, Project Office

1-9 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 1 Introduction Final Report

1.5.3 Photos in Japan

Outdoor type GIS manufacturer Pin Post Insulator manufacturer

Latest method for distribution work Fundamental of TSS

Outdoor type GIS installed substation Latest SCADA for distribution network

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 1-10 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

CHAPTER 2

CURRENT SITUATION AND ISSUES OF THE POWER ENERGY SECTOR

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

CHAPTER 2 CURRENT SITUATION AND ISSUES OF THE POWER ENERGY SECTOR

2.1 SOCIAL ECONOMIC SITUATION IN ETHIOPIA 2.1.1 Economy Gross domestic product (hereinafter called “GDP”) of Ethiopia in 2016 was US$ 72.37 billion. The transition of GDP in the recent years is shown in Fig. 2.1-1 (Price real value in 2000US $). According to this, growth was stagnant from 2009 to 2011 due to the deterioration in international balance of payments, but after that GDP has been growing steadily.

GDP 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000

US Dollers US million Dollers 20,000 10,000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year

Source: World Development Indicators (World Bank) Fig. 2.1-1 Trend of GDP

The change in GDP growth rate by year is shown in Fig. 2.1-2. GDP growth rate is in the range of 20% to 40% from 2006 to 2009. GDP growth rate for 2010 and 2011 was very low, as the economic crisis expanded to a global scale. However, it recovered and the growth rate was approx. 36% in 2012, after that it shows a growth of approx. 10% to 17%, and the GDP continues to increase.

2-1 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector Final Report

Source: World Development Indicators (World Bank) Fig. 2.1-2 Growth Rate of GDP by Year

The composition ratio of GDP for Ethiopia and neighboring countries by industry, in 2016 is shown in Fig. 2.1-3. According to this, the composition ratio of GDP in Ethiopia is similar to that of Kenya, the service industry is less than half, the manufacturing industry is about 20%, and the remaining 30% is agriculture.

On the other hand, in Somalia, the composition ratio of GDP in terms of agriculture is remarkably large at 60%, followed by the service industry at 30%, and the GDP of manufacturing industry is remarkably small. Djibouti and Eritrea are biased towards the service industry, and the ratio of agriculture is remarkably small.

The manufacturing industry ratio of Ethiopia is almost at the same level as the neighboring countries, except for Somalia.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 2-2 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

Source: Central Intelligence Agency (United States) Fig. 2.1-3 Composition Ratio of GDP by Industry

The trend of Ethiopia's GDP composition ratio by industry is shown in Fig. 2.1-4. In the past, the ratio of Agriculture was the highest, but recently the proportion of Service is increasing year by year, and the proportion of Manufacturing is almost flat.

Source: National Account (MOFEC Ethiopia)

Fig. 2.1-4 The Trend of Composition Ratio by Industry

2-3 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector Final Report

Since it was difficult to obtain the most recent data in the statistics, JICA Study Team referred to the Ethiopia Growth and Transformation Plan II, which is the National Development Plan and it describes the target values until 2019. The growth rate of GDP by industry described in this plan is shown in Table 2.1-1.

According to this, the growth rate of the Manufacturing is 21.9%, which is higher than that of Agriculture and Service, especially Small and micro manufacturing is set the highest value of 22.3%.

This indicates that the government is promoting the development of the Manufacturing, in particular.

Table 2.1-1 GDP Growth Rate under Base Case Scenario (in %) valued 2010/11 Price

Base Forecast Average Sector year 2015/16- 2014/2015 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2019/20 Agriculture and allied Activities 6.4 8.2 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.8 8.0

Industry 21.7 21.8 20.6 20.0 19.1 18.4 20.0

Manufacturing 15.8 20.2 21.3 22.0 22.7 23.4 21.9 Large and medium scale 20.3 20.0 21.3 21.8 22.6 23.4 21.8 Manufacturing Small and micro 2.9 21.0 21.3 22.6 23.0 23.5 22.3 Manufacturing Service 10.2 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.6 10.1

GDP 10.2 11.2 11.1 11.1 11.0 10.8 11.0

Source: Ethiopia Growth and Transformation Plan II

According to 2017 Debt Sustainability Analysis (hereinafter called “DSA”), in Ethiopia, the score of Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Ratings (CPIA) in 2016 was 3.47, but the debt sustainability is considered as not good. In particular, excessive imports are causing foreign currency shortages. This is caused by a large demand for machinery and equipment (e.g. vehicles, construction machinery, turbi nes, power transmission equipment, information equipment, etc.) to implement the large-sc ale infrastructure development and industrial infrastructure improvement.

On the other hand, the decrease in exports is also a problem, and the amount of exports of many items is decreasing except for beans, flowers, fruits and vegetables. Particularly, according to the report issued by Ethiopian Coffee, Tea and Spices Marketing and Development Authority, the

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 2-4 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

decline in coffee beans, which accounts for 1/4 of export value, is considered to be greatly affected by the decreasing commodity prices in the global market.

Under such situations, Ethiopia expects to export power to neighboring countries. Ethiopia has abundant water resources, which makes the cost of generating electricity cheaper and more competitive than the neighboring countries. Furthermore, it is supposed to have a supply capacity of 9,000 MW or more in total in 2020 with the development of large-scale hydropower stations. With this capacity, electricity supply to Egypt, Kenya and Tanzania is scheduled to start, in addition to current export to destinations such as Djibouti and Sudan.

The prospect of exporting electricity to neighboring countries from Ethiopia, as estimated by IMF estimated is shown in Fig. 2.1-5. According to this, the export volume and income will increase after 2019, and in 2025 it is expected to supply 17,000 GWh, which is more than 5 times of its value in 2019, and it will generate an income of USD 1,200 million in 2019.

Source: 2017 Debt Sustainability Analysis (IMF) Fig. 2.1-5 Prospect of Electricity Export (2016-2025)

In the future the power will be supplied to the countries that are members of the East Africa Power Pool (EAPP). Based on PPA (Power Purchase Agreement), the Tariff (0.07 US Dollars/kWh)1 higher than in domestic is assumed for the power, and it is expected that the export of the power

1 STAFF REPORT FOR THE 2017 ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION - DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS

2-5 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector Final Report

greatly contributes to the economy of Ethiopia. The power importers from Ethiopia and the amount of power assumed in IMF's DSA report are shown in Fig. 2.1-6.

Source: 2017 Debt Sustainability Analysis (IMF) Fig. 2.1-6 Electricity export destinations and energy

The rate of change in Consumer Price Index (hereinafter called “CPI”) for each year is shown in Fig. 2.1-7.

The rate of change in CPI exceeded almost 10% every year since 2006, especially 44.4% in 2008. These are caused by the soaring food prices caused by political unrest in the Middle East, soaring crude oil prices, food demand growth accompanying economic growth, etc. In the following year's 2009 and 2010, although the value was lowered temporarily due to the government's price control, but food prices have soared due to "East African Great Drought" from the autumn of 2010 and rainfall shortage in the 2011 rainy season. And by the government's currency devaluation, it shows high values again in 2011 and 2012. Since the Ethiopian Birr (hereinafter called “ETB”) depreciation continues even after 2013, the rate of change in CPI has been slightly higher at around 10% without any noticeable unseasonable weather.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 2-6 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

Inflattion Rate 50.00 44.39 45.00 40.00 33.22 35.00 30.00

25.00 22.77 (%) 20.00 17.24 12.94 12.31 15.00 10.13 8.47 10.00 8.14 8.08 7.39 5.00 0.00 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 YEAR

Source: Central Intelligence Agency (United States)

Fig. 2.1-7 Inflation Ratio

The current exchange rate of the Ethiopian Central Bank (The National Bank of Ethiopia) against the US dollar is 27.5 (ETB for 1 US dollar), and is on an upward trend in the recent years (Fig. 2.1-8).

Ethiopian Birr per 1US dollars 25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0 EthiopianBirr 5.0

0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year

Source: Central Intelligence Agency (United States)

Fig. 2.1-8 Exchange Rate Ethiopian Birr vs US Dollar

2-7 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector Final Report

Fluctuations in foreign direct investment (hereinafter called “FDI”) are shown in Fig. 2.1-9.

Although it remained at a low level from 2006 to 2012, it turns out that it has increased remarkably. It can be considered that there was an impact due to the European debt crisis at the beginning of the 2009 Greek fiscal crisis, and the FDI decreased.

After 2013, the FDI declined in other African countries, where resource development of oil, gas and other resources were expected, due to the worldwide crude oil price stagnation, but since Ethiopia is not a resource-rich country, the influence was small.

FDI 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000

USD million 1,500 1,000 500 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year

Source: Central Intelligence Agency (United States) (The dotted line in the figure indicates that FDI tend to rise on average from 8 years ago) Fig. 2.1-9 Foreign direct investment to Ethiopia

The composition ratio of FDI by manufacturing category in 2017 is shown in Fig. 2.1-10.

According to the Ethiopian Investment Commission (hereinafter called “EIC”) report (2016/2017), Manufacturing occupies the largest share of FDI, accounting for 89% of the total. Also, in the manufacturing field, the report mentions that the most successful industries in Ethiopia are textiles, clothing, food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Industrial parks are being developed for these industries, and infrastructure development such as roads for logistics and power supply are being carried out.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 2-8 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

Source: 2017 ETHIOPIAN INVESTMENT REPORT (EIC) Fig. 2.1-10 Composition Ratio of FDI by Industry

As it is difficulty to grasp information regarding FDI by other countries in Ethiopia, the JICA Study Team shows the ratio of corporate investment by countries, in Fig. 2.1-11. According to this, the largest share is China, followed by India and Turkey. The proportions of the remaining countries, namely, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and UAE, are almost same. This report indicates that investment by India and Turkey is mainly in textile and clothing.

Source: International Journal of African and Asian Studies, ISSN 2409-6938, An International Peer-reviewed Journal, Vol.35, 2017 Fig. 2.1-11 Composition of Ethiopian Corporate Investment by Country (2015)

2-9 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector Final Report

2.2 CURRENT SITUATION AND ISSUES OF THE POWER AND ENERGY SECTOR 2.2.1 Consistency with High-Level Policies of Development by the Ethiopian Government Ethiopia was acknowledged as one of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) in 2002. Ethiopia has formulated a national development plan for poverty reduction. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, (MoFED) responsible for the formulation of national development plan, announced multiple field development plan such as transportation, energy and communication in September 2010, which is called the 5 year Growth and Transformation Plan (hereinafter called “GTP”). The GTP especially focuses on infrastructure development as an important means for sustainable development.

Total investment in the second plan (GTP 2) is currently US $ 119.5 billion, in which 35.9 billion US dollars is allocated for infrastructure development. Under this policy, the Ethiopian government is planning to increase power generation capacity by 13,000 MW and construct transmission lines and distribution lines for 5,710 km and 106,734 km, respectively. Thus, promotion of investment in the electricity sector has a high priority in Ethiopia's national policy, so it can be said that this project is highly consistent with the national policy.

2.2.2 Current Situation and Issues of the Power and Energy Sector In Ethiopia, the electricity law (Electricity Proclamation No.86) was amended in 1997. As a result, power utility was privatized as Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation (hereinafter called “EEPCo”) and the power generation sector was liberalized. In addition, Ethiopia Electricity Authority (hereinafter called “EEA”) was established as a regulatory authority of electric power business. EEA has been establishing regulations relevant to business license, investment license and grid access. After a while, EEPCo was divided into two organizations in December 2013 by the Council of Ministers Regulation No.302/20132, i.e. Ethiopian Electric Power, (hereinafter called “EEP”) which is responsible for power generation and transmission, and Ethiopian Electricity Utility (hereinafter called “EEU”) which is responsible for distribution.

Organization charts of the main counterparts EEP and EEU are shown in Fig. 2.2-1.

2 Facts in Brief (Ethiopian Electric Power, 2010 E.C)

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 2-10 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

Source: Final report of data collection survey on Addis Ababa transmission and distribution system Fig. 2.2-1 Organization charts of EEP (left side) and EEU (right side)

As mentioned before, power demand in Addis Ababa Capital Region is expected to increase from 800MW in 2014 to 3,600MW in 2034 mainly due to population increase (2014: 88million person, 2034: 140million person) and development plan. To cope with this rapid increase in power demand, of late, active investment is being done in the power sector. As a result of such investments, a lot of new power plants have started operation, and currently, the country has sufficient power generation capacity. In addition, power development utilizing the abundant hydropower potential is being carried out, which aims at acquiring foreign currency by exporting electricity to neighboring countries (refer to section 2.2.).

On the other hand, in the transmission and distribution field including substation, a remarkable deterioration has occurred owing to aging and a shortage in supply has occurred due to insufficient maintenance and investment. For example, as per the data after January 2015, there has been a poor quality of supply, with an average of 42 times power outage per week because of cable disconnection of 15kV distribution line and operation of substation’s circuit breaker. And there is a decrease in service quality, as around 20,000 customers are waiting for electricity connection.

To cope with further economic growth, the improvement of distribution and transmission network in Addis Ababa Capital Region is an urgent issue for the power sector in Ethiopia. In addition, consistent and balanced counter measures in the fields of substation, transmission and distribution are important in order to expand the facilities efficiently and effectively.

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2.3 CURRENT CONDITION OF TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 2.3.1 Transmission Line and Substation Facilities in Addis Ababa Capital Region There are 29 substations in the study area. It consists of Bulk Power Points (hereinafter called “BSP”) 22 substations with the highest voltage over 132kV and primary substations (hereinafter called “P/S”) 7 substations with the highest voltage as 45kV or 33kV. The main transmission network of

Addis Ababa Capital Region is as shown Legend: Red：230kVT/L, S/S Green：132kVT/L,S/S in Fig. 2.3-1. The transmission line is Source：AADMP configured in a ring shape so as to Fig. 2.3-1 The main transmission network of Addis surround the center of the city. However, Ababa Capital Region Addis Center substation, Addis West substation (hereinafter called “ADW”), Addis East substation (hereinafter called “ADE”), etc., which are the important feeding points for power demand are supplied as a radial line from 132kV ring network. Therefore, these substations do not satisfy N-1 criteria.

According to AADMP, there are 57 units of transformers at BSP and primary substations in the study area. 32% of those transformers are in very poor condition or poor condition. Most of these transformers are very close to the lifespan or beyond the lifespan. An example of transformer condition in Addis Ababa Capital Region is shown in Table 2.3-1.

Table 2.3-1 An Example of Transformer HI

Weighted Maintenanc Failure Adjusted Optimised Trans- Substation Trafo Year Expected Remaining Condition e Rate Remaining Interventio ID Name Name Manufactured Asset Life Life Score Quality Multiplier Life n 1 Aba Samuel T1 4.00 1956 50 -8 Very Poor 1.51 -25 YES 2 Addis Alem T1 1.17 2005 50 41 Excellent 0.89 47 NO T1 1.42 1999 50 35 Excellent 0.89 41 NO 3 AddisCentre T2 1.42 1999 50 35 Excellent 0.89 41 NO Missing Missing Missing T3 2.17 50 Fair 0.95 NO Nameplate Nameplate Nameplate 3.33 4 Addis East I T1 1966 50 2 Very Poor 1.51 -15 YES T2 3.33 1966 50 2 Very Poor 1.51 -15 YES T1 1.75 5 Addis North 1998 50 34 Good 0.95 37 NO T2 1.75 1998 50 34 Good 0.95 37 NO Addis South II T1 1.33 2005 50 41 Excellent 0.89 47 NO 6 (Gofa) T2 1.33 2005 50 41 Excellent 0.89 47 NO T1 2.08 7 Addis West 1979 50 15 Fair 0.95 18 NO T2 2.08 1998 50 34 Fair 0.95 37 NO 8 Akaki I T1 1.75 1998 50 34 Good 0.95 37 NO T1 2.50 1987 50 23 Poor 0.95 26 YES 9 Akaki II T2 2.25 1987 50 23 Fair 0.95 26 NO T3 2.17 1988 50 24 Fair 0.95 27 NO Bella T1 1.25 2003 50 39 Excellent 0.89 45 NO 10 (Addis East II) T2 1.25 2003 50 39 Excellent 0.89 45 NO Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 2-12 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

2.3.2 Distribution Network in Addis Ababa Capital Region The distribution network is generally radial type, it has a main backbone and a number of spurs. Some of the spurs have no connection with other feeders. Therefore, if a fault occurs, the effect of outage might spread widely. A π-loop type network system called "Expressway System" has been installed in the center of city. The basic structure of the Express way is shown in Fig. 2.3-2.

Fig. 2.3-2 Basic Structure of the Expressway System

Express way consists of high capacity feeder (Expressway Backbone) drawn out from substation, and 3 or 4 ring main units called Switching Station (hereinafter called “Sw/St”) are installed in the way of the feeder. End point of Express way is connected via one Sw/St to another Express way drawn out from adjacent substation. Sw/St is a multi-circuit switchgear, and it is equipped 4 branch circuit. Each branch circuit is connected to the existing overhead distribution line and supplies to the surrounding area.

Appearance Inside Fig. 2.3-3 Switching Station

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Each circuit of Sw/St is equipped with a circuit breaker with protection relay. If a fault occurs in the distribution line connected to this circuit breaker, the fault section is disconnected before the circuit breaker of the substation operates. In the event of a fault in one Express way, it is possible to supply to both without fault section.

In the example of Fig. 2.3-2, a backbone line (thick line in the figure) is installed between A substation and B substation, and both the substations are interconnected at Sw / St: B3, which is normally opened. Power is supplied to the existing distribution feeder (thin line portion of the drawing) through the backbone line and Sw / St. If an accident such as a ground fault occurs in the existing distribution line connected to Sw / St: A2; in the case of the conventional distribution system, since the circuit breaker of the A substation detects the ground fault and operates, entire distribution feeder is affected by outage. On the other hand, in the EW system, since the fault is detected by a breaker equipped in A2, the blackout section (blue line section in the figure) is minimized.

Also, if an accident occurs in the backbone section, the substation breaker will be operated, but after the accident section is found, relief supply can be made between substations. For example, if an accident occurs on the backbone line between A2 and A3 in Fig. 2.3-2, it is possible to supply electricity from A substation to A2, in the normal manner; and also possible to supply electricity from B substation to A3 by operating Line Switch of B3. As a result, it is possible to supply power to all sections except for the backbone line between A2 and A3 which is the accident section and all customers are supplied from the existing distribution feeders through Sw/St.

Although distribution systems with highly reliability have been installed in this way, many of them are out of service due to damage during the Light Rail Transit (LRT) construction.

Due to the damage to the networks, the performance Table 2.3-1 Outline of Distribution of distribution network is restricted. These situations Equipment in Study Area have caused many network issues i.e. feeder Equipment Total Quantity MV Feeders overload and excessive voltage drop. Most of the 15kV feeders 2,342 km 33kV feeders 322 km distribution network is operated at 15kV, however Distribution Transformer 15kV/433V 5,413 units regions with low demand in rural area are operated 33kV/433V 302 units at 33kV. EEP/EEU also has a plan to introduce 33kV LV feeders 6,553 km Source： JICA Study Team based on AADMP distribution network in the center of city, which is a high density area. Both distribution systems are stepped down to 433V or 250V by transformers mounted on pole or on the ground to supply for housing, commercial demand, etc. Typical number of equipment obtained is shown in Table 2.3-1.

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In the study of AADMP, load assessment and voltage condition evaluation in distribution network have been done using facilities data which are managed by facilities management system in EEU (Distribution Management System 600：hereinafter called “DMS600”). AADMP found that there is a lot of overload and excessive voltage drop in many distribution feeders.

Table 2.3-2 shows an example of assessment results. Moreover, AADMP evaluated the health condition of the substation equipment. However, AADMP has only considered equipment condition of the entire distribution network using sample survey, due to the enormous amount of equipment. According to this estimate conclusion using sample survey, it was indicated that 53% (1,354 km) of medium voltage (hereinafter called “MV”) feeders, 58% (3,331 units) of distribution transformers and 82% (5,375 km) of low voltage (hereinafter called “LV”) feeders need some kind of rehabilitation. An example of status survey result is described in Table 2.3-3.

Table 2.3-2 An Example of Assessment Result of Distribution Network

Substation Feeder Voltage Issues Loading Issues Minimum Voltage (pu) Loading Issues (% of Conductor Rating)

Addis Alem ALM-15-01  X 91.48 -

Addis Alem ALM-15-02  X 94.19 -

Addis Center ADC-15-04   91.18 179.6

Addis Center ADC-15-07   94.38 173.8

Addis Center ADC-15-10 X  - 181.1 Source：AADMP

Table 2.3-3 An Example of the Status Survey Result of Distribution Transformer

Site Rating (kVA) Poles Corrosion Oil Leaks Damage/Theft Comments

Inconsistent fuse size on the pole mounted LV circuit breakers. Moderate ADC04- corrosion on double steep poles. Damaged pole mounted fuse boxes with 200 3 3 3 4 T001 exposed live contacts.

Transformer “ADC04-T077” is rated as 200kVA on DMS but 315kVA on ADC04- 315 1 2 1 2 nameplate. Absence of transformer mounting brackets, lightning arresters, T077 and deteriorated transformer bushings. Poor clearance from private fencing. Wood pole split from top to bottom. Moderate corrosion on transformer and ADC04- 200 4 3 2 4 base. Shrubs growing into transformer. Missing lightning arresters, and poor T078 LV winding side installations. Source：AADMP

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2.4 OUTLINE AND ISSUES OF ADDIS ABABA TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM REHABILITATION AND UPGRADING PROJECT 2.4.1 Project Contents of AADMP This Project would be executed by parallel corporate funding from AfDB based on the result of AADMP. Based on the Health Index, deterioration and overload of substations was identified in AADMP, which is the premise of this project and it was formulated with the support of AfDB in 2015 as mentioned above. Overload and voltage drop of MV feeders was also identified in AADMP by network analysis. Based on these result, AADMP proposed necessary rehabilitation and expansion plan. In addition, AADMP was formulated in consideration with the demand growth up to 2034 and N-1 reliability, and the other related projects which were underway in the Addis Ababa metropolitan area.

AADMP is tackling the problem of power sector in the metropolitan area by taking into account the effects of the related projects.

The project proposed in AADMP has described the specification of the following four (4) contents.

a) Rehabilitation and Short Term Expansion Plan

Countermeasures for overloading and deterioration of transmission and substation equipment, and measures against overload and voltage drop of MV distribution feeders

b) Medium Term Expansion Plan

Measures for expanding transmission and substation equipment according to the demand increase in the medium term plan period

c) Long Term Expansion Plan

Measures for expanding transmission and substation equipment according to the demand increase in the long term plan period

d) SCADA and Telecommunications

Installation plan of remote monitoring control system and the accompanying communication equipment

Moreover, the above project except “c) Long Term Expansion Plan” are organized into six(6) packages as described in Table 2.4-1 from the view point of scope of work, implementation period, etc., and it is based on the inception report issued upon transition to the execution stage. In addition, at the beginning of the basic survey, packages 1 to 3 had been decided to be implemented with

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AfDB support, and JICA was asked to consider implementing packages 4 to 6.

Table 2.4-1 Outline of Contract Packages for AADMP

PKG# Project Contents Budget(USD) AfDB/JICA

I EPC： [22S/S] *Feeder Reconfiguration 10 mil AfDB Rehabilitation *Rehabilitation of S/S

II EPC： [9 S/S] *New Feeder

Short & Medium(EEU) *New distribution transformer 21 mil AfDB

*Reconductoring of MV

III EPC： [11 S/S] *Substation Upgrade 52 mil AfDB Short & Medium(EEP) *132kV New transmission line(1cct) and cable(2cct)

IV EPC：Short & Medium [Addis Centre S/S] 46 mil JICA (ADC S/S) Substation Upgrade

V EPC：Pilot Project Rehabilitation of MV Network for Phase 2 24 mil JICA

VI EPC：SCADA Introduce SCADA and communication system 23 mil ???

2.4.2 Result of the Data Collection Survey The Data Collection Survey was executed from June 2017 to August 2017 by JICA and NEWJEC. The purpose of that survey was to evaluate the adequacy of AADMP, review project feasibility, collect lacking information, consider installation of High Quality Infrastructure and evaluate financial eligibility.

(1) Tasks confirmed in the Data Collection Survey

The Data Collection Survey has organized the tasks for the execution of the Project described in Table 2.4-1, based on review of AADMP and discussion with related parties. Specifically, the following three (3) tasks are cited.

1) Uncertainty due to related projects The AADMP study identifies parts of the network, which do not meet the planned criteria in terms of voltage or loading limits, based on the medium-term demand increase, as well as the areas of the network which were found to be in poor physical condition. Then, based on the result, a number of rehabilitation and expansion project were proposed. However, these plans were being considered on the basis of many other planned and committed projects, and it is necessary to revise the timing and contents of the AADMP plan according to the progress of

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the related projects.

As a specific example, scope of work related to ADC substation including transmission line from ADC to BLL substation has been changed from the original plan of Package IV as a result of discussion with related parties.

2) Task from the Perspective of “Quality Infrastructure” In AADMP, among the three problems (Lack of capacity, Poor reliability and High losses), the focus was mainly to solve the lack of capacity in the transmission and distribution network of the study area. As a result of solving the capacity shortage, the remaining two problems (Poor reliability and High losses) will only be partially resolved. Regarding this point, report of the Data Collection Survey has stated that Addis Ababa capital region should construct high quality transmission and distribution network as a model case for the surrounding countries, as it is one of the biggest cities in Africa. In the data collection survey, all parties have roughly agreed to install High Quality Infrastructure.

High Quality Infrastructure which are planned for installation in this project are shown below.

 Outdoor type GIS  Amorphous transformer  Pin post Insulator  Time sequential sectionalizing system  Low loss conductor

3) Tasks for Execution of Distribution Package (Package V) AADMP has stated the necessity to widely rehabilitate the distribution equipment based on a sample survey. However, it does not specify the actual quantities with respect to the scope of work. According to the draft Bidding Documents, the contractor needs to survey for a certain period to decide the scope of work. Afterwards, the contractor prepares the construction specification and carries out the construction.

On one hand, to obtain the Official Development Assistance Loan, it is necessary to confirm loan amount and scope of work properly. Therefore, it is necessary to examine and design all facilities which will be subject to construction. Although equipment which would be subject to this analysis would be the distribution transformers, MV feeders and LV feeders; there are numerous combinations for the deterioration factor, depending on the situation of plurality of constituent devices such as electric wire, utility pole, insulator, arm, transformer, protective equipment. Therefore, it is very difficult to prepare the construction specification. Moreover,

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it would take a long time and effort to prepare the specification based on the entire equipment survey. Especially, LV feeders have been widely expanded compared to MV feeders. Therefore, it needs huge effort to assess scope of work.

JICA Study Team suggested that if EEU does not perform asset management and system management for design, survey and subcontractors properly, it is very difficult to solve these issues.

(2) Discussion with related organizations based on the results of Data Collection Survey

Based on the above result, JICA Study Team discussed the project range with EEP, EEU and AfDB. Related parties have concluded that SCADA (Package IV) will be executed using the AfDB fund. However, ADN substation and WER substation in package III will be executed using the JICA fund.

Moreover, JICA Study Team and related parties have agreed that it is difficult to get funding from Japan government if EEU does not implement the system to carry out survey and design related to LV feeders.

Outline of AADMP is described in Table 2.4-2 Outline of the AADMP Project (After Study) based on the result of the Data Collection Survey. Items marked in red indicate items which have changed from the original plan as a result of the study. In addition, AfDB has decided loans to packages 1 to 3 and 6 in November 2017.

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Table 2.4-2 Outline of the AADMP Project (After Study)

PKG# Project Contents AfDB/JICA I EPC： [22S/S] *Feeder Reconfiguration AfDB Rehabilitation *Rehabilitation of S/S

II EPC： [9 S/S] *New Feeder Short & Medium(EEU) *New distribution transformer AfDB *Reconductoring of MV III EPC： [11 9 S/S] *Substation Upgrade AfDB Short & Medium(EEP) *132kV New transmission line(1cct) and cable(2cct) III’ EPC： [ADN S/S] Substation Upgrade (Replace existing transformers) JICA Short & Medium(EEP) [WER S/S] Substation Upgrade and 132kV Transmission cable (2cct) IV EPC：Short & Medium [ADC S/S] Substation Upgrade (ADC S/S) 132kV Transmission line and cable (2cct):KALI～ADC JICA 132kV Transmission cable (1cct):ADC～BLL V EPC：Pilot Project Rehabilitation of MV Network for Phase 2 JICA VI EPC：SCADA Introduce SCADA and communication system AfDB

2.5 FACILITY PLANNING STANDARD AND DESIGN STANDARD 2.5.1 132kV Overhead Transmission / Underground Cable / Substation There is no specific design standard which is established by the EEP. EEP has adopted specification of tender documents which were used for other projects. Design standard supplied by each engineer in EEP, consists of two parts called B1 and B2. B1 mainly describes scope of work for construction and B2 describes specification of each equipment. There is no big problem in design standard, because the contents match the related international standard. However, it has varying specification as per each project. Therefore, specific design standard prepared by the EEP is necessary to unify every specification. Example of design standard (Technical Particular Guarantee in Tender) is shown in Fig. 2.5-1.

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5.14 Schedule of guaranteed characteristics

5.14.1) Singlr phase 500 MVA, 400/230 KV Autotransformer

DESCRIPTION Requested Tendered Manufacturer Type Autotransformer

Standards applied IEC 76 Method of cooling ONAN/ONAF/OFAF Number of Phases single phase

Frequency, Hz 50 Rated voltage: a) 400 kV winding, kV 400

b) 230 kV winding, KV 230 c) Stabilizing winding, kV Rated Continuous Power on all taps at ONAN: a) 400 kV winding, MVA 258/3 = 86

b) 230 kV winding, MVA 258/3 = 86 c) Stabilizing winding, MVA Rated Continuous Power on all taps at ONAF:

a) 400 kV winding, MVA 358/3 = 119.33 b) 230 kV winding, MVA 358/3 = 119.33 c) Stabilizing winding, MVA Rated Continuous Power on all taps at OFAF: Fig. 2.5-1 Substation design standard (Technical Particular Guarantee in Tender)

2.5.2 Distribution The planning and design criteria of distribution facilities are not clearly defined. In fact, it has been established on a project-by-project basis. The latest one established was “Distribution Design Manual” by both EEP and EEU in September 2015, which is the “Planning and Design Criteria” summarized in the AADMP project. The below figure shows excerpts from "Distribution Design Manual", such as the planning process, the criteria for 15 kV pole design span/applicable electric wire/selection of transformer and the criteria for LV pole design span.

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SELECTION OF TRANSFORMERS BY NUMBERS OF CUSTOMER CONNECTED TO THE TRANSFORMER SELECTION OF TRANSFORMERS BY LOAD CRITERIA Maximum number of customers Present peak load Transformer Transformer at present capacity capacity Saturated areas Growing areas Saturated areas Growing areas (kVA) (kW) (kW) (kVA) (No.) (No.) 100 0-63 0-41 100 120 80 200 64-126 41-82 200 250 160 315 127-198 83-129 315 390 260

Fig. 2.5-2 Excerpts of Distribution Design Manual

2.6 POWER SUPPLY AND DEMAND BALANCE IN THE FUTURE According to the AADMP, the power demand in Addis Ababa Capital Region is expected to continuously increase from 800MW in 2014 to 3,600MW in 2034. The growth rate per year is 7.8%.

On the other hand, according to the related report prepared by AfDB, Ethiopia’s overall power demand in 2015 was around 3GW. Therefore, it can be forecasted that the overall demand in 2034

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can increase to around 12.5GW based on the growth rate of 7.8%. Generation expansion plan of the project is shown in Table 2.6-1. In this table, the total planned generation expansion capacity is 14.4GW, which includes Grand Renaissance hydro power plant (6GW) which is under construction etc. Therefore when the generation plants are developed, based on the expansion plan, the power supply will be able to sufficiently satisfy the increasing power demand, in the future. The total capacity of existing power plant is around 4.3GW, and the list is shown in Table 2.6-2.

Table 2.6-1 Ethiopia’s Generation Expansion Plan (2016-2020)

Installed Energy Commissioning No. Generation Project Status Capacity (MW) (GWh) Year I. Hydro Power plants I.1 Grand Renaissance Under construction 6,000 15,000 2017/2018 I.2 Genale Dawa-III Under construction 258 1,200 2016/2017 I.4 Chemoga Yeda I&II Financing stage 278 1,250 2019/2020 I.5 Genale Dawa- VI Under Construction 256 1,000 2018/2019 I.6 Geba I&II Financing stage 372 1,788 2019/2020 I.7 Koisha Feasibility study 2,132 8,051 2019/2020 Investigation Study I.8 Tekeze completed 326 1,460 2019/2020 I.9 Halele Werabesa Feasibility study 1,600 2,576 2020/2021 1.10 Tams Pre-feasibility 935 6,632 Sub total 12,157 38,957 II. Geothermal power plants Corbetti Geothermal II.1 Financing stage 120 893 2019/2020 (IPP) II.2 Hormat Exploration 50 372 2020 II.3 Fentale “ 20 148 2020 II.4 Aluto Under Construction 70 521 2017/2018 Sub total 260 1934 Sub total III. Wind Plants III.1 Iteya I & II Wind Feasibility study 150 477 2020 III.2 Aicha I Wind Under Construction 120 382 2017/2018 II.3 Aicha II Wind Green field 300 954 2019/2020 Sub total 570 1813 IV. Solar plants IV.1 Metehara Feasibility completed 100 175 2017/2018 IV.2 Mekele Green field 100 175 2019/2020

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Installed Energy Commissioning No. Generation Project Status Capacity (MW) (GWh) Year IV.3 Humera “ 100 175 2019/2020 IV.4 Dire Dawa “ 100 175 2019/2020 IV.5 Awash 7 Kilo “ 100 175 2017/2018 IV.6 Dechatu “ 100 175 2019/2020 IV.7 New IFC “ 200 350 2019/2020 Sub total 800 1400 V Waste to Energy Under construction 50 186 2015/2016 Sugar factories co- Under Construction & VI 448 2,158 2017/2018 generation feasibility stages VII Melka Sedi biomass Under construction 120 289 2017/2018 Grand total 14,405 46,737 Source: AfDB

Table 2.6-2 List of existing power plant in Ethiopia Ethiopian Electric Power Existing Power Plants Installed Capacity [MW] No Power Plant Hydro Diesel Geothermal Wind Total COD 1 Koka (Awash I) 43.2 43.2 1960 2 Awash II 32.0 32.0 1966 3 Awash III 32.0 32.0 1971 4 Finchaa 134.0 134.0 1973/2003 5 Meleka Wakena 153.0 153.0 1988 6 Tis Abya I 11.4 11.4 1964 7 Tis Abya II 73.0 73.0 2001 8 Gilgei Gibe 184.0 184.0 2004 9 Aluttu Langano 7.3 7.3 1999 10 Kaliti 14.0 14.0 2004 11 Dire Dwa 38.0 38.0 2004 12 Awash 7 Killo 35.0 35.0 2004 13 Tekeze 300.0 300.0 2009 14 Gilget Gibe II 420.0 420.0 2010 15 Tana Beles 460.0 460.0 2010 16 Fincha Amerti Neshi 97.0 97.0 2011 17 Ashegoda (120 wind turbine) 120.0 120.0 2012 18 Adama I (51 wind turbine) 51.0 51.0 2010 19 Adama II (102 wind turbine) 153.0 153.0 2015 20 Gibe III 1,870.0 1,870.0 2015 21 Small diesels 56.0 56.0 3,809.6 143.0 7.3 324.0 4,283.9 Source: JICA study team based on EEP document

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2.7 ASSISTANCE FROM OTHER DONORS 2.7.1 World Bank World Bank's assistance in Ethiopia power sector in the recent years is summarized in the table below. The assistance seems to focus on the reinforcement of transmission lines, to support the realization of international power trade and rural electrification.

Table 2.7-1 World Bank's Assistance in Power Sector in the Recent Years

Project Cost Date of No. Project Name (WB portion) Outline Status Approval US$ 1,000

Electricity Network Reinforcement and expansion of Completed 1 Reinforcement and Expansion May 2012 275,000 distribution network including low (2018) Project voltage network. Construction of 1,045 km, 500 kV Ethiopia-Kenya Electricity Under 2 July. 2012 243,000 HV DC line between Ethiopia and Highway Project Implementation Kenya. Construction of 296 km, 230 kV Ethiopia-Sudan Completed 3 Dec. 2007 41,000 transmission line between Ethiopia Interconnection Project (2013) and Sudan. Electrification of 265 towns Rural Electrification (EAREP I through grid expansion and Completed 4 Nov.2008 180,800 & II) Project electrification of additional villages (2011) through mini off grid system Transmission & Substations Rehabilitation/ upgrading of Kaliti- Completed 5 Rehabilitation & Upgrading Sep. 2012 90,000 I, Gefresa, Sebeta-I, Cotobie, (2013) Project Weregenu, Kaliti-II substations. Source: JICA Study Team

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2.7.2 Africa Development Bank AfDB (African Development Bank)'s assistance in Ethiopia power sector in the recent years is summarized in the table below. The assistance seems to focus on the reinforcement of transmission lines, to support rural electrification.

Table 2.7-2 AfDB's Assistance in Power Sector in the Recent Years

Date of AfDB No. Project Name Outline Status Approval fund($1,000)

(i) construction of 132kV double circuit with 3.8 km of underground cable and 1.9km overhead transmission lines; (ii) Ethiopia - Addis Ababa upgradation of 11 existing substations; Transmission and (iii) construction of 545 km MV Distribution System Under 1 Nov.2017 72,230 distribution lines; (iv) Installation of Rehabilitation and 302 distribution transformers and 14 Implementation Upgrading Project primary substations (33/15 kV); (v) (AATDRUP) Establishment of Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) & Telecommunication system; Supply and installation of 230 kV Dallol, Afdera substation Ethiopia - Mekele-Dallol The Construction of 230 kV Mekele- and Semera-Afdera Power Dallol Transmission for 130 km and Supply for Industrial 175 km of 230 kV Semera-Afdera Under 2 July 2016 104,610 Development and Access Transmission Line. Implementation Scale-up Project Supply and construction of medium & (MDSAPIAP) low voltage distribution networks (33kV & 0.4/0.22 kV) for 36 Rural Towns/Villages around Dallol & Afdera

Ethiopia-Kenya Electricity Construction of 1,045 km, 500 kV HV Under 3 Sep. 2012 225,000 Highway Project DC line between Ethiopia and Kenya. Implementation

Electricity Transmission Construction of 943 km, 230 kV 4 System Improvement Dec.2010 151,750 Completed transmission line, 21 substations. Project Construction of 230kV (283km) Ethiopia-Djibouti Completed 5 Nov.2008 59,400 transmission line between Ethiopia and Interconnection Project (2010) Djibouti. Electrification of 335 towns and Rural Electrification Completed 6 Dec. 2006 87,200 villages in Amhara and Oromiya Project II (2013) regions

Rural Electrification Electrification of 36 rural towns in all Completed 7 Dec. 2001 34,233 Project regions (2009)

Source: JICA Study Team

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 2-26 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 2 Final Report Current Situation and Issues of the Power Energy Sector

2.7.3 Other Donors Assistance from other donors includes support from The Export-Import Bank of the Republic of China, Agence Française de Développement and Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa.

Table 2.7-3 Other Donors’ Assistance in Power Sector in Recent Years

Donors No. Project Name Donors Outline Status fund($1,000) Construction of 400kV transmission line of 400kV Transmission China Exim Under 1 250,000 Genale Dawa III-Yirgalem II-Wolayita line Project Bank Implementation Sodo II-Hawassa II

100MW Hydroelectric China Exim Construction of 100MW Finchaa-Amarti- Completed 2 117,000 power Project Bank Neshe Hydro power station (2013) 132kV Transmission BADEA & Construction of 132kV transmission time Completed 3 line and Substations 29,000 OPEC and substations for SAWLA-Key Afer (2011) Project Electrification of 27 towns in Hagare- Completed 4 Rural Electrification India 65,000 Mariam Mega area (2011)

400kV Transmission China Exim Completed 5 Sululita-Bahir Dar 400kV transmission line line Project Bank (2010)

Electrification of 44 towns in two regions, Completed 6 Rural Electrification BADEA-I 3,600 Amhara and SNNP region (2010) Electrification of 27 towns, improvement Completed 7 Rural Electrification Kuwait 35,000 of 4 substations and construction of 3 (2010) transmission lines in Afar Region EUR 420 MW Gov.Italy & 270,000 Construction of 420MW Gilgel Gibe II Completed 8 Hydroelectric power EIB (220,000, Hydro power station (2009) Project 50,000)

2-27 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

Chapter 3 Final Report Necessity and Adequacy of this Project

CHAPTER 3

NECESSITY AND ADEQUACY OF THIS PROJECT

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

Chapter 3 Final Report Necessity and Adequacy of this project

CHAPTER 3 NECESSITY AND ADEQUACY OF THIS PROJECT

3.1 ISSUES OF ADDIS ABABA POWER SYSTEM AND EFFECT OF THE PROJECT 3.1.1 Expansion Plan of Addis Ababa Power System As mentioned before, it is necessary to expand the transmission line and substation facility to respond to the increasing power demand in Addis Ababa capital city, and it also is necessary to rehabilitate the facility as it has deteriorated. Therefore, the rehabilitation and expansion of transmission line and substation facilities is an urgent issue. In this project, as a solution to the issues, the following substations are targeted for the expansion and rehabilitation study: Addis Center (hereinafter called “ADC”) substation, an important station in the Addis Ababa power system which transmits to the central region of Addis Ababa city, and Addis North (hereinafter called “ADN”) substation in the northern region, and Weregenu substation in the eastern region. First, the basic specifications are shown in Fig. 3.1-1, and then the basis for the same are described in the following sections. Power system analysis result of Addis Ababa system is shown in section 3.1.2.

Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 3.1-1 Outline of T/L and substation expansion plan

3-1 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 3 Necessity and Adequacy of this project Final Report

(1) ADC substation The load of ADC substation in 2017 was 64MW. Based on the growth rate of 7.8% and the power factor of 0.95, the load will exceed the available total capacity of 200MVA (around 190MW) of the ADC substation in the year 2032. The capacity of 200MVA is composed of 132kV/15kV transformer 50MVA × 3, whose availability is 100%, and 132kV/33kV transformer 50MVA ×1, whose availability is 100%; here the short time over load rate of one transformer is considered as 150%.

The capacity study result of the transmission line (hereafter called “T/L”) of ADC substation is shown in Fig. 3.1-2. Here the final capacity of ADC substation is considered. The capacity of 132kV two circuit T/L from Kaliti1 substation, which transmits to the ADC substation in normal condition, is 200MVA per circuit. The capacity of 132kV one circuit T/L from Black Lion (hereafter called “BLL”) substation, which transmits to the ADC substation during accidents, such as tripping of the upper T/L by lightning, is 200MVA per circuit. By adopting this capacity, the T/L from Kaliti1 substation to ADC substation can transmit a total 375MVA load to ADC substation and BLL substation, even during accidents such as the tripping of T/L from Addis West substation to BLL substation caused by lightning. Therefore the T/Ls are able to transmit the power load stably during accidents, as well as in normal condition.

On the other hand, Gofa substation which is located in between ADC substation and Kaliti1 substation, is transmitted from the Mekanisa substation by 132kV one circuit T/L, so, Gofa substation is not transmitted in case the T/L trips. Based on the study of various alternative options (Table 3.1-1), as a countermeasure, Gofa substation has to be expanded, such that the connection to the T/L between ADC substation and Kaliti1 substation is by one circuit T off.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 3-2 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 3 Final Report Necessity and Adequacy of this project

Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 3.1-2 Study of T/L capacity to ADC substation

Table 3.1-1 Study of alternative options for Gofa substation

Existing Option A Option B Option C Addis Center

New Addis Center New Addis Center New Addis Center

Demolish Demolish of existing T/L Demolish Reuse of (Gofa) (Gofa) existing (Gofa) (Gofa) Power System Diagram Addis South Addis South T/L Addis South Addis South

New Mekanissa Mekanissa New T/L Mekanissa New T/L Mekanissa on on same another route to Sebeta to Sebeta route to Sebeta to Sebeta

Kaliti I Kaliti I Kaliti I Kaliti I Power system + + + + + + + + + + + + Reliability Equipment + + + + + + + + + TL Route Feasibility + + + + + + + Substation Feasibility + + + + + + + + + + + + Environmental Impact + + + + + + Transmission + + + + + + Cost Substation + + + + + + + + + + + + Total Minus 1.7 Mil $ + Basic Plan More 1.1 Mil $ + Basic Plan More 2.3 Mil $ + Basic Plan Recommendation + + + + (Recommendable) + + Source: JICA Study Team

3-3 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 3 Necessity and Adequacy of this project Final Report

(2) ADN substation The load of ADN substation in 2017 was 47MW. Based on the growth rate of 7.8% and the power factor of 0.95, the load will exceed the available total capacity of 75MVA (around 71MW) of ADN substation in the year 2022. The capacity of 75MVA is composed of 132kV/15kV transformer 50MVA × 2, whose availability is 75%; here the short time over load rate of one transformer is considered as 150%. In normal operation case, there is no load excess until the year of 2026.The year of load excess can be postponed by load shift to the nearest substation such as Minilik substation.

(3) Weregenu substation The load of Weregenu substation in 2017 was 54MW. Based on the growth rate of 7.8% and the power factor of 0.95, the load will exceed the installed capacity of 125MVA (around 119MW) of Weregenu substation in the year 2028. The capacity of 125MVA is composed of 132kV/15kV transformer 50MVA × 2, whose availability is 75%, and 132kV/33kV transformer 50MVA × 1, whose availability is 100%; here the short time over load rate of one transformer is considered as 150%.

The capacity study result of the T/L of Weregenu substation is shown in Fig. 3.1-3. Here the final capacity of ADC substation is considered. The capacity of 132kV one circuit T/L from Kaliti1 substation, which transmits to Weregenu substation in normal condition, is 150MVA per circuit. The capacity of another 132kV circuit T/L from Cotobie substation, which transmits to Weregenu substation during accidents such as tripping of the upper T/L by lightning, is 150MVA per circuit. By adopting this capacity, the T/Ls are able to transmit the power load stably during accidents, as well as in normal condition.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 3-4 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 3 Final Report Necessity and Adequacy of this project

Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 3.1-3 Study of T/L capacity to Weregenu substation

3.1.2 Power System Analysis of the Project Target System Existing power system of Addis Ababa capital city is shown in Fig. 3.1-4. Power flow in the system as of 2017, is shown in Fig. 3.1-5.

The load of ADC substation and ADN substation, which are the project targets, is close to the capacity of the existing transformers. For example, the load of ADC substation with transformer capacity 75MVA, is 64MW and the load of ADN substation with transformer capacity 50MVA is 47MW. The ADC substation, Weregenu substation and Gofa substation are connected to the system by one circuit, so power outage will happen in case the T/L trips. By the expansion of T/L and substation facilities as shown in section 3.1.1, the issues will be solved and stable transmission will be realized.

3-5 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 3 Necessity and Adequacy of this project Final Report

Source: EEP, Transmission Engineering Office data, JICA Study Team Fig. 3.1-4 Existing Power System of Addis Ababa City

Source: EEP Transmission Engineering Office data Fig. 3.1-5 Power Flow in the existing power system (as of 2017)

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For the year 2020, the Voltage calculation and Short Circuit Current calculation are done by the PSS/E software based on the future power system data, which is obtained from Transmission Engineering Office in EEU. The results are shown in Fig. 3.1-6 and Fig. 3.1-7. Voltage and Short Circuit Current of each substation are confirmed to be within the permitted values (Voltage: within ±5%, Short Circuit Current : under 31.5kA).

Source: EEP Transmission Engineering Office data, JICA Study Team Fig. 3.1-6 Voltage calculation result of the future power system (Year 2020)

Source: EEP Transmission Engineering Office data, JICA Study Team Fig. 3.1-7 Short Circuit Current calculation result of the future power system (Year 2020)

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3.1.3 Recommendation It is recommended to separately proceed (as another project) with the following T/L expansion study, to support this T/L and substation expansion project.

・Expansion of T/L between ADN substation, Minilik substation and Shegole substation (T/L capacity increased by replacement of the conductor or replacement of the tower) (Length: around 2km, Circuit number: single, Cost: around 1MUSD) Objective: The T/L capacity to be matched, to expand the capacity of ADN substation

・Expansion of T/L between Kaliti1 substation, Weregenu substation’s πoff point and Cotobie substation (T/L capacity increased by replacement of the conductor or replacement of the tower) (Length: around 21km, Circuit number: double, Cost: around 16MUSD) Objective: The T/L capacity to be matched, to expand the capacity of Weregenu substation

・Expansion of T/L between Addis West substation and Sebeta substation (T/L capacity increased by replacement of the conductor or replacement of the tower) (Length: around 6km, Circuit number: double, Cost: around 5MUSD) Objective: The T/L capacity to be matched to the total capacity of ADC substation and BLL substation, which is transmitted from Addis West substation in case the T/L between ADC substation and Kliti1 substation trips

3.2 ISSUE OF ADDIS ABABA DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AND POSITION OF THIS PROJECT ON THE ISSUE 3.2.1 Issues of Distribution Network obtained from the Data Collection Survey In the Data Collection Survey, JICA Study Team confirmed that the Indian company, which operated distribution business few years ago, promoted work efficiency improvement, such as reduction of DCC staff, and outsourcing of call center business. As a result, EEU has fallen into a situation that EEU cannot update the data contained in Distribution Management System 600 (hereinafter referred to as "DMS 600"), which is the facility management system of EEU.

Due to the above changes in business operations, DMS600 has not been updated for several years and has almost not been used. Such inadequacy in facility management is one of reasons for the current issue of distribution network, such as overload/poor quality of distribution feeders and overload/breakdown of distribution transformers. While EEP/EEU strongly recognizes the need to

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 3-8 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 3 Final Report Necessity and Adequacy of this project

improve this situation, especially the overloading of transformers and poor quality of LV feeders, they cannot grasp exactly which transformer is overloaded because of their poor facility management. As a result of this situation, EEU cannot implement/plan in advance. Only after complaints from customers, they can finally grasp the fault of a transformer and repair the broken transformer.

At the start of this survey, the target area for this survey would not be fixed and it would be decided after consultation with the Ethiopian counterparts based on the results of the first field survey. This is because, it is difficult to estimate the scale of the project and the budget due to the inadequacy of facility management.

In addition, the target facilities are limited to only medium voltage (hereinafter called “MV”) feeders and distribution transformers, and LV feeders are not included in the target, since the investigation of overall LV equipment requires huge amount of time and manpower.

On the other hand, the EEU strongly recognizes the need to improve the quality of LV feeders such as overloading and excessive voltage drop of LV. In response to this need of EEU, JICA Study Team would confirm the implementation status of the conditions recommended to the EEU by the Data Collection Survey and decide whether to include the LV in this project at the first field survey.

The conditions recommended by the Data Collection survey were as follows.

・Survey team for preparing the existing LV feeder topology and inspection of deteriorated facilities, ・Design team for designing and engineering LV distribution network ・Preparing software and operator(s) for DMS 600.

Table 3.2-1 shows the target of the survey before the first field survey. And this content is agreed with the Ethiopian side at the time of the Data collection survey.

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Table 3.2-1 Target of the survey (before the first field survey)

Medium Distribution Low Voltage ITEM Target Voltage Feeder Transformer Feeder

Original Bidding Documents Include Under Not include A of AADMP (Pac. V) (1,290 units) discussion* Quality Infrastructure PPI, LLC AMT

Highest number of outages would Include Include N/A ～ B address 88% of outages (Total 275km) (757 units) Quality Infrastructure PPI, LLC AMT

Out side of City area within Study Include Include N/A C Area of AADMP Quality Infrastructure TSS, PPI, LLC AMT PPI: Pin Post Insulator, LLC: Low Loss Conductor, AMT: Amorphous Transformer, TSS: Time Sequential Sectionalizing system Source：Prepared by JICA Study Team

3.2.2 Condition and Issues at the Start of the Survey (1) Insufficient Management and Updating of Related Data As mentioned above, the EEU, which is in charge of distribution business, has fallen into a situation where they cannot conduct effective facility management and hold the facility data necessary for planning rehabilitation and expansion. JICA Study Team confirmed in the first field survey that the contents of the other projects, which were implemented by the WB and other international donor organization, were being considered and implemented after a partial investigation of only the target area. Although the facility data collected at that time is held even after the project, EEU has not updated the data after the completion of the project. JICA Study Team also confirmed that the necessary data (such as installation condition and deterioration situation of each equipment, length and conductor type of LV feeder, and number of customers and their monthly usage) for the planned rehabilitation project of the distribution network is remarkably insufficient because of poor management of the facility.

(2) Facility status of LV feeders In the first field survey, JICA Study Team obtained the data of about 500 transformers, including LV feeders implemented by WB for the distribution network rehabilitation project (Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project). Table 3.2-2 shows the comparison between the current situation of LV feeders in the Addis Ababa capital region obtained by this survey and the

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LV design standard of EEU. Based on the LV design standard, the number of customers and the distance from the transformer are determined separately for the two different types of areas, one where the demand growth is expected (Growing areas) and the other where demand is saturated (Saturated areas).

From this table, it can be seen that the number of customers connected to each transformer and the maximum distance largely exceed the number set in the standard. For example, in the case of a transformer with a capacity of 100 kVA, the maximum number of customers and the maximum distance are defined as 80 and 200 m by standard, whereas the average number of customers and average maximum distance based on survey data are 118 and 948m. This means that more than half of the transformers are not as per the standard. The distance also exceeds the standard by about 4 to 5 times1, it can be assumed that a large voltage drop occurs due to the excess in number of customers. In addition, the survey by the WB project was conducted about five years ago, so it is assumed that the number of customers has further increased.

Table 3.2-2 Current situation of LV feeders in the Addis Ababa capital region Low voltage Network Design Guideline Results of WB project Assumed Maximum number of Maximum Transformer Average Average Distance customer at present distance capacity number of number of from the Saturated Growing from the customers pole transformer* areas areas transformer (kVA) （No.) （No.) （m) （No.) （No.) （m) 100 120 80 200 118 95 948 200 250 160 290 209 126 1,257 315 390 260 360 268 142 1,418 ＊Distance is 10m between pole and pole by estimation

It is thought that the construction of facilities have deviated largely from the prescribed standard because of improper facility management. In case of including LV feeders to the scope of this project, it is necessary to investigate such enormous amount of facilities, and it is thought that a huge amount of time and manpower are necessary, more than what was originally assumed.

(3) Implementation situation of LV feeders rehabilitation As mentioned above, since the LV feeders are widely spread compared to the MV feeders, a great deal of labor is required for surveying and grasping the amount of rehabilitation work. Therefore, during the Data Collection survey, JICA Study Team recommended to EEU that the following

1 Since the implementation area of WB project is expected to grow in the future, it is compared with the number of Growing areas.

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organizations are required to investigate the LV feeders.

 Survey team for preparing the existing LV feeder topology and inspection of deteriorated facilities,  Design team for designing and engineering LV distribution network,  Preparing software and operator for DMS 600.

However, JICA Study Team confirmed in the first field survey which was conducted after 8 months post the Data collection survey that EEP / EEU has not yet taken steps, in response to these recommendations. Also, it is thought that it will take quite a long time to develop the required organization from that point onwards.

In addition, JICA Study Team confirmed the implementation status of the WB project including LV feeders described above. Although LV feeders have been refurbished from a bare wire to ABC （Aerial Bundled Cable）cable, JICA Study Team confirmed that the fuse was damaged even after the implementation of the project (Fig. 3.2-1). Based on these results, although rehabilitation of trunk line was carried out, since the improvement of the LV system configuration (length, number of customers etc.) based on the LV design standards has not been done, the overload issue has not been resolved even after the renovation By this, it can be assumed that fundamental solutions such as construction of appropriate LV system have not been carried out.

Enlargemen

Fig. 3.2-1 Example of damaged fuse

Based on issues in the distribution network as described above, JICA Study Team consulted with EEP and EEU about the scope of the project.

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3.2.3 Scope of the JICA Project (1) Confirmation of the target to be surveyed 1) Confirmation of the target facility As a result of consultation, regarding the facility to be covered by JICA project, EEP/EEU and JICA Study Team concurred on setting the following as the target for this project: MV feeders and distribution transformers excluding LV feeders. In addition to the fact that EEU has not taken steps which were recommended after Data Collection Survey; the reasons for excluding LV feeders are mainly the following;

- Data that is indispensable for grasping the amount of construction work and projecting the investment effect cannot be obtained before the deadline, if the project includes LV feeders.

- The effect of investing in the rehabilitation of LV feeders is much lower than that of MV feeders and distribution transformers.

- On rearranging MV network, by additional installations and/or relocation of distribution transformers, major issues of LV network such as voltage depression and overloading are expected to be improved.

In addition, JICA Study Team confirmed that the number of the serious incidents such as physical injuries caused by the deterioration of LV feeders is limited. Such incidents have not occurred since September 2017. So, the necessity to urgently implement it as a JICA project is low.

2) Confirm quantity of equipment to be surveyed The number of facilities to be surveyed in JICA project was identified by reconfirming the equipment quantity of each Item (data update) on consultation with the counterpart. The quantities of target equipment for Items A, B, C are shown in Table 3.2-3. As shown in the table, the total quantity of the target facility was 375 km for the MV distribution line and 2,167 units for the distribution transformer, which is a total of each item, and the LV equipment was excluded from the target equipment.

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Table 3.2-3 Survey target after the consultation during first field survey Medium Voltage Distribution ITEM Target Feeder Transformer Original Bidding Documents Include Not include A of AADMP (Pac. V) (996 units) Quality Infrastructure PPI, LLC AMT Highest number of outages would Include Include B address ～88% of outages (Total 258km) (939 units) Quality Infrastructure PPI, LLC AMT Improve supply reliability for MV feeder Include Include C without express system. (Total 117km) (232 units) Quality Infrastructure TSS, PPI, LLC AMT Total 375 km* 2,167 units* Source：Prepared by JICA Study Team

In addition, in the case of an increase or decrease in the target quantity of each item during the investigation, the EEP/EEU agreed to adjust quantity between each Item, with the total planned quantity as the upper limit. The implementation details of each item will be described later in the next section.

(2) Details of each Item 1) Item A In Item A, the project content is the rehabilitation of the distribution transformer in the target area. In the Key Program proposed by AADMP, it was targeted only the deteriorated equipment, and it was planned only to replace deteriorated transformer. But in this project, the load situation of the transformer is considered, in addition to the deterioration. Measures will also be taken to deal with insufficient capacity.

In AADMP, a map was created using Q-GIS (Quantum GIS which Addis West Addis Center is a free open source GIS), which is Weregenu based on the data of DMS600. This

is the latest equipment data held by Nifas Silk Sebeta1 Addis South EEP/EEU. Mekanisa Kality 2 When JICA study team reconfirmed the number of transformers in the Fig. 3.2-2 Target area of Item A survey target area (marked in blue

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 3-14 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 3 Final Report Necessity and Adequacy of this project

in Fig. 3.2-2) using QGIS, it was confirmed that there are 1,297 units in total. Fig. 3.2-3 shows the sample picture from Q-GIS and Fig. 3.2-4 shows a part of the target area in Item A. However there are the overlapping part with Item B, so it was agreed to exclude these overlapping. As a result, the target number for survey was fixed to 996 units.

Fig. 3.2-3 Sample picture of Q-GIS

Fig. 3.2-4 A part of Item A

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2) Item B In Item B, the project content is rehabilitation of MV feeders (pole, conductor, distribution transformer, etc.), which have problems related to frequent power outages.

Although EEP had considered the priority of MV feeders for rehabilitation, based on the number of outage; JICA Study Team recommended that it is more effective to consider based on the number of outage per unit length from the view point of investment effect; and EEP/EEU has agreed to this concept.

In addition, EEP/EEU and JICA Study Team amended the priority by adding information on the importance of each MV feeder, such as feeder supplying to important customers, i.e. a water distribution plant and/or city center etc. Table 3.2-4 shows the priority list to be surveyed for Item B as a result of the above consideration. Fig. 3.2-5 shows the diagram of Gefresa 04.

Table 3.2-4 Priority list for Item B

Requested Feeder from EEP Required Information

Number of Length Except for # Distributi No. # of % of of Duplicatio Remark on Feeder Name Substation outages n of Item outages total MV Transforme / km A (km) r (Unit) 1 Gefersa-04 Gefersa 323 2.2% 28.8 11.2 93 93 2 Weregenu-06 Weregenu 245 1.7% 17.4 14.1 26 23 3 Sebeta-07 Sebeta 245 1.7% 12.6 19.5 60 60 4 Addis Center-15 Addis Center 61 0.4% 12.4 4.9 34 34 5 Legetafo-07 Legetafo 367 2.5% 15.7 23.4 141 118 6 Addis North -06 Addis North 77 0.5% 11.2 6.9 70 70 7 Cotobie-33 Cotobie 462 3.1% 7.1 65.0 62 62 Supply to important customer 8 Goffa-06 Goffa 105 0.7% 4.0 26.1 62 8 Supply to important customer 9 Weregenu-12 Weregenu 174 1.2% 11.3 15.4 32 2 10 Addis Center-14 Addis Center 93 0.6% 3.1 29.9 40 40 Supply to center of city 11 Weregenu-09 Weregenu 79 0.5% 12.5 6.3 11 11 12 Weregenu-08 Weregenu 156 1.1% 18.4 8.5 55 13 13 Legetafo-08 Legetafo 268 1.8% 13.0 20.6 47 6 14 Goffa-05 Goffa 76 0.5% 5.8 13.0 49 4 15 Mekanissa-05 Mekanissa 57 0.4% 5.2 10.9 61 49 Total 2788 275.7 843 593 Source：Prepared by JICA Study Team

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Fig. 3.2-5 Single diagram of GEF-04

3) Item C In Item C, the JICA project aims to improve supply reliability by introducing TSS system in addition to the rehabilitation of MV feeder as planned to implement in item B.

The target MV feeders for Item C were decided to be some feeders of DEBRE ZEYT II substation from the viewpoint that they have a high demand (e.g. industrial area) without the installation of Expressway system, and also a high effect can be expected in terms of investment and improvement in reliability. And since the # 14 distribution line is very long (total: 48.66 km) and most of it is a light load, it is agreed that the MV line is conducted only in the central town (18.66km) where the load is relatively high. Table 3.2-5 shows the list of feeders to be surveyed for Item C. Fig. 3.2-6 shows the diagram of the distribution system.

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Table 3.2-5 Feeder list for Item C

Proposed Feeder by NEWJEC Required Information Survey Unit Number of Survey Length No. Length of Distribution Feeder Name Substation of MV (km) Transformer MV (km) (Unit) 1 DBZII-15-07 26.23 26.23 64 2 DBZII-15-08 26.23 26.23 54 3 DBZII-15-09A DEBREZEYT II 33.56 33.56 64 4 DBZII-15-14 48.66 18.66 25 5 DBZII-15-15 12.38 12.38 25 Total 147.06 117.06 232 Source：Prepared by JICA Study Team

Fig. 3.2-6 Diagram of distribution system in Debre Zeit II substation

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 3-18 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Final Report Results of Site Survey

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS OF SITE SURVEY

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

Chapter 4 Final Report Results of Site Survey

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS OF SITE SURVEY

4.1 OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE 4.1.1 Scope for the Transmission Lines The Scope of overhead transmission line will be divided into the following two (2) sections

Demarcation Point (Start) Demarcation Point (End) Length Cable Terminated Dead End Tower at Section 1 Kaliti-I Substation 9.1 km EEP/EEU store at Gofa Ditto Gofa (Addis South) Substation 0.16 km* Section 2 At Tower T67 at St. Mary’s church (Insert one new Dead End Tower) 0.0 km*

Section 2

Section 1

Fig. 4.1-1 Tower Plotting on TL ADC-Kaliti-I

4-1 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

(1) Overhead Transmission Line Route Existing 132kV Transmission line from Addis Centre to Kaliti-I is 14 km with 56 tower as shown in Fig. 4.1-1.

In this project, the existing one (1) circuit transmission line will be replaced by two (2) circuits of underground cables and a new double circuit overhead transmission line. New overhead transmission line will be constructed from T22, located in the store of EEP/EEU, up to the Kaliti- I substation.

Route-check was conducted on the ROW (Right Of Way：Corridor, hereinafter “ROW”) between T22 and Kaliti-I substation, as shown in Table 4.1-1.

The detailed check result of each tower is attached as Appendix-3 with this report. The detailed tower location is shown in Appendix-4. The condition of underground cables for the section between T1 and T22 will be checked during the second site investigation in June 2018.

The 132 kV overhead power transmission line from Addis Centre Substation to the Kaliti I Substation seems to have been be constructed in the 1980s and it has been in continuous service for over 40 years. The ground wire on top of the transmission line tower has been replaced with OPGW (fiber optic ground line) a few years ago. Large scale maintenance of the transmission line has not been carried out for a long time, so some towers and their foundations have begun to collapse and are in dangerous condition.

It is assumed that the majority of transmission lines pass through open lands and fields; and a 30 meter width for ROW Corridor passage was maintained and secured at the time of construction in 1980s. However, as the development of Addis Ababa city started after 2000, and the business and residential area were expanded, some parts of the ROW Corridor have been occupied by houses and such ROW have disappeared.

Table 4.1-1 Site condition of Overhead Transmission line

Section Tower site and ROW Remarks T01 to T 09 ROW is maintained. Mostly, overhead The overhead transmission line for this lines and road for vehicles are located section will be removed and changed to in the same ROW. underground cables between Black Line and the new Addis Centre, as the existing Addis Centre substation will be relocated near Tower 09 T09 to T 13 A lot of residential houses are The overhead transmission line for this constructed densely, ROW and access section will be removed and changed to to tower have been removed. There is underground. New ROW for underground no way to access each tower. cable will be applied. Existing ROW which is controlled by EEP will be cancelled and

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Section Tower site and ROW Remarks revoked. T14 to T 21 ROW is maintained, however the land Ditto has been used in parking and storage of large size trucks and vehicles for garage shops. T21 to T 23 The overhead transmission line passes Existing overhead transmission line tower the storage area owned by EEP/EEU. until T21 will be removed, and the conductor There is no clear ROW Corridor in this will be removed until T22. A new dead-end section, however, EEP maintains the tower will be constructed to terminate the right for ROW Corridor. underground cable at the tower. T23 to T 24 This span crosses the existing valley Tower T24 is located on a steep hill side and and climbs 50m on the hillside toward the tower holds the heavy weight, as there is T24. The trees and bushes have been 50m elevation difference between T24 and cut during periodical maintenance T23. Suitable retaining wall must be work to keep minimum electrical provided to protect soil erosion. Tower clearance for the conductors. Many foundation shall be designed with care houses of low income house holders have been constructed just beside the ROW. T24 to T 25 This is a short span of 160 m to T25, Land for tower T24 has been maintained, so which is a section tower having small there will be no migration for the existing deviation angle. Many low and middle houses. In order to minimize the effect of income houses have been constructed inductance by conductors, it shall be under the transmission line with small designed with enough clearance. electrical clearance. T 25 This T25 is a section tension tower with New tower shall be plotted on the existing a deviation angle of 3 degrees. One side tower location due to the location of section, of T25 has been occupied by an internal and the tower will be of lattice tower type, as vehicle road for dormitory. And the the section tower should have enough other side has been occupied by one strength. residential house. The ROW Corridor between T 25 and T30/31 has been used as parking for vehicles. T25 to T30/T31 ROW is maintained, however the land In order to construct a new road on the same has been used for parking and storage ROW, the foundation of tower shall be of large size trucks and vehicles of designed so as to minimize the size of garage shops. New road construction is foundation and to place it in the center part planned on the same ROW Corridor. of the road. So, Tubular tower with small foundation will be applied with reduced span

length such as 160m to 180 m. Also insulated cross arms shall be considered, when it is necessary to reduce the distance between the circuit conductors. T31 Residential buildings are built on both Tubular tower will be designed for the sides of the tower site, and one leg of limited tower location between houses. tower is located on the footpath Removal of existing houses and relocation of sidewalk of the main road, and it residents shall not happen for the new tower disturbs the traffic. construction.

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Section Tower site and ROW Remarks T31 to T32/33 Many low and middle income houses Tubular tower will be designed to utilize the are built on ROW under the remaining ROW, which has a small deviation transmission line Conductors, and the along the existing transmission line. residential road crosses the ROW. Removal of existing houses and relocation of Some offset has happened between the residents shall not be done for the new tower ROW and the existing road for a construction. section of 300meters. T33 The tower site of T33 is secured and Because T33 is located at a Y-junction, T33 retained. The tower is located beside shall be designed to have a suitable the Y-Junction. Large size vehicles foundation in order to have sufficient passed by and damaged the tower base. strength to protect from damages caused by Many residential houses have been vehicles and traffic. It shall be designed as a built in the section between T33 and lattice tower. T34. The elevation of T34 is lower and it is about 20 m, so cross arm has a large weight span. T34 T34 is located beside the main road T34 shall be designed as lattice tower with “Ring road”. The level of the road is high body extension to have sufficient higher than the tower setting level by electrical clearance from the road (ring road) about 5 m, the foundation is located on and house and 15kV distribution line. the slope of the road. Drain pipe for the road is placed above foundation level.

(2) Approach to Kaliti-I Substation. The original transmission line route to the Kaliti-I substation initially passed through the Kaliti-I substation and was connected via the existing T53 to T54 to the substation gantry structure. Two new units of two circuit 220kV towers were constructed along the boundary of Kaliti-I substation two years ago, to shift the transmission line to the outermost site near the boundary of Kaliti-I substation. The new towers are numbered as T54 and T55 and the original T54 is called as T56. It is requested to keep those new towers and use them as a part of new two circuit transmission line to Addis Centre. Layout of Kaliti-I Substation is shown in Fig. 4.1-2.

As the foundation design and construction of T54 and T55 are not under our control, the slack tension of the conductor shall be applied to ensure the tower and foundation strength of those towers. T53 shall be the dead-end tower to secure the unbalanced tension.

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Table 4.1-2 Approach towers to Kaliti-I substation

Tower Tower type Result of checks T54 “BB” type 220kV 2cct This tower design seems to have two circuit phase conductor ACSR Same tower type from 494 (Mallard). Only one (1) circuit of 132kV ACSR 166 has been Kaliti-I to Sebeta installed. Many bolts and steel units have not been installed yet, tower erection is not complete, or such bolts and units have been stolen after construction. The span length on both sides is 196 m and 124 m The depth and type of foundation is unknown. T55 “DD” type 220kV 2cct Ditto The span length on both sides is 124m and 82m

Tower （） C12 Bay Left Arm C11Bay (Space) C13 Bay（Right Arm）

Move C12, C13 Bay

Connection Change From C12 toC13 (Gefresa S/S） Form C13 to C12 (Sebeta S/S）

Conductor (After relocation)

C11 C12 C13 C14

Fig. 4.1-2 Layout of Kaliti-I Substation

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S/S

Move C12,

to Gefresa S/S to Gefresa to Sebeta S/S to Sebeta

C13 Bay

ADC Spare To

132kV Bus 132kV Bus

C11 C12 C13 C14 C11 C12 C13 C14

Configuration of Bay (Existing) Configuration of Bay (After relocation) Fig. 4.1-3 Configuration of Bay (Kaliti-I Substation)

4.1.2 Phase Conductors Phase conductors in EEP’s existing transmission line are shown in Table 4.1-3, the capacity of phase conductor is identified by the thermal heat capacity. The phase conductors are selected from the Table 4.1-3 shown below.

Table 4.1-3 Thermal Capacity of Conductors in EEP Transmission Line

Thermal Code Name in EEP Al [mm2] St [mm2] Code Dia [mm] Remarks Capacity 490 A ACSR 166 131.2 30.62 Tiger 16.52 490 A ACSR 176 152.2 24.71 Ostrich 17.28 510 A ASH/AAAC180 181.6 Ash 17.50 AAAC:All Aluminium Alloy Conductor 620 A ACSR 240/30 241.6 31.40 Flicker 21.49 Data from Conco 890A AAAC 240 283.5 Darien Equivalent with ACSR 240 (477MCM) 920 A ACSR 494 403.0 91.80 Mallard 28.96 1050 A AAAC570 570.2 31.05 1000 A 2xASH/AAAC180 181.6 2 x 17.5 Source：EEP

For the 132kV transmission line constructed in 1970 in the Addis Ababa area, Tiger (ACSR 166) and Ostrich (ACSR 176) with a thermal heat capacity of 490 A were applied. For the new Tubular 132kV transmission line, ASH / AAAC 180 and Flicker (ACSR 240/30) with a thermal heat capacity of 510 A are applied. For the 220 kV transmission line, AAAC 570 is applied with a single conductor having a thermal heat capacity of 1,050 A, and 2 x AAAC 180 is applied with bundled conductor having a thermal current heat capacity of 1,000 A. The use of special heat-resistant

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conductors and low-loss conductors has not yet been implemented. As there is no transmission line exceeding 400 km around Addis Ababa 132kV and 220kV transmission line, the only thermal heat capacity that shall be considered is the large capacity transmission line such as HVDC, where the use of large size conductors is planned.

Table 4.1-4 Typical Type of Conductor in EEP

Code Name in EEP ACSR 166 ACSR 176 ASH/AAAC180 ACSR 240/30 Stadard Britich BS 215 USA ASTM B-232 British BS 3242 USA ASTM B-549 Code in Standard Tiger Ostrich Ash Flicker ACSR Aluminium ACSR Aluminium AAAC Aluminium alloy ACSR Aluminium Identification conductors steel reinforced conductors steel reinforced conductors conductors steel reinforced

Cross Section

Al [mm2] 131.2 (30/2.36) 152.2 (26/2.73) 181.6 (19/3.48) 241.6 (24/3.58) St [mm2] 30.62 (7/236) 24.71 (7/2.12) 31.4 (7/2.39) UTS [daN] 5,800 5,652 5,060 7,666 Dia [mm] 16.52 17.28 17.50 21.49 Thermal Capacity 490 A 490 A 510 A 620 A

Photo Conductor Photo Conductor Conductor Tiger ACSR Mallard 494 ACSR 240/30 Conductor Joint (Addis North)

Fig. 4.1-4 Cross-section of Typical Conductor

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Conditions of air temperature to calculate the thermal capacity of conductor are shown in Table 4.1-5. The detailed daily load curve of the entire Addis Ababa metropolitan area is not available. From the daily load curve of the distribution power supply level we can confer that, the power demand of the Agis Centre Substation, where there are many government offices, appears to peak twice during the day and then in the evening around 20 o'clock. It is considered that the temperature of the conductor shall be calculated from daytime to late afternoon.

Table 4.1-5 Surrounding Conditions

Items Figures Thermal emissivity 0.9 Solar radiation energy 0.09 W/cm2 Wind velocity 0.6 m/s Ambient Temperature 25 ℃ Allowable Temperature Up to maximum design for each conductor

Temperature condition for sagging calculation are show in Table 4.1-6.

Table 4.1-6 Temperature conditions for Sagging Calculation

items Figures Minimum -5 ℃ Average Normal 25 ℃ Maximum 75 ℃ Maximum wind velocity 35 m/s

Source：EEP Specification

The allowable maximum working tension for conductor at the lowest temperature of -5 °C with the maximum wind pressure shall be less than 40% of the UTS Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS Ultimate Tensile Strength), or the calculated EDC tension (Every day stress) at 25ºC without wind pressure shall be less than 20% of UTS.

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Table 4.1-7 Weather in Addis Ababa Weather in Addis Ababa

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave Maximum Temperature °C 30 28 30 29 30 29 29 32 28 27 30 28 32 Ave. Max. Temperature °C 24 24 25 24 25 23 21 21 22 23 23 23 23.2 Mean Temperature °C 15.4 16.6 17.9 17.9 18 17 15.9 15.8 16.2 15.7 14.8 14.9 16.3 Ave. Min. Temperature °C 8 9 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 7 7 9.3 Minimum Temperature °C 1 1 3 6 6 1 0 6 4 2 0 0 0 Rainfall mm 13 30 58 82 84 138 280 290 149 27 7 7 97.1 Average number day for rain 3 5 7 10 10 20 27 26 18 4 1 1 11.0 Humidity 47% 52% 48% 55% 53% 68% 80% 79% 72% 48% 48% 46% 58% Average number day sunshine 9 9 8 7 8 6 3 3 5 8 9 9 7 Source：World Meteorological Organization (UN), Climate-Data.org for mean temperatures, Voodoo Skies for record temperatures, BBC Weather for humidity and sunshine, National Meteorological Agency

Fig. 4.1-5 Monthly average temperature

Fig. 4.1-6 Daily Load Curve for Distribution Level

Source：Final report of data collection survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System

4-9 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

(1) Optical Fiber OPGW Optical fiber OPGW (Optical Fiber Ground Wire) is used as GW (ground wire) for most of the existing transmission lines in Addis Ababa. The project for the replacement of OPGW in GW had been started in 2012, and the Contractor seems to be ZTE from China. In April 2018, ZTE had stopped their activities due to restrictions on trade between US and China, but the impact on Ethiopia is unknown. Two (2) OPGWs are installed on the newly constructed transmission line in Addis Ababa. The specifications of OPGW used by ZTE are as follows.

Project Name Ethiopia EEP OPGW Project II Contractor ZTE S2ET2013031101WDMXTS1 Equipment and Quantity Optical Cable 6 km drum x 2 drums 48 cores (Corning Fiber Structure x 1) G.655 (Telecommunication Standard) of ITU International Telecommunication Unit Characteristics of non-zero dispersion shifted single mode optical fiber and cable. UTS 61.3kN Diameter 10 mm Weight 327 kg/km Short – circuit current 23.9kA (20℃)

The OPGW for the one (1) circuit 132 kV transmission line between the Addis Centre substation and the Kaliti-I substation seems to have been replaced in the GW after 2012. According to the drum schedule, short length drums were applied with some OPGW joint boxes as shown in Table 4.1-8. The number of fiber seems to be 24 cores. There was a fiber joint record and the junction box was set up in the following place. Vibration Damper was installed and equipped on every transmission line.

Table 4.1-8 OPGW Joint Record

Section Distance Addis Centre Substation - Tower 08 1,520 m Tower 08 - Tower 23 4,560 m Tower 23 - Tower 38 4,420 m Tower 38 - Kaliti-I Substation 4,750 m Total length 15,250 m

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OPGW with 48 fibers (diameter 2.7mm section area 91.71 mm2) is applied in other 220 kV and 132 kV transmission lines. There is no detail record of the original ground wire which was used before the replacement by OPGW, but it seem that GW (Galvanized Wire) of 12 mm diameter was used in another project of EEP recently.

Photo OPGW Joint Box Photo OPGW Joint Box Kaliti-I Substation Tower Addis North to GIS

Fig. 4.1-7 The photographs of existing OPGW

Features of OPGW as per EEP’s technical document are as follows.

- Description: Non zero dispersion shifted Fiber - Standards: ITU-T G.655 - Attenuation at wavelength 1550 nm: 0.22 dB/km maximum - Attenuation at wavelength 1625 nm: 0.24 dB/km maximum - Number of fibers: 48 - Average splicing loss: 0.05 dB per joint - Maximum splicing loss: 0.10 dB per joint - Mode field diameter (MFD): 9.2 m - Cladding diameter: 125  1 m - Mode field concentricity error: core/cladding 1 m maximum - Chromatic dispersion coefficient @ 1530 nm: 2.0 ps/nm maximum - Chromatic dispersion coefficient @ 1625 nm: 12.4 ps/nm maximum - Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) < 0.5 ps/sqrt km - Fiber identification: each fiber shall be uniquely identifiable throughout the length of the wire - Operating temperature: -30oC to +70oC continuously - Short circuit 180ºC - Short circuit current 63 kA - Lightening current 200 kA

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(2) Application of OPGW Each substation has facilities for Telecommunication System of PLC (Power Line Carrier) with old panels made by ABB and Areva, but it seems that PLC facilities were out of service, and have been refurbished recently. Optical Communication System with OPGW are in services. Telecommunication PABX and Substation Automation Systems (SAS) have been installed and are in operation for controlling and monitoring by Load Dispatch Centre. Protection relay (Differential Relay) which is connected directly by optical fiber is not in service.

Different control system using optical fibers are in service at each substation. Nifas Silk substation : Schneider built a monitoring system inside substation SAS Kaliti I substation : Areva built the monitoring system as in SAS

LDC (Load Dispatch Centre) is located in the Weregenu Substation. SCADA systems seem to use Areva's program for acquiring various data from each substation and conduct RTU remote control.

LDC and each substation are connected and linked using OP fiber in a loop form through Gateway. Panels of Substation Automation Systems (SAS) are located in each substation, the name of the manufacturing company is Chunghwa Communications Co., Ltd. (ZTE), a major communication company in China, and the company name, Guodian Nanjing Automation Co. Ltd. is listed. These panels were set up several years ago and it seems that ZTE of China installed the panel and the OPGW on towers.

Two (2) OPGWs are installed on the new Tubular tower transmission lines. Totally, 96 fiber cores (2 × 48) are installed between the substations. Currently, optical fiber is applied for SCADA and communication, only a few fibers are under service, and the remaining fibers are unused and many fibers are just excesses.

There is LDC inside the Weregenu Substation, and the LDC communicates with all the substations via optical fibers on the existing 132kV transmission line, as the towers from Weregenu substation including T61 are not in good condition due to the long service period of over 30 years. The surrounding steel tower including the tower T61 has been in operation for more than 30 years. There is high risk if the use of OPGW via T61 is continued, it is recommended to install a new OPGW along the new underground cable between Weregenu substation and T67.

4.1.3 Tower Towers for 132kV Transmission Line in Addis Ababa are divided into two types, namely, the “Lattice Tower” using steel angle material and the “Tubular Tower” using pipe steel material. Furthermore, more compact tubular towers with insulated cross arms are used.

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Table 4.1-9 Tower Type in Addis Ababa

No. Tower Type Material Insulator Applied Span Length 1 Lattice Self Support Tower Steel L-angle Porcelain or Glass 150m - 360m (average 250m) 2 Tubular Tower type I Pipe Steel Polymer 120m - 180m (average 165m) 3 Tubular Tower with Insulated Arm Pipe Steel Porcelain 120m - 180m (average 165m) Source：EEP

The foundation of Tubular Tower can be designed in compact small size, and the tubular towers can be installed in the center of the road without disturbing the traffic on the road. In the dense residential area, Tubular Towers can be installed in short spans in the existing spaces between houses without any resettlement. 132kV transmission line can pass over the houses, where there is no ROW, it means that the housing under the transmission lines are accepted if the limits for safety electrical clearance is adhered. It is unknown whether the EEP signed an official contract with each of the residential house owner(s) to limit the height of house.

Lattice Tower (Dead-end) Tubular type 1 Nifas Silk Tubular type II (Insulated arm) To Addis Centre

Insulation Cross Arm Insulation Cross Arm TL Kaliti-I to Nifas Silk TL Kaliti-I to Nifas Silk

Fig. 4.1-8 Typical Type of Tower

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Table 4.1-10 Design parameter for 132kV Lattice Tower Type (1cct)

Tower Type L M N ND Deviation Angle 0º-2º 0º-30º 0º-60º 60º-90º Insulator Strings Suspension Tension Tension Dead End Basic Span 350 m 350 m 350 m 350 m Wind Span 450 m 450 m 450 m 450 m Weight Span 700 m 700 m 1500 m 700 m Uplift min 175m - 350 m - 350 m - 350 m Source：EEP

Table 4.1-11 Design parameter for 132kV Lattice Tower Type (2cct)

Tower Type LD MD ND ND

Deviation Angle 0º-2º 0º-30º 0º-60º 60º-90º Insulator Strings Suspension Tension Tension Dead End Basic Span 350 m 350 m 350 m 350 m Wind Span 450 m 450 m 450 m 450 m Weight Span 700 m 700 m 1500 m 700 m Uplift min 175m - 400 m - 400 m - 350 m Source：EEP

Tower type L Tower type M Tower type ND

Fig. 4.1-9 Typical Type of Lattice Tower

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(1) Special accessories for Tower Bird Guard is equipped on the suspension tower to prevent contamination of suspension insulator discs from birds' feces. This Bird Guards have been installed in all the lattice towers in Addis Ababa. This Bird Guard is also equipped in the new Tubular tower in the city where part of the overhead transmission line passes through areas where birds live.

Bird Guard 1 Bird Guard 2 Bird Guard 3

Fig. 4.1-10 Bird Guard

(2) Other Accessories for Towers

1) Sphere Balls

As the Bole international airport was opened in 2003, there are no aircraft signs marked on the existing 132 kV transmission line. However, the transmission line crosses the path of aircraft when an aircraft approaches the airport, so, air craft warning mark should be installed in accordance with ICAO regulation. T21-22 will be crossing the air flight course. Fig. 4.1-11 shows how the arrester needle is installed at the top of the tower and how the ladder is installed.

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Lightening Ladder with protection gage Sphere Ball

Fig. 4.1-11 Accessories for tower

4.1.4 Insulation Materials Three kinds of insulation materials are used for the existing transmission line in Addis Ababa city. For 45 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV transmission lines built in 1970 to 2010, Porcelain insulator from NGK and Glass insulator from Sediver were used. Composite polymer insulators made by Tonly are used for 132 kV, 220 kV transmission lines since 2010. As per EEP Bidding Specification, it has been requested to use composite polymer and avoid the installation of porcelain insulator and glass insulator discs. So far there is no replacement record of composite polymer insulators due to their replacement period of 10-15 years.

For information, EVN (Electricity of Vietnam) decided that composite insulators shall be replaced with the traditional type due to the high life cycle cost of Composite polymer insulator.

It is noticed that the composite insulators are kept outside in the same state, and this may cause damage to the composite insulators. Many glass insulator discs are shattered, and no replacement has been done for insulator assemblies at the substation and tower.

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Table 4.1-12 Typical Type of Insulation material

Type Porcelain Glass Composite (Polymer)

Manufacture NGK Japan Sediver France Tonly China

Cross Section

Type 15000LB & 70kN 12000 LB & 70kN 120kV and 70kN

Remarks Fabrication year 1966 No Zinc Sleeve Fabrication year 2014 No Zinc Sleeve

Porcelain Insulator Glass Insulator Composite Polymer

Stored outside in stressed

condition by piling up.

Photo Composite Insulator At Cotobie Substation Photo Tower Photo Glass Insulator At Cotobie Substation Kaliti - I Substation

Fig. 4.1-12 Three types of Insulator Disc

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4.1.5 Foundation Drawings for the foundation of the 132 kV transmission line constructed around 1980 could not be found in the EEP library, but foundation drawings of similar project in 2006 and 2008 were found. The drawing prepared in 2008 was designed for, Harar - FIQ Power Transmission Line Project, by the contractor, Associated Transrail Structure Limited India, and those drawings refer to Hagere Marian Meg Power Project (Contract No. GM 33.20 / 04/99 Dated September 22, 2006).

It seems that the foundation for 132 kV transmission line near Addis Ababa would be almost same as the one designed in 2006. The dimension of foundation is shallow with a depth of 1.9m, and 1.8m base size foundation for suspension towers. There was no obstruction for transmission line route, around 1960, which passed through urban area and open field without any houses.

Now transmission line is located inside the city, heavy trucks pass near the towers, and the tower foundation has deformed due to unexpected force and loads from trucks, houses and the weight of embankment soil.

Table 4.1-13 Foundation type for Lattice Tower

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Description Un-fractured Submerged Submerged Good Soil Poor Soil Rock Good soil Poor soil

Maximum allowable downward bearing pressure 800 kN/m2 300 kN/m2 100 kN/m2 200 kN/m2 100 kN/m2 under ultimate loads

Maximum assumed density 1600 kg/m3 1600 kg/m3 1400 kg/m3 800 kg/m3 800 kg/m3 of soil resisting uplift Allowable angle of conical 30° 30° 20° 20° 10° frustum resisting uplift

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4.2 UNDERGROUND CABLE The routes for 132 kV underground cable system requested from EEP are categorized in three sections as follows.

- Section 1: From Black Lion substation (hereinafter called as BLL) to New Addis Centre substation (hereinafter called as New ADC)

- Section 2: New ADC - Connecting point with overhead lines which is close to Gofa substation

- Section 3: Weregenu substation - Connecting point with overhead lines which is close to St. Mary’s Church

Underground cables are adopted in urban areas where land acquisition is difficult and consideration for landscape is required. On the other hand, urban areas have higher density of buried objects such as water pipes, sewer pipes, distribution lines, communication lines, compared to rural areas. Projects such as road expansion and introduction of a new transportation system are often planned in developing cities, so it is necessary to select a route considering urban development plan. Therefore, the route was selected by the following procedure.

Step 1: Propose several candidate routes for each section (Appendix-7(A)) to the City Government Commission (hereinafter referred as the City Planning)

Step 2: Consult with the Transport Program Management Office (hereinafter referred as the Transport Authority) and Road Construction and Maintenance Design Revision implementation office (hereinafter referred as the Road Authority) based on the response from the authorities (Appendix-7(B))

Step 3: Correct the candidate routes based on their comments and form consensus with EEP (Appendix-7(C))

There are two methods to lay cables. One is to bury cables directly and the other is to lay cables in conduit pipes installed in advance. Although each method has merits and demerits, the City Planning has requested the latter method to improve the reliability of the infrastructure facilities in the city where the development is underway. Therefore, the underground cable system in the Project has been studied based on the condition that the conduit system is applied.

Conduit pipes are buried under a sidewalk, a roadway or a median strip. However, since infrastructure such as sewer pipes, water pipes, communication lines, etc. are already buried in the sidewalk, it is considered difficult to lay conduit pipes under it. Therefore, conduit pipes will be buried under a roadway or a median strip. On the other hand, when opting to have conduit pipes buried under the median strip, plants, fences and the like, which exist on the median strip, become an obstacle in

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construction. Therefore, it is important to discuss how to handle it. EEP has agreed with the demarcations for the work related to the median strip, as shown in Table 4.2-1.

Table 4.2-1 Demarcations for the work related to the median strip

Items Ethiopian side Contractor side Remove obstacles and all trees prior to the  installation work of conduit system

Demolish existing median strips 

Restore the median strips as the original 

Subsequently, the route of each section, features thereof, and summary of consultation with the counterparts are described.

4.2.1 Section 1 A single circuit of 132kV cable will be installed for the connection between the Black Lion substation and the new Addis Centre substation, with a route length of 1,950m. Fig. 4.2-1 shows the route map.

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) will be introduced in Addis Ababa city. Fig. 4.2-2 shows the completed image of BRT. As a result, the route which does not run parallel or crosses with the BRT is selected for this section. Ras Lulseged Street (B) is suitable for the route because the street has a wide median strip as shown in Fig. 4.2-3. The influence on the traffic caused by the installation work may be minimized by burying the conduit system under it.

On the other hand, this route will traverse the Mexican Square (A) which is a roundabout with a heavy traffic volume. In addition to the elevated railway called as LRT, an underpass crosses the Mexico Square in the east-west direction. The issue of the route is how to traverse the underpass. The City Planning is of the opinion that the issue is a matter to be consulted with the Road Authority. Fig. 4.2-4 shows the current situation around Mexico Square.

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There are three methods to traverse the underpass. One is to install conduit pipes by excavation method in the roadbed of the bridge-shaped road which passes above the underpass as shown in Fig. 4.2-5. According to the field survey, the Black Lion roadbed has a thickness as small as 1 m. Taking into account Substation these conditions, a damage to the road caused by the excavation work may lead to a big accident. Therefore, the B2 excavation method is excluded from the candidates. (A) The second is to install the conduit pipes under the underpass by a propulsion method. Fig. 4.2-6 shows the situation of the underpass at the time of construction. The height from the ground to the base structure is estimated to (B) be 10 m. There are two ways to traverse the underpass at a deep point. One is to prepare two shafts with the required Africa Union depth and to dig horizontally from the bottom of the departure shaft. The other method is to dig a curved tunnel from a shallow trench. Depending on the digging distance, the former does not require a high performance machine if New Addis the operators have extensive experience. However some Center Substation

peculiar cable design, cable laying work and cable Legend maintenance are required, due to the vertical structure of the Underground cable route BRT(Bus rapid transit) route shafts. On the other hand, although the latter requires high technique and quality machines and operators, there are no Fig. 4.2-1 Route map of the issues with respect to the depth of shaft. In any case, the section 1 propulsion method requires high cost, long work period compared with the open excavate method.

Fig. 4.2-2 BRT Fig. 4.2-3 Median strip

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Fig. 4.2-4 Mexico Square Fig. 4.2-5 Bridge-shaped road

The third method is to traverse the underpass by a cable bridge, which is inexpensive compared to the propulsion method. Fig. 4.2-7 shows a schematic diagram of the cable bridge traversing the underpass. The Road Authority has recommended the propulsion method and not the cable bridge method, as the bridge can possibly spoil the scenery around the Mexico Square which is the center of the city. Therefore, the cable bridge cannot be adopted unless the Road Authority approves the design including its looks. Considering the opinions of the Road Authority, the feasibility study is carried out under the condition that the propulsion method is applied for traversing the Mexico Square.

Even if the cable bridge is adopted, in order to alleviate traffic jams due to the installation of the conduit system, it is necessary to apply the propulsion method to the road parts, at both ends of the cable bridge.

Fig. 4.2-6 Underpass at the time of Fig. 4.2-7 Schematic diagram of a cable bridge construction

Fig. 4.2-8 shows the current condition of BBL. Six conduit pipes and six sets of sealing ends have been prepared for Addis West substation - BLL lines. The location of our sealing ends will be on the back side of the capacitor yard surrounded by fences. In the JICA project, the cables will be laid in a trench which will be dug inside the BLL site instead of a conduit pipe, in order to reduce the retraction tension and side pressure applied on the cable by the laying work.

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(a) (b)

Fig. 4.2-8 Current situation of Black Lion substation

4.2.2 Section 2 Double circuits of 132kV cable will be installed for the connection between the new Addis Centre substation and the connecting point with the overhead line adjacent to the Gofa substation, which has a route length of 4,285m. Fig. 4.2-9 shows the route map. The yellow dashed line is the route agreed by the City Planning. However, since an underpass related to BRT project will be constructed at the intersection (B) on the route, the City Planning has requested us to discuss with the Road Authority.

Therefore, before discussing with the Road Authority, opinions of the Transport Authority, which is in charge of the BRT project, were confirmed. The Transport Authority has a plan to install the BRT passing through Tanzania Street (A) which is a part of the route agreed with the Road Authority. Because of the heavy traffic on the road, the Transport Authority is concerned that the traffic jam caused by the installation work of the cable system will interfere with the operation of the LRT. However, there were no objections and comments from the Transport Authority regarding the alternative route proposed by JICA which passes through Alexander Pushkin street (C) and the rural road (C '), instead of Tanzania Street.

The discussion with the Road Authority was held following the meeting. The Road Authority has shown understanding about the concern and has agreed with the alternative route. EEP and the JICA survey team agreed with the interesting suggestion made by the Road Authority that it will

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allow the installation of the cable system under the walkway New Addis on the south side of Alexander Pushkin Street which will be Center Substation expanded next year. The Road Authority has to secure the B2 space under the walkway as free space. (C’)

On the other hand, since the Transport Authority refuses to B7 (A) excavate the BRT lanes, the propulsion method should be (D) applied to the intersections (D and F) crossing the BRT. (C) However, the conduit depth is assumed to be a maximum of (B) 5m which is shallow compared with that of the Mexican (E) square. B3 The rural road (C ') will be expanded in future too. Since the (F) Road Authority showed the plan where the road surface will be shaved by 1.3m for the road expansion work, the JICA survey team proposed to install the conduit pipes at a depth of (E’) 2m and the Road Authority has agreed with it. In addition, the road (C ') has a river crossing point as shown Tower (G) in Fig. 4.2-10. However, the thickness of the bridge is so less Gofa S/S that it cannot be buried. Considering that the bridge may be Legend reconstructed in the road expansion project, the cable bridge Underground cable route should be applied to attach the conduit pipes to the existing Underground cable route (Canceled) bridge. BRT(Bus rapid transit) route

The roads (E and E ') also have expansion plan and the Fig. 4.2-9 Route map of the construction is under progress in some parts of the roads as section2 shown in Fig. 4.2-11.

Fig. 4.2-10 Current situation of the bridge in the section 2 Fig. 4.2-11 Road construction

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Since the compound of the EEP is present in the north side of the Gofa substation, the route has been changed to a straight route instead of a detour route passing through the road (G). Fig. 4.2-12 shows the current situation at the north side of the Gofa substation. The candidate site for the New Addis Centre substation is on the left side of the picture. On the right side of the road is the EEP's compound where the football field and the warehouses exist.

Fig. 4.2-12 Current situation of the north side on the Gofa substation

4.2.3 Section 3

Double circuits of 132kV cable will be installed for the connection between the Weregenu Tower substation and the connecting point of the St. Mary’s church overhead line adjacent to the St. Mary’s church, and the route length is 3,540m. Fig. 4.2-13 shows the route. There was no comment on the proposed routes from the City Planning. Weregenu Substation Fig. 4.2-14 shows the current situation around the connecting point of overhead lines which is close Legend to St. Mary’s church. The underground cables Underground cable route

will be connected to the overhead lines at the new tower which will be erected beside the existing Fig. 4.2-13 Route map of the section 3 tower. From the sealing ends, the cables will be laid in a trench to the boundary of the compound. Because of the narrow space around the boundary, the wall between the shed and the shop might have to be removed partly during the work period. The cables in the conduit pipes will go under the roadway via the crossing point along the sewerage.

Fig. 4.2-15 shows the three bridges on the route. There are two types of bridges, one bridge is like bridge 1 and bridge 3, which has soil heaped on the concrete body, and is finished with asphalt. The other is like bridges 3 which is completely made of concrete. According to the Road Authority,

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if it is of the former type, installation of the conduit pipes by excavation can be allowed, but for the latter type, works such as excavation or penetration cannot be allowed. This is because the works may affect the strength of the bridge.

In order to avoid passing through bridge 2, it is necessary to attach the conduit pipes on the side of the bridge or install a cable bridge. But it is difficult to take these countermeasures because many obstacles under the sidewalk would prevent the conduit pipes from crossing the sidewalk.

An idea for passing through the bridge was proposed during the discussion with the Road Authority, which was the method to lay the conduit pipes protected with concrete material on the bridge after shaving the median strip of the bridge.

(a) (b)

Fig. 4.2-14 Current situation around the connecting point of overhead lines which is close to St. Mary’s church

Bridge 1 Bridge 2 Bridge 3

Fig. 4.2-15 Current situation of the median strip and the three bridges on the way

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Fig. 4.2-16 shows the current situation of the compound adjacent to the east side of Weregenu substation. The cables will be laid in a trench which will be dug inside the compound instead of a conduit pipe, in order to reduce the retraction tension and side pressure applied on the cable by the laying work.

(a) (b)

Fig. 4.2-16 Current situation of the compound adjacent to the east side of Weregenu substation

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4.3 SUBSTATION There are six substations which have been requested for upgrade/installation by the EEP. They are as follows;

- Addis Centre substation : whole replacement of 132kV BSP substations using new site

- Black Lion substation: newly install 132kV transmission line bay for new ADC substation

- Kaliti-I substation: newly install 132kV transmission line bay for new ADC substation

- Gofa Substation: newly install 132kV transmission line bay

- Weregenu substation: newly install 132kV transmission line bay and 1 unit of 132/33 kV power transformer including transformer bay

- Addis North substation: Replacement of 2 units of 132/15kV power transformers and 132kV switchgear

Generally, if a certain substation is upgraded/installed, it is necessary to refurbish the opposite side substation(s), with repairs to protection relay, current transformer, communication system, etc.

Therefore, JICA Study Team carried out field survey not just for the above six stations but for twelve (12) substations including opposite side substations and temporary substations, related to this project. Each substation’s location, outline and planned project scope are shown in Fig. 4.3-1 and Table 4.3-1. The current situation of each substation is described in the following section.

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Table 4.3-1 Outline of Substation

Transmission line bay Substation Power Transformer Request from EEP (connecting S/S) Demolish the entire 132/15kV 25/31.5MVA Existing substation 132kV single (Kaliti I) 132/15kV 25/31.5MVA Addis Centre Note: to be carried out 132/15kV 12.5MVA by EEP Load shift from Temporary 132kV single (Kaliti I) 132/15kV 40/50MVA temporary Addis Centre Addis Centre to new Addis Centre 132/15kV 40/50MVA 132/15kV 40/50MVA 132kV double (Kaliti I) 132/15kV 40/50MVA New Addis Centre Newly install 132kV single (Black Lion) 132/33kV 40/50MVA (Future) 132/33kV 40/50MVA 132/15kV 40/50MVA Black Lion 132kV double (Addis West) 132/15kV 40/50MVA 132kV T/L bay install 132/15kV 40/50MVA Gofa 132kV single (Mekanisa) 132/15kV 20/25MVA 132kV bay install 230/132kV 63/125MVA 230/132kV 63/125MVA Kaliti-I 9 T/L bay of 132kV 132kV T/L bay install 230/132kV 63/125MVA *omit below 132kV 132kV single (Kaliti I - 132/15kV 30/40MVA 132kV T/L bay install Weregenu Cotobie teed off) 132/15kV 30/40MVA 132/33kV Px install Existing 132kV yard Existing 132kV yard 132/15 31.5MVA 132kV single (Bella) 132/45/15 12/16MVA 132kV single (Legetafo) Cotobie 132/33kV 12/16MVA N/A 132kV double (Kaliti I) New 132kV yard New 132kV yard 132/15kV 40/50MVA 132kV double (Addis East) 132/15kV 40/50MVA Replacement of 132kV single (Bella) 132/15kV 20/25MVA Addis North 132/15kV Px, and all 132kV single (Minilik) 132/15kV 20/25MVA 132kV switchgears 132kV single (Cotobie) 132/15kV 20/25MVA Bella N/A 132kV single (Addis North) 132/15kV 20/25MVA 132kV single (Shegole) 132/15kV 20/25MVA Minilik N/A 132kV single (Addis North) 132/15kV 20/25MVA 132/15kV 20/25MVA 132kV single (Kaliti I - 132/15kV 25/31.5MVA Debra Zeit-II N/A Koka teed off) 132/33/15kV 16/16/8MVA

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Sululta

(Rail way) Minilik GIS Gefresa

Shegole Addis Ababa Addis North

Bella Cotobie Addis West Legetafo

Addis East Black Lion Weregenu Addis Center

Sebeta Nifas Silk P 132 kV Addis EFW 220 kV 50MW Gofa 400 kV

P Power Station Kaliti-II Energy from Waste Mekanissa Kaliti-II Substation GIS

Sebeta-II Kaliti-III

Kaliti-I

Gelan

Debre Zeit II

Fig. 4.3-1 Location of each substation

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4.3.1 Existing Addis Centre Substation Existing Addis Centre Substation (hereinafter called “Existing ADC”) is a 132/15kV BSP located in the center of Addis Ababa city. ADC substation supplies electricity to important customers such as African Union and Palace. It is one of the most important substations in Ethiopia and a high reliability is required.

ADC substation has been supplied with electricity from KALI substation through 132kV single overhead transmission line. ADC substation is composed of single 132kV bus and three units of 132/15kV power transformer. The main 15 kV bus bar is supplied by two 132/15 kV 25/31.5 MVA transformers operating in parallel, and a temporary 132/15 kV 12 MVA transformer (T3) which supplies to one feeder connected to the 15 kV bus bar located in the old switch room.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP Demolish the entire 132/15kV 25/31.5MVA substation Existing Addis Centre 132kV single (Kaliti I) 132/15kV 25/31.5MVA Note: to be carried out 132/15kV 12.5MVA by EEP

Existing ADC substation would be upgraded to a larger capacity substation using the new site. Therefore, existing ADC substation would be demolished in the near future. Current situation of existing ADC substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-2, Fig. 4.3-3.

Fig. 4.3-2 132/15kV Power Transformer Fig. 4.3-3 132kV incoming T/L bay

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4.3.2 Temporary Addis Centre Substation Currently, the construction of a new headquarter for the EEP, in the southeast side of the Mexico square, is under consideration. Existing ADC substation will be moved to the south of the existing substation as temporary substation because the existing transmission tower connected to ADC substation and part of ADC substation’s equipment will obstruct the construction of the new headquarter.

Temporary Addis Centre Substation (hereinafter called “Temporary ADC”) will be supplied by KALI substation using existing overhead transmission line. However, as mentioned before, the existing transmission line connected to the existing ADC substation will obstruct the construction of the new headquarter.

According to the EEP, temporary ADC substation consists of only one 132/15kV 50MVA power transformer and 132kV switchgear, 15kv metal cubicle, control room, auxiliary transformer, etc. Because of the limit of power supply from one power transformer, power demand over 50 MVA will be shifted to neighboring substations such as BLL substation.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP Load shift from Temporary Addis Centre 132kV single (Kaliti I) 132/15kV 40/50MVA temporary Addis Centre to new Addis Centre

Planned layout of temporary ADC substation and the actual situation are shown in Fig. 4.3-4.

Fig. 4.3-4 Arrangement of New EEP Headquarter

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Fig. 4.3-5 Planned layout of temporary ADC substation

Fig. 4.3-6 Temporary Transformer1 Fig. 4.3-7 Temporary Transformer2

4.3.3 New Addis Centre Substation Planning Site for New Addis Centre Substation (hereinafter called “New ADC”) is located to the south of African Union. As described in the above clause, construction of new ADC substation is a critical project to build reliable power system for Addis Ababa Capital Region.

The new site for ADC substation belongs to Addis Ababa City Government. EEP would be provided with this site from the Authority. Detailed information about acquisition procedures for this site is described in another section.

According to relevant reports and discussion with EEP, the final layout of new ADC substation would compose of 132kV three transmission line bay from KALI and BLL substation, and five power transformers which are 3 units of 132/15kV 40/50MVA and 2 units of 132/33kV 40/50MVA.

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On the other hand, currently it is considered that there will be no big demand for the supply by 33kV. Therefore, the number of 132/33kV power transformers to be installed initially is only one unit.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP 132/15kV 40/50MVA 132/15kV 40/50MVA 132kV double (Kaliti I) 132/15kV 40/50MVA New Addis Centre Newly install 132kV single (Black Lion) 132/33kV 40/50MVA (Future) 132/33kV 40/50MVA

JICA Study Team and its subcontractor conducted field survey including plane layout and standard penetration test. The result of plane field survey is shown in Fig. 4.3-8. As seen in the below figure, there is no undulation in the site. However, the shape of site is not good for installation of substation equipment. Therefore, it is important to consider how to arrange each of the substation equipment and the layout has to be planned taking into consideration the future maintenance and operation. The actual situation of the new site of ADC substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-9, Fig. 4.3-10.

Fig. 4.3-8 Field survey result of new ADC substation

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Fig. 4.3-9 Foot print view of northeast Fig. 4.3-10 Foot print view of south

4.3.4 Black Lion Substation Black Lion Substation (hereinafter called “BLL”) is a 132/15kV BSP which is located at 500 meters north of the existing ADC substation. The main purpose of constructing BLL substation is to support electricity supply of ADC substation. As of March, 2018, Main equipment such as power transformers have already been installed in BLL substation. However, a 132kV double circuit transmission line from Addis West substation (hereinafter called “ADW”) as power source to BLL substation is still under construction. A part of transmission line needs to be underground due to land constrain.

BLL substation has been supplied with electricity from ADW substation through 132kV double overhead and underground transmission line. BLL substation is composed of double 132kV bus and three units of 132/15kV 40/50MVA power transformer. The 132kV switchgear is an indoor type GIS manufactured by SIEMENS.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP 132/15kV 40/50MVA Black Lion 132kV double (Addis West) 132/15kV 40/50MVA 132kV T/L bay install 132/15kV 40/50MVA

The construction company, CONCO, is known as the Africa’s largest power infrastructure service provider. Each equipment and substation layout in BLL substation is well organized.

Scope of work planned by EEP in BLL substation is listed below.

- New installation of 132kV transmission line bay

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- Newly install 132kV Control and Protection panel for new transmission line

- Modification of Bus Protection panel

- Modification of mini SCADA system

Space and hole for additional GIS installation have already been confirmed. Therefore, there is no big obstruction in the installation of additional GIS units for ADC substation. Current situation of BLL substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-11.

BLL S/S

Fig. 4.3-11 Current situation of BLL substation

4.3.5 Gofa (Addis South II) Substation Gofa, known as Addis South II, Substation (hereinafter called “GOF”) is located in the Nifas Silk subcity. GOF substation has operated since 2005 and is located next to a huge storage yard of EEP/EEU.

GOF substation is supplied with electricity form Mekanisa substation through 132 kV single overhead transmission line. GOF substation is composed of single 132kV rigid type bus and two units of 132/15kV 20/25MVA power transformer.

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Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP Gofa 132kV single (Mekanisa) 132/15kV 20/25MVA 132kV bay install

Planned scope of work and issues in GOF substation are listed below.

- Request for new installation of 132kV transmission line bay

- 48V DC Battery has deteriorated due to aging

- There is no 132kV bus protection relay

Current situation of GOF substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-12.

GOF S/S

Fig. 4.3-12 Current situation of GOF substation

4.3.6 Kaliti-I substation Kaliti-I substation (hereinafter called “KALI”) is a 230/132/45/15 kV BSP located in the Akaki- Kaliti subcity. 132kV bay in KALI substation supplies to many substations which are located in central Addis Ababa city. Therefore, KALI substation is quite an important power source.

132kV bay in KALI substation is supplied by three units of autotransformer 230/132kV 63/125MVA. 132kV bus in KALI substation consists of double bus bar system. There are almost

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20 bay including transmission, transformer, etc. at 132kV bay in KALI substation.

Existing ADC substation has been supplied from C14 bay using overhead transmission line.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP 230/132kV 63/125MVA 230/132kV 63/125MVA Kaliti-I 9 T/L bay of 132kV 230/132kV 63/125MVA 132kV T/L bay install *omit below 132kV

Scope of work and issues in KALI substation are listed below.

- New installation of 132kV transmission line bay

- It is difficult to connect new transmission line bay with new tower because of the existing transmission line

- 220V DC battery has deteriorated due to aging

- Control panel from C11bay to C15 bay have deteriorated

- There is no current differential relay at C13bay and C14bay to supply for new ADC substation

- There are three SCADA systems and they are not much organized

Communication system has not been organized. The SDH system supplied by ABB FOX615, the communication system solely used by LRT substation, and the PLC carrier system are mixed up.

Moreover, three kind of SCADA systems have been operated in parallel. They are composed of the following systems;

- RTU by C264 based SCADA system with mimic bus,

- Substation automation system

- Specific SCADA system installed by the Chinese contractor for LRT substation.

Current situation of 132kV bay in KALI substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-13.

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Kaliti I S/S

Fig. 4.3-13 Current situation of KALI substation

4.3.7 Weregenu Substation Weregenu Substation (hereinafter called “WER”) is a 132/15 kV BSP located in the Bole subcity. WER substation is close to Bole international airport. Therefore, it has to supply high reliable electricity to the airport.

WER substation is supplied with electricity via a 132kV transmission line teed off from KALI – COT 132kV transmission line. WER substation is composed of single 132kV string type bus and two units of 132/15kV 30/40MVA power transformer.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP 132kV single 132/15kV 30/40MVA 132kV T/L bay install Weregenu (Kaliti I –Cotobie teed off) 132/15kV 30/40MVA 132/33kV Px install

Scope of work and issues in WER substation are listed below.

- New installation of 132kV transmission line bay

- New installation of 132/33kV 40/50MVA power transformer

- 132kV Bus extension including gantry

- New installation of building for 33kV switchgear

4-39 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

- 132kV control and protection panel have deteriorated due to aging

- 125V and 48V DC Battery, and charger including LVAC/DC panel have deteriorated due to aging

- There is no 132kV bus protection relay

- There is no ABB FOX615 as SDH/MUX unit

Actual situation of WER substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-14.

Wereganu S/S

Fig. 4.3-14 Current situation of WER substation

4.3.8 Cotobie Substation Cotobie Substation (hereinafter called “COT”) substation is a 132/45/15 kV BSP located in Yeka subcity. Currently COT substation is being upgraded to a 230KV substation located next to the existing 132kV foot print. The construction work is carried out by CONCO.

COT substation is supplied via six 132 kV circuits: one from Bella, one from Legetafo, two from KALI, and two from Addis East substation using the new 132kV switchyard. Existing COT substation is composed of single 132kV string type bus and three units of power transformer: one 132/15kV 12/16MVA, one 132/45/15 12/16MVA (no more use) and 132/15kV 31.5MVA.

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Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP Existing 132kV yard Existing 132kV yard 132/15 31.5MVA 132kV single (Bella) 132/45/15 12/16MVA 132kV single (Legetafo) Cotobie 132/33kV 12/16MVA N/A 132kV double (Kaliti I) New 132kV yard New 132kV yard 132/15kV 40/50MVA 132kV double (Addis East) 132/15kV 40/50MVA

Scope of work and issues in WER substation are listed below.

- Existing 132kV switchgear has deteriorated

- Existing C&P panel and building has deteriorated

- There is no current differential relay for KALI and BEL substation.

- Existing 3 units of power transformers have deteriorated very much

- Existing 132kV bus and new 132kV bus are connected by only 132kV power cable.

In this study, we need to consider replacement of the line protection relay because transmission line from KALI substation to COT substation would be changed from teed off connection with WER substation to PI connection (loop in – loop out) at the WER substation, which means, the substation opposite to COT substation would be changed to WER substation. However, currently, the COT substation is being upgraded to 230kV including the 132kV yard. Therefore, relay replacement will be better when the existing 132kV field equipment are replaced in the near future. Current situation of COT substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-15, Fig. 4.3-16.

Fig. 4.3-15 Existing 132kV switchyard Fig. 4.3-16 New 132kV switchyard

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4.3.9 Addis North Substation Addis North Substation (hereinafter called “ADN”) is a 132/15 kV BSP located in Gulele subcity.

ADN substation is supplied with electricity from BEL substation through a single 132kV overhead transmission line and from MIN substation through a single 132kV overhead transmission line. Normally, ADN substation is only supplied from one 132kV transmission line to avoid loop operation. ADN substation is composed of single 132kV string type bus and two units of 132/15kV 20/25MVA power transformer.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP

132kV single (Bella) 132/15kV 20/25MVA Replacement of Addis North 132/15kV Px, and all 132kV single (Minilik) 132/15kV 20/25MVA 132kV switchgears

As per actual site assessment, planned scope of work and issues in ADN substation are listed below.

- Request for replacement of 132/15kV power transformer because of lack of capacity

- Most of 132kv switchgear have deteriorated very much

- There is no circuit breaker at 132kv transmission line bay for MIN substation

- Most of the control and protection panel have deteriorated

- There is no section disconnector in 15kV metal cubicle (two transformer operate parallel)

- Auxiliary transformer has deteriorated very much

Current situation of ADN substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-17.

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Addis North S/S

Fig. 4.3-17 Current situation of ADN substation

4.3.10 Bella (Addis East II) Substation Bella, known as Addis East II, Substation (hereinafter called “BEL”) is a 132/15 kV BSP located in the Yeka subcity.

BEL is supplied with electricity from COT substation through a single 132 kV overhead transmission line and from ADN substation through a single 132 kV overhead transmission line. BEL substation is composed of single 132kV string type bus and two units of 132/15kV 20/25MVA power transformer.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP 132kV single (Cotobie) 132/15kV 20/25MVA Bella N/A 132kV single (Addis North) 132/15kV 20/25MVA

Planned scope of work and issues in ADN substation are listed below.

- There is no line current differential relay (87L) for ADN transmission line

- There is no 132kV bus protection relay panel

Current situation of ADN substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-18, Fig. 4.3-19.

4-43 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

Fig. 4.3-18 132kV switchyard Fig. 4.3-19 132kV protection panel for ADN

4.3.11 Minilik Substation Minilik Substation (hereinafter called “MIN”) is a 132/15 kV BSP located in the Gulele subcity. MIN substation was constructed in 2015 funded by china. Main purpose is to supply electricity for LRT switch station.

MIN is supplied with electricity from Shegole substation through single 132 kV overhead transmission line and from ADN substation through single 132 kV overhead transmission line. MIN substation is composed of double 132kV bus of indoor type GIS and two units of 132/15kV 20/25MVA power transformer.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP 132kV single (Shegole) 132/15kV 20/25MVA Minilik N/A 132kV single (Addis North) 132/15kV 20/25MVA

Scope of work and issues in MIN substation are listed below.

- There is a specific communication system, and it does not use ABB FOX615.

Current situation of MIN substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-20, Fig. 4.3-21.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 4-44 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Final Report Results of Site Survey

Fig. 4.3-20 132kV GIS (China) Fig. 4.3-21 132kV control panel

4.3.12 Debra Zeit II Substation Debra Zeit II Substation (hereinafter called “DBZ II”) is a 132/33/15 kV BSP located in the Ada’a woreda.

DBZ II is supplied with electricity via a 132 kV transmission line teed off from the KALI – Koka 132 kV transmission line. DBZ II substation is composed of single 132kV string type bus and two units of 132/15kV 20/25MVA and 25/31.5 MVA, and one unit of 132/33/15kV 16/16/8MVA power transformer.

Substation Transmission line bay Power Transformer Request from EEP 132/15kV 20/25MVA 132kV single 132/15kV 25/31.5MVA Debra Zeit-II N/A (Kaliti I –Koka teed off) 132/33/15kV 16/16/8MVA

Planned scope of work and issues in ADN substation are listed below.

- 132kV switchgear and power transformer have deteriorated very much

- All the Control and protection panel have deteriorated very much

- There is no SDH/MUX unit and OPGW

- 15kV metal cubicle has deteriorated very much (replacement planned)

Current situation of DBZ II substation is shown in Fig. 4.3-22, Fig. 4.3-23.

4-45 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

Fig. 4.3-22 132kV Power transformer Fig. 4.3-23 15kV metal cubicle

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 4-46 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Final Report Results of Site Survey

4.4 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK As it mentioned before, EEU recognizes the necessity to urgently repair the distribution facilities, because of the remarkable deterioration of distribution equipment, as well as, the insufficient equipment management. But they don’t have detailed information about facilities which require urgent repair. Therefore, in this survey, we surveyed the on-site equipment situation through local sub-contractor in order to collect the data, which is necessary for rough design of expansion work and the rehabilitation work of the existing distribution facilities. Details of this survey are described in Section 4.4.1 to 4.4.3. In addition, the arrangements with EEU regarding the scope of this project are described in Section 4.4.4.

4.4.1 Collect the Date of Existing Facilities (1) Collect the Date of Existing Facilities JICA study team collected data of the existing facilities such as transformers and conductors owned by EEU, as a basic information, for conducting survey of the medium voltage line and distribution transformer. In addition to this, JICA study team gathered information such as offer history from customers and so on, which contribute to the overload estimation of distribution transformers.

As a result of collecting the existing data, it can be noted that the facility management situation of the EEU is worse than what was initially assumed by the JICA study team. And, it was found that the reference information obtained from the EEP project office before the start of the survey, especially the information regarding the distribution transformer has not been updated and is too outdated for use.

For this reason, for the medium voltage line, basic information for equipment investigation was confirmed through the several surveys of the on-site distribution power system conducted by the sub-contractor and by consultation with the EEU. Therefore, during the investigation of the medium voltage line, it was deemed that it was necessary to collect and update information of all distribution transformers.

On the other hand, although the JICA study team obtained the overload transformer list from the load measurement, which was independently carried by EEU due to the request from the customer, it is noted that these data do not contain detailed information such as installation location, and the renovation situation has not been grasped. Furthermore, contrary to our expectations, it was also found that the low-voltage side information (consumers, low-voltage conductor, etc.) of the distribution transformer was not managed at all.

For this reason, we decided to determine the draft design and calculate the project cost by grasping the utilization situation of the transformer, based on the load measurement data obtained through local sub-contractor.

4-47 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

(2) Confirmation of the Scope of the Survey Feeders In the Addis Ababa metropolitan area, since multiple projects are being executed in parallel, JICA study team confirmed the scope of the investigation with each EEU region manager at the initial stage of this survey, so that the scope of JICA project does not overlap with other projects,. In addition, in order to eliminate the possibility of overlapping of the construction scope due to the progress of other projects, JICA study team reorganized the scope of the project which overlaps with other projects, as a preparatory work, before the start of survey by the local sub-contractor.

Prior to the commencement of survey, an on-site confirmation of investigation scope was carried out by the investigator of the sub-contractor company, and it was found that in some target areas of Item B, the construction of concrete pole was carried out by other donors near the targeted medium voltage distribution line. Fig. 4.4-1 shows a photograph of the site, where new concrete poles have been are recently installed on the opposite side of the road which has wooden poles on one side.

New concrete poles Constructed by other donors

Fig. 4.4-1 The situation of work by other donors

JICA Study Team determined to exclude a total of 4 feeders from the scope of Item B, which falls in the scope of work of other donors as described above. On the other hand, three feeders were added in the target because some feeders of the original target were divided by network configuration. After that, JICA Study Team confirmed with EEU / EEP and agreed with this reorganization. Table 4.4-1compares the list of target feeders before and after the arrangement.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 4-48 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Final Report Results of Site Survey

Table 4.4-1 Reorganization of scope of Item B

Requested Feeder from EEP/EEU Arranged feeder

No. No. Feeder Name Substation Feeder Name Substation

1 GEF-04 Gefresa 1 GEF-04 Gefresa 2 WER-06 Weregenu 2 WER-06 Weregenu 3 SEB-07 Sebeta 3 SEB-07 Sebeta 4 ADC-15 Addis Centre 4 LEG-07 Legetafo 5 LEG-07 Legetafo 5 Bole-Leme-01* Bole-Leme 6 ADN-06 Addis North re-prioritize 6 COT-33 Cotobie 7 COT-33 Cotobie 7 GOF-06 Gofa 8 GOF-06 Gofa 8 WER-12 Weregenu 9 WER-12 Weregenu 9 ADC-14 Addis Centre 10 ADC-14 Addis Center 10 WER-09 Weregenu 11 WER-09 Weregenu 11 COT-06** Cotobie 12 WER-08 Weregenu 12 COT-07** Cotobie 13 LEG-08 Legetafo 13 MEK-05 Mekanissa 14 GOF-05 Goffa * Bole-Leme-01 is originally a part of 15 MEK-05 Mekanissa Legetafo-07. ** COT-06, 07 are originally a part of LEG-08

4.4.2 Investigation of Medium Voltage Feeders (1) Contents of Investigation of Medium Voltage Feeders In order to grasp the rehabilitation quantity of the medium voltage lines in Item B and C, the investigation of the deterioration situation of the poles, electric conductor and pole equipment of the medium-voltage distribution line in the field was conducted by the sub-contractor. The survey method was mainly based on visual inspection, and the survey team was made of 3 teams with 2 to 3 members in each team, and the survey scope was divided. The researchers were personnel familiar with local electric power facilities, such as retirees of EEP and EEU etc. Table 4.4-2 shows survey items and evaluation methods at the time of equipment survey.

4-49 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

Table 4.4-2 Survey Items in the Investigation of Medium-voltage line

Facilities Survey Items How to evaluate Kind of Pole Wood or Conclete or Steel Tilting Tilted or not Pole Cracking Cracking or not Based on the ground subsidence, status of reinforcement, Pole foundation select Good or Bad Status of Conductor Conducter is broken or not Wheter distance with construction or Communication line, gap Conductor Gap between of other phase, is good or not. Status of connecting point Status of connecting point is good or bad Based on the status of deterioration and Installation state, Arm Status of cross-arm select Good or Bad Based on the cracking of porcelain and installtion state, Status of porcelain select Good or Bad Based on the status of pin and installtion state, Insulator Status of pin select Good or Bad Based on the status of hook and installtion state, Status of hook select Good or Bad Based on the deterioration, cutting of element wire, Status of guyed wire select Good or Bad Based on the damage and installation state, Status of earthing select Good or Bad Distance from trees Judge the distance from trees is safe or not Others Based on the damage and installation state, Status of disconnector select Good or Bad Based on the damage and installation state, Status of Arrestor select Good or Bad Position of Pole G.P.S code

(2) Survey Result of Medium Voltage Feeders Survey results of the medium-voltage line, conducted by the sub-contractor are shown in Table 4.4-3. In the ‘necessary work’ field of the table, reconstruction of poles is recorded when one or more of the following is confirmed: tilting, cracking, bad foundation. Likewise, the electric wire replacement is recorded, when one or more of the following is confirmed: damage of conductor, insufficient separation of each phase, connection failure. Replacement of the pole mounted facilities is recorded when one or more of the following is confirmed: insulator failure, pin failure, hook failure. However, since there are cases where multiple construction is required for one facility, the total number of necessary constructions does not necessarily match to the number of target facilities.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 4-50 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Final Report Results of Site Survey

Table 4.4-3 Results of medium-voltage line field survey ItemB Necessary work ADC-14 BOL-01 COT-33 GEF-04 GOF-06 LEG-07 MEK-05 SEB-07 WER-06 WER-09 COT-06 COT-07 WER-12 total Pole Reconstruction 54 465 379 295 180 352 84 287 170 44 493 73 199 3075 Electric wire 215 30 1094 298 401 30 530 456 20 154 626 134 608 4596 Replacement Pole mounted facilities 0 6 25 0 1 1 231 304 0 65 139 7 0 779 replacement the number of poles 215 469 1404 298 461 380 610 676 191 154 716 224 608 6406 ItemC Necessary work DBZⅡ-03 DBZⅡ-08 DBZⅡ-09 DBZⅡ-14 DBZⅡ-15 Pole Reconstruction 332 467 790 153 287 Electric wire 487 735 380 202 287 Replacement Pole mounted facilities 0 6 25 0 1 replacement the number of poles 507 735 990 202 287

Based on the results of this survey, it was found that about 80% of the surveyed poles are wooden, and more than 60% of these has necessity to be reconstructed. Analysis of breakdown factors of wooden poles, revealed that, the percentage of basic failure was high in almost all distribution lines. Table 4.4-4shows the breakdown of failure factors of wooden poles, in the typical distribution line of Item B. From this fact, it is expected that deterioration will start from base failure and progress further, even if there no tilting or cracking at present. So most of the wooden poles have the risk of collapse.

Table 4.4-4 Breakdown of failure factor of wooden poles ItemB ADC-14 BOL-01 COT-33 GEF-04 GOF-06 LEG-07 MEK-05 SEB-07 WER-06 WER-09 WER-12 総計 tilt 31 66 275 53 110 8 19 17 14 1 126 720 crack 29 465 122 270 104 339 12 127 1 96 1565 pole foundation 34 451 274 270 110 339 70 275 131 14 127 2095 number of pole 121 466 872 270 374 340 449 639 132 20 539 4222

ItemC DBZI I -03 DBZI I -08 DBZI I -09 DBZI I -14 DBZI I -15 総計 tilt 79 47 166 15 9 316 Fig.crack 4.4-2 shows the situation148 of wooden33 pole with0 tilt, 67 287 535 confirmedpole foundation in field survey by220 the sub-contractor463 . 782 136 287 1888 number of pole 506 730 790 202 287 2515 And, as for the conductors, it was found that, it is necessary to replace over 70% of the surveyed conductors. Regarding the breakdown of defects, about 32 % of conductors are deteriorated, and the distance between about 52% conductors is insufficient and the status of connection of 45% conductors is bad.

Fig. 4.4-2 Picture of Tilting pole in field survey

4-51 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

4.4.3 Investigation of Distribution Transformer (1) Contents of Investigation of Distribution Transformer In order to grasp the amount of the transformers in Item A, B, C, the sub-contractor investigated the situation of the pole where the transformer is installed, and investigated the transformer body and load situation. The survey method involved visual inspection, and additionally, a simple measurement of the load current was done, as it will be used as a raw data for estimating the load state. Table 4.4-5 shows the survey items and confirmation method, at the time of facility survey. Also, just like the survey of medium-voltage line, the team involved in this survey was composed of personnel familiar with local electric power facilities, such as retirees of EEP and EEU etc.

In addition, a detailed load measurement was carried for one week on 20 transformers sampled from Item A, in order to prepare the standard load curve required for judging the load condition of the transformer.

Table 4.4-5 Survey Items in the Investigation of distribution transformer

Facilities Survey Items How to check,evaluate Serial No Manufacturing year Check the Nameplate Capacity Externally inspect marks of oil leakage in Oil leakage Transformer transformer body Status of Primary side Primary side Busshing is cracking or not Deterioration Rusting of body and deformation or not Inspect the color of Silica gel and Residual Silica gel situation Pole(with transformer) Kind of Pole Wood or Conclete or Steel Based on the damage and installation state, Status of Arrestor select Good or Bad Based on the damage and installation state, Accessories Status of Drop out-fuse select Good or Bad Based on the damage and installation state, Status of arching-hone select Good or Bad Kind of customers Residence or Business or Industry Cable size(Secondary side) Check the Cable size of Secondary side Fuse size(Secondary side) Check the Fuse size of Secondary side Customer side Measure the load current of each phase of Load current sevcondary side by Clamp meter Measurement time Measurement time of load current Others Position of Transformer G.P.S. code

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 4-52 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Final Report Results of Site Survey

(2) Result of Investigating the Status of Distribution Transformer Based on the field survey result, it was found that more than 80% of the poles where the transformer is installed, are made of wood in Item A, B, and C. It was observed that many of these poles have defects such as tilting, cracking, and bad foundation. And because of this, it was confirmed that reconstruction should be considered when the poles is made of wood.

In addition, JICA Study Team organized data on detailed load measurement for one week in Item A and grasped the current status. Table 4.4-6 summarizes the detailed load measurement results, and Fig. 4.4-3 shows an example of the measurement results. As a result, it can be noted that there are a lot of transformers which are constantly overloaded showing with a large overload (maximum utilization rate is 151%) and having a utilization rate close to the overload. And it also confirmed that the transformers showing a relatively low utilization ratio of about 40% are those, whose capacity has been increased in the recent years, and it means that such equipment may have been repaired by other projects.

Table 4.4-6 Summary of result of detailed load Utilization rate Measurement result Maximum 151% Minimum 42% Average 85% Over 100% 6 units Over 80% 8 units

Overload

Fig. 4.4-3 An example of detailed load measurement result

(Transformer rated capacity: 200kVA)

4-53 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 4 Results of Site Survey Final Report

4.4.4 Reorganization of the Project Scope After the completion of sub-contractor’s survey, conflicts with other projects such as AfDB were again confirmed. As a result, JICA study team confirmed that the distribution feeder reconfiguration is planned with the AfDB portion of AADMP for the Debre Zeit area, where TSS system was planned to install with item C of JICA project. However, implementation of feeder reconfiguration was also planned in JICA project to maximize the introduction effect of TSS system, in addition to simple rehabilitation such as rehabilitation of Item B.

Fig. 4.4-4 shows the relevant part of the AfDB project in the JICA project concerning the Debre Zeit area. In the AfDB project, there is a plan to install new underground line (the green line in the figure) from the newly established Debre Zeit III substation to the existing distribution feeder, and to reconductor the existing distribution feeder, which has to be connected (the red line in the figure). On consultation with the EEU, it is agreed to cancel the AfDB portion for this area and implement the feeder reconfiguration in JICA project, because the reconductor work part was overlapping with the rehabilitation work of JICA project.

Regarding the details of feeder reconfiguration in Debre Zeit area, it is recommended to reconsider it during detailed design and study the optimum configuration.

Newly Installed line

Replacement of Related Range Debre Zeit III substation

Debre Zeit II substation

Fig. 4.4-4 Relevant part of project in DBZ area

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 4-54 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Final Report Geological Inspection

CHAPTER 5

GEOLOGICAL INSPECTION

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project

Chapter 5 Final Report Geological Inspection

GEOLOGICAL INSPECTION

5.1 OUTLINE OF GEOLOGICAL INSPECTION

To confirm the geological conditions, especially to know the bearing capacity of the ground, for the substations and transmission towers, the geological inspection including drilling works and standard penetration test (SPT) were implemented. The geological inspection was implemented at the following sites including new and existing substations, connecting points of underground cables and overhead lines, and transmission towers around river areas.

5.1.1 Substations

 Addis Center Substation

The geological inspection was implemented at three locations in the construction site of the Addis Center substation.

 Addis North Substation

The geological inspection was implemented in the Addis North substation, where the substation facilities were planned to be upgraded.

 Weregenu Substation

The geological inspection was implemented in the Weregenu substation, where the substation facilities were planned to be upgraded.

5.1.2 Transmission Towers

 Gofa Substation

The geological inspection was implemented around the new connecting point of the underground cable and overhead line, within the premise of the Gofa substation.

 Tower No. 25

The geological inspection was implemented around the existing transmission tower No. 25 at the top of terrace cliff.

 Tower No. 36

The geological inspection was implemented around the existing transmission tower No. 36 on the terrace surface.

5-1 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Geological Inspection Final Report

 Tower No. 48

The geological inspection was implemented around the existing transmission tower No. 48 in the swamp area.

 Kaliti I Substation

The geological inspection was implemented around the new connecting point of underground cable and overhead line, in the Kaliti I substation.

 St. Mary’s Church

The geological inspection was implemented around the new connecting point of underground cable and overhead line, near St. Mary’s church.

Table 5.1-1 Coordinates of Drilling Positions Borehole Coordinates No. Site No. Easting Northing 1 S-1 Addis Center Substation 472027 994510 2 S-2 472002 994490 3 S-3 472038 994453

4 S-4 Addis North Substation 472250 1001284 5 S-5 Weregenu Substation 479058 995348 6 T-1 Gofa Substation 472214 990865 7 T-2 Tower No. 25 472231 989946 8 T-3 Tower No. 36 472586 986726 9 T-4 Tower No. 48 472882 983628 10 T-5 Kaliti I Substation 473216 982078 11 T-6 St. Mary’s Church 481192 997069 Coordinates system: UTM WGS84

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 5-2 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Final Report Geological Inspection

Addis Center Substation Addis North Substation

Weregenu Substation Gofa Substation

Tower No. 25 Tower No. 36

Tower No. 48 Kaliti I Substation

5-3 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Geological Inspection Final Report

St. Mary’s Church Fig. 5.1-1 Drilling Positions (on Google Earth Photo)

5.2 GEOLOGICAL INSPECTION RESULT AND CONSIDERATION OF FOUNDATION TYPE

The following relations between N-value “N” and allowable bearing capacity of ground “qa” based on experiential data* can be applied;

2 Gravel layer: qa = 5N [kN/m ]

2 Sand layer: qa = 10N [kN/m ]

2 Clay soil layer: qa = (25~50)N [kN/m ]

In general, a favorable ground with depth of more than 3m can be considered as a supporting layer for spread foundation. An allowable bearing capacity of 50 to 100 kN/m2 or more is usually required for the spread foundation of transmission line tower. While an allowable bearing capacity of 100 to 200 kN/m2 or more is usually required for the spread foundation of substation equipment. From the above, the spread foundation can be applied on the condition that the ground which obtains allowable bearing capacity of the above-mentioned value extends to a depth of 3m. Otherwise, the ground replacement method, which reinforces the soft ground with good quality soil, or other countermeasures will be considered.

In the following, results of the geological inspection and expected foundation types are described. As for the detail results of drillings, refer to Appendix 1.

* : Source: Sakaguchi Satoshi: Evaluation of ground by N-value, Kisoko, Vol.10, No.6, 1982

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 5-4 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Final Report Geological Inspection

5.2.1 Addis Center Substation

The geological inspection result of Addis Center substation is shown in Fig. 5.2-1.

BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BOREHOLE LOG Sheet 1 of 1 Sheet 1 of 1 BH ID No: Addis North BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service

Field Description of Soil/rock Field Description of Field Description of SPT N Value 0 10 20 30 40 50 Soil/rock Soil/rock 0.00 SPT N Value SPT N Value 0.00 0.20 100 Backfill material - silt, sand and 0.30 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.40 100 0.00 0.00 gravel. 1.00 1.00 100 Top soil - clay, silt and sand Backfil - silt and gravel 1.00 1.00 100 0.40 100 11 1.65 100 1.00 1.00 1.00 100 4 1.00 100 4 2.00 2.00 100 Medium stiff, dark gray, high Medium stiff, dark gray, high 2.00 2.00 100 5 Stiff to medium stiff, light yellow to light gray, low to plastic silty CLAY soil plastic silty CLAY/clayey SILT 2.70 100 2.00 2.00 100 4 2.00 2.00 100 4 3.00 3.00 100 soil. 3.00 3.00 100 3 high plastic clayey SILT with 3.00 sand soil layer. 3.00 3.00 3.00 100 6 3.50 3.00 100 5 4.00 4.00 100 4.00 4.00 100 5 3.70 100 Stiff, reddish brown, high 4.00 4.00 100 16 Medium stiff to stiff, reddish 4.00 4.00 100 12 5.00 5.00 100 5.00 5.00 100 brown, high plastic clayey SILT plastic clayey SILT soil. 17 soil. 5.65 100 5.00 5.00 100 15 5.00 5.00 100 20 6.00 6.00 100 6.00 6.00 100 26

6.00 6.00 100 13 6.00 6.00 100 16 Very stiff to medium stiff, 7.00 7.00 100 7.00 7.00 100 16 reddish color, low to high plastic silty CLAY/clayey SILT 7.00 7.00 100 14 7.00 7.00 100 18 8.00 8.00 100 8.00 8.00 100 8 soil layer. 17 15 8.00 8.00 100 8.00 8.00 100 9.00 9.00 100 Stiff to very stiff, light brown, Very stiff, light brown, high 9.00 9.00 100 6 high plastic clayey SILT with plastic clayey SILT with sand 10.00 9.60 100 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 19 100 15 100 10.00 10.00 100 trace gravel and sand soil. and trace gravel soil. 10.00 10.00 100 End of Borehole

10.00 10.00 100 End of Borehole 10.00 10.00 100 End of Borehole

Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service

Field Description of Soil/rock SPT N Value

0 10 20 30 40 50 0.00 Top soil - gravel and cobble 0.55 100 1.00 1.00 100 5

2.00 2.00 100 5 Medium stiff to very stiff, black 3.00 3.00 100 4 to dark gray, high plastic 3.50 clayey SILT/silty CLAY soil. 4.00 4.00 100 9

5.00 5.00 100 9

6.00 6.00 100 14

7.00 7.00 100 16 Stiff to very stiff, variegated color, low to high plastic 8.00 8.00 100 16 clayey SILT soil.

9.00 9.00 100 15 10.00 10.00 100 End of Borehole Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 5.2-1 Geological Inspection Result (Addis Center Substation)

Borehole No. S-1 and S-2 (BH-1 and BH-2 as shown in the above figures), located in the new construction site, are being examined herein. N values of the silty clay layer or clayey silt layer, under the surface soil, were recorded in the range of 4 and 6, whereas, the allowable bearing capacity was estimated to be 100-150 kN/m2. It is assumed that it is not suitable for spread foundations, for the heavy equipment of the substations, as it is a soft ground, and the ground shall, therefore, be improved by partially excavating or displacing problematic geomaterials, which will be replaced with better-quality filling. The improved ground will be suitable for spread foundations, for the heavy equipment of the substations. However, the type of foundations shall be determined based on the actual weight of equipment, upon further investigation.

5-5 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Geological Inspection Final Report

5.2.2 Addis North Substation

The geological inspection result of Addis North substation is shown in Fig. 5.2-2.

Sheet 1 of 1 Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BH ID No: Addis North BH ID No: Woreganu

Field Description of Field Description of Soil/rock Soil/rock SPT N Value SPT N Value 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.00 0.00 0.20 100 0.30 100 Backfill material - reddish ash 0.40 100 Backfill material - silt, sand and

gravel. 1.00 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 100 11 9 Stiff, dark gray, high plastic 1.65 100 silty CLAY soil 2.00 2.00 100 2.00 2.00 100 5 Stiff to medium stiff, light 7

yellow to light gray, low to 2.70 100 3.00 3.00 100 3.00 3.00 100 3 high plastic clayey SILT with 13 sand soil layer. Stiff to very stiff, light gray, NIL 4.00 4.00 100 low to high plastic clayey 4.00 4.00 100 5 15 SILT soil.

5.00 5.00 100 5.00 5.00 100 17 15

5.65 100 6.00 6.00 100 6.00 6.00 100 26 9

Very stiff to medium stiff, 7.00 7.00 100 Stiff, light yellow, low to 7.00 7.00 100 16 10 reddish color, low to high non-plastic clayey SILT soil. plastic silty CLAY/clayey SILT 8.00 8.00 100 37 8.00 8.00 100 8 soil layer. Hard, reddish, low to high plastic, clayey SILT soil. 9.00 9.00 100 50 9.00 9.00 100 6 Extremely weak, light gray, 9.60 100 10.00 moderately fractured I I 10.00 10.00 100 I 10.00 10.00 100 End of Borehole IGNIMBRITE rock. End of Borehole Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 5.2-2 Geological Inspection Result (Addis North Substation)

N values of the clayey silt layer, under the surface soil were recorded in the range of 3 and 5, whereas, the allowable bearing capacity was estimated to be 75-125 kN/m2. It is assumed that it is not suitable for spread foundations, for the heavy equipment of the substations, as it is a soft ground, and the ground shall, therefore, be improved by partially excavating or displacing problematic geomaterials, which will be replaced with better-quality filling. The improved ground will be suitable for spread foundations, for the heavy equipment of the substations. However, the type of foundations shall be determined based on the actual weight of equipment, upon further investigation.

5.2.3 Weregenu Substation

The geological inspection result of Weregenu substation is shown in Fig. 5.2-3.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 5-6 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Final Report Geological Inspection

Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BH ID No: Woreganu BH ID No: Gofa

Field Description of Field Description of Soil/rock Soil/rock SPT N Value SPT N Value 0 10 20 30 40 50 10 40 50 0 20 30 0.00 0.00 Backfill - gravel, silt and clay 0.30 100 Backfill material - reddish ash 0.40 100

1.00 1.00 100 9 1.00 1.00 100 9 Stiff, dark gray, high plastic Stiff to very stiff, dark gray,

1.65 100 silty CLAY soil high plastic clayey SILT soil. 2.00 2.00 100 30 2.00 2.00 100 7 2.35 100 2.60 100 2.70 100 3.00 3.00 100 50 3.00 3.00 100 13 3.20 100 Stiff to very stiff, light gray, 3.55 100 NIL NIL 4.00 4.00 100 50 4.00 4.00 100 15 low to high plastic clayey Dense to very dense, 4.40 100 SILT soil. 4.60 100 variegated color, non plastic 5.00 5.00 100 50 silty GRAVEL soil. 5.00 5.00 100 15 5.55 100 6.00 6.00 100 50 6.00 6.00 100 9 End of Borehole

7.00 7.00 100 10 Stiff, light yellow, low to non-plastic clayey SILT soil.

8.00 8.00 100 37 Hard, reddish, low to high plastic, clayey SILT soil. 9.00 9.00 100 50 Extremely weak, light gray, 9.60 100 moderately fractured I I 10.00 10.00 100 I IGNIMBRITE rock. End of Borehole Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 5.2-3 Geological Inspection Result (Weregenu Substation)

The layers which consisted mainly of clayey silt extended to a depth of 6.0 m below the ground level. N values of the layers were recorded in the range of 7 and 15, whereas, the allowable bearing capacity was estimated to be 175-375 kN/m2. Moreover, the N values of the lower layers tended to increase with depth. From the above, it can be concluded that the ground is suitable for spread foundations, for the heavy equipment of the substations.

5.2.4 Gofa Substation

The geological inspection result of Gofa substation is shown in Fig. 5.2-4.

Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BOREHOLE LOG BH ID No: Gofa

Field Description of Soil/rock SPT N Value

0 10 20 30 40 50 0.00 Backfill - gravel, silt and clay 0.00 0.40 100 0.40 100

1.00 1.00 100 9 1.00 1.00 100 Stiff to very stiff, dark gray, 1.40 100 high plastic clayey SILT soil. 1.40 100 2.00 2.00 100 30 2.00 2.35 100 2.35 100 2.60 100 3.00 3.00 100 50 3.00 3.00 3.20 100 3.55 100 NIL 4.00 4.00 100 50 Dense to very dense, 4.00 4.00 100 75 4.40 100 4.60 100 variegated color, non plastic 5.00 5.00 100 50 silty GRAVEL soil. 5.00 5.00 95 95 5.55 100 5.55 100 55 50 6.00 6.00 100 End of Borehole 6.00 6.00 100 6.30 100 6.70 100 7.00 7.00 100

Source: JICA Study Team 7.55 100 8.00 8.00 100 Fig. 5.2-4 Geological Inspection Result (Gofa Substation)

The layer which consisted mainly of clayey silt extended to a depth of 3.0 m below the ground level. N values of the layer were recorded in the range of 9 and 30, and it can be considered as a

5-7 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Geological Inspection Final Report

supporting layer for a spread foundation. The lower layers of silty gravel were found to have N values more than 50, and this can securely ensure the bearing capacity of the supporting layer.

5.2.5 Tower No. 25

The geological inspection result of Tower No. 25 is shown in Fig. 5.2-5.

Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BH ID No: Tower 25

Field Description of Soil/rock SPT N Value

0 10 20 30 40 50 0.00 0.00 0.25 100 0.40 100 Backfill - gravel and boulder 0.60 100 1.00 1.00 100 30 I I 1.00 1.00 100 I 1.40 100

1.40 100 I 2.00 30 2.00 I 2.25 2.35 100 Extremely weak to weak, 100 variegated color, slightly to I 3.00 3.00 I 3.00 3.00 50 highly weathered, 100 IGNIMBRITE Rock. I 4.00 4.00 100 75 NIL 4.00 4.00 100 50 *from 0.70 - 3.00m highly I I fractured Ignimbrite rock. I 5.00 5.00 95 95 5.00 5.00 100 50 I I 5.55 100 55 6.00 6.00 100 50 6.00 6.00 100 6.30 100 Very stiff to hard, reddish 6.70 100 color, non plastic clayey SILT 7.00 7.00 100 50 with core stone. 7.00 7.00 100 7.55 100 50 8.00 8.00 100 End of Borehole 8.00 8.00 100 8.80 100 Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 5.2-5 Geological Inspection Result (Tower No. 25)

The N values of rock layer were recorded in the range of 30 and 50, and it was found at the depth of 0.7 m below the ground level. The thickness of the layer was around 5m, and therefore the ground is suitable for spread foundations, for the transmission line towers.

5.2.6 Tower No. 36

The geological inspection result of Tower No. 36 is shown in Fig. 5.2-6.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 5-8 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Final Report Geological Inspection

Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service Sheet 1 of 1 BH ID No: Near to T-36 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BH ID No: Tower-48

Field Description of Field Description of Soil/rock SPT N Value Soil/rock SPT N Value 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.25 100 Backfill - gravel and boulder 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.60 100 I I 1.00 1.00 100 30 Extremely weak, light gray, 0.60 100 I 1.00 1.00 100 5 slightly to highly weathered, I I 1.00 I 1.45 100 Medium stiff to hard, black to 2.00 IGNIMBRITE Rock. I 2.25 30 100 2.00 100 dark gray, high plastic silty 2.00 7 2.00 2.45 100 CLAY with occasional gravel 3.00 3.00 100 16 (from 4.00m - 4.65m). 3.00 3.00 100 7 3.00 3.45 100 4.00 4.00 100 21 NIL Stiff to hard, light gray, low to 4.00 4.00 100 30 4.00 5.00 5.00 100 19 high plastic, clayey SILT soil. 4.65 100 5.00 5.00 100 30 Hard, variegated color, low to 5.00 6.00 6.00 100 16 high plastic clayey SILT with 6.00 6.00 100 30 sand and corestone. 6.00

7.00 7.00 100 21 6.70 100 7.00 7.00 100 50 7.00 30 8.00 8.00 100 hard, variegated color, low to 8.00 8.00 100 50 non plastic sandy SILT with 8.00 8.80 100 clay and core-stone. 9.00 9.00 100 50 Dense to very dense, 8.70 100 9.25 100 9.00 variegated color, non plastic 9.10 100 50 (weathering product of 9.00 silty gravel with corestone. pyroclastic rock) 10.00 10.00 100 50 10.25 100 10.00 100 10.45 100 10.00 End of Borehole 10.00 10.75 100 11.00 11.00 100 50

50 12.00 12.00 100 End of Borehole Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 5.2-6 Geological Inspection Result (Tower No. 36)

The rock layer with N values more than 30, was found at a depth of 0.6 m below the ground level. N values of the lower layer which consisted of clayey silt were recorded in the range of 16 and 30. From the above, it can be concluded that the ground is suitable for spread foundations, for the transmission line towers.

5.2.7 Tower No. 48

The geological inspection result of Tower No. 48 is shown in Fig. 5.2-7.

Sheet 1 of 1 Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BH ID No: Tower-48 BH ID No: Kality Sub.

Field Description of Field Description of Soil/rock SPT N Value Soil/rock SPT N Value 0 10 40 50 20 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.00 0.50 0.00

0.60 100 0.60 100 0.00 1.00 1.00 100 5 1.00 1.00 100 Backfill: 1.45 100 Medium stiff to hard, black to Alternative layer of clayey dark gray, high plastic silty 1.60 100 SILT, basltic boulder and sandy 1.00 2.00 2.00 100 7 2.00 NIL CLAY with occasional gravel 2.00 100 SILT. 2.45 100 2.40 100 (from 4.00m - 4.65m). 2.00 3.00 3.00 100 7 3.00 3.10 100 v 3.45 100 v v 3.00 4.00 4.00 100 30 4.00 4.00 100 v Very weak, reddish brown, v 4.65 100 4.00 5.00 5.00 v 100 30 5.00 5.00 100 highly weathered, very closely Hard, variegated color, low to fractured scoriaceous BASALT v 5.50 100 high plastic clayey SILT with v 5.00 6.00 6.00 100 30 rock. sand and corestone. 6.00 6.00 100 v v v 6.70 100 6.60 100 v 6.00 7.00 7.00 100 50 6.80 100 7.00 v v hard, variegated color, low to Medium strong, dark gray, v 8.00 8.00 100 50 non plastic sandy SILT with 8.00 slightly weathered, moderately v clay and core-stone. 8.40 100 50 v 8.70 100 to closely jointed vesicular 9.00 50 (weathering product of v 9.10 100 9.00 BASALT rock pyroclastic rock) 9.40 70 23 v

due to rock formation. SPT is SPT is not conducted v 10.00 10.00 100 End of Borehole 10.00 10.00 100 25 End of Borehole Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 5.2-7 Geological Inspection Result (Tower No. 48 Substation)

5-9 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Geological Inspection Final Report

The layer which consisted mainly of silty clay extended to a depth of 4.65 m below the ground level. The N values of the layer were recorded in the range of 5 and 7, whereas, the allowable bearing capacity was estimated to be 125-175 kN/m2. N values of the lower layers which consisted of clayey or sandy silt were recorded to be 30-50. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ground is suitable for spread foundations for the transmission line towers.

5.2.8 Kaliti I Substation The geological inspection result of Kaliti I substation is shown in Fig. 5.2-8.

Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service Sheet 1 of 1 BH ID No: Kality Sub. BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BH ID No: Salitemihiret

Field Description of Soil/rock SPT N Value Field Description of 0 10 20 30 40 50 Soil/rock SPT N Value 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.60 100 0.00 1.00 1.00 100 Backfill: Alternative layer of clayey 1.60 100 SILT, basltic boulder and sandy 1.00 1.00 100 Backfill material - Concrete, 2.00 2.00 100 NIL SILT. 1.55 100 gravel and sand. 2.40 100 1.90 100 2.00 V V V V V V V 3.00 2.25 100 Weak, light gray, slightly 3.10 100 v v weathered, closely spaced I I v 3.00 I 4.00 4.00 100 IGNIMBRITE rock layer. NIL v 3.50 100 I Very weak, reddish brown, v *from 2.00m - 2.25m is I I 4.00 4.00 100 v BASALT rock. 5.00 5.00 100 highly weathered, very closely I I fractured scoriaceous BASALT v I 5.50 100 v rock. 5.00 5.00 100 *there was no return of water I 6.00 6.00 100 v I

formation. SPT is not conducted due to rock SPT isconducted not to due used for drilling. v v I I 6.60 100 6.00 6.00 100 I 6.80 100 v End of Borehole 7.00 v v Medium strong, dark gray, v 8.00 slightly weathered, moderately v 8.40 100 50 v to closely jointed vesicular v 9.00 BASALT rock 9.40 70 23 v

due to rock formation.duetorock SPTisconducted not v 10.00 10.00 100 25 End of Borehole Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 5.2-8 Geological Inspection Result (Kaliti I Substation)

The surface layer which consisted mainly of compacted backfill materials extended to a depth of 3.0 m below the ground level. N values of the layer were recorded to be more than 30 and, moreover, the N values of the lower rock layers were recorded to be more than 50. From the above, it can be concluded that the ground is suitable for spread foundations, for the transmission line towers.

5.2.9 St. Mary’s Church The geological inspection result of St. Mary’s Church is shown in Fig. 5.2-9.

Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and 5-10 Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project Chapter 5 Final Report Geological Inspection

Sheet 1 of 1 BOREHOLE LOG Geotechnical Engineering Service BH ID No: Salitemihiret

Field Description of Soil/rock SPT N Value

0 10 20 30 40 50 0.00

1.00 1.00 100 Backfill material - Concrete,

1.55 100 gravel and sand. 1.90 100 2.00 V V V V V 2.25 100 Weak, light gray, slightly V V weathered, closely spaced I I 3.00 I IGNIMBRITE rock layer. NIL 3.50 100 I *from 2.00m - 2.25m is I I 4.00 4.00 100 BASALT rock. I I I

5.00 5.00 100 *there was no return of water I I formation. SPT is not conducted due to rock to due SPT is conducted not used for drilling. I I I 6.00 6.00 100 End of Borehole Source: JICA Study Team Fig. 5.2-9 Geological Inspection Result (St. Mary’s Church)

The rock layer with N values more than 50 was found at a depth of 1.9 m below the ground level. The thickness of the layer was more than 4.0m and therefore, it can be concluded that the ground is suitable for spread foundations, for the transmission line towers.

5-11 Preparatory Survey on Addis Ababa Transmission and Distribution System Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project