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Buddha Name Siddhartha Gautama Gautama Buddha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 14 Gautama Buddha From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Siddh ārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: िसाथ गौतम ; Siddh ārtha Gautama Buddha Pali: Siddhattha Gotama ) was a spiritual teacher from ancient India on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. [1] In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. samm āsambuddha , S. samyaksa ṃbuddha ) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." [note 1] The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE, [2] but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE. [3][4] By tradition, Gautama is said to have been born in the small state of Kapilavastu, in what is now Nepal , and later to have taught primarily throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Ko śala.[5][6] Gautama, also known as Śā kyamuni ("Sage of the Śā kyas"), is the primary figure in Buddhism, and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists to have been A statue of the Buddha from Sarnath, 4th century CE summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings Born c. 563 BCE attributed to him were passed down by oral Lumbini, today in Nepal tradition, and first committed to writing about Died c. 483 BCE (aged 80) or 411 and 400 400 years later. BCE He is also regarded as a god or prophet in other Kushinagar, today in India world religions or denominations, including Ethnicity Shakya Hinduism, Ahmadiyya Islam [7] and the Bahá'í faith. Known for Founder of Buddhism Predecessor Kassapa Buddha Contents Successor Maitreya Buddha 1 Biography Part of a series on 1.1 Traditional biographies Buddhism 1.2 Conception and birth 1.3 Early life and marriage 1.4 Departure and ascetic life 1.5 Enlightenment 1.6 Formation of the sangha 1.7 Travels and teaching 1.8 Assassination attempts Outline · Portal 1.9 Mahaparinirvana 2 Physical characteristics History http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha 21/9/2011 Gautama Buddha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 14 3 Teachings Timeline · Councils 4 Sambuddhatva jayanthi Gautama Buddha 5 Other religions Later Buddhists 6 Depiction in arts and media Dharma or concepts 7 See also Four Noble Truths 8 References Five Aggregates 9 Further reading Impermanence 10 External links Suffering · Non-self Dependent Origination Middle Way · Emptiness Biography Karma · Rebirth Samsara · Cosmology Traditional biographies Practices ā Three Jewels The primary sources for the life of Siddh rtha Gautama are in a variety of Noble Eightfold Path different and sometimes conflicting traditional biographies. These include Morality · Perfections the Buddhacarita , Lalitavistara S ūtra , Mah āvastu , and the Nid ānakath ā.[8] Meditation · Mindfulness Of these, the Buddhacarita is the earliest full biography, an epic poem Wisdom · Compassion written by the poet Aśvagho ṣa, and dating around the beginning of the Aids to Enlightenment Monasticism · Laity 2nd century CE. [8] The Lalitavistara S ūtra is the next oldest biography, a Mah āyāna/Sarv āstiv āda biography dating to the 3rd century CE. [9] The NirvNirvāṇāṇāṇāṇaaaa Mah āvastu from the Mah āsāṣ ghika Lokottarav āda sect is another major Four Stages · Arahant Buddha · Bodhisattva biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE. [9] The Dharmaguptaka biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and Traditions · Canons is entitled the Abhini ṃkrama ṃa S ūtra , and various Chinese translations of Therav āda · Pali this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. Lastly, the Nid ānakath ā is Mah āyāna · Chinese from the Therav āda sect in Sri Lanka, composed in the 5th century CE by Vajray āna · Tibetan Buddhagho ṣa.[10] From canonical sources, the Jātaka tales, Mahapadana Sutta (DN 14), and the Achariyabhuta Sutta (MN 123) include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The J ātaka tales retell previous lives of Gautama as a bodhisattva, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. [11] The Mah āpad āna Sutta and Acchariyaabbhuta Sutta both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from Tu ṣita Heaven into his mother's womb. Traditional biographies of Gautama generally include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt. lokottara ) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the Mah āvastu , over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma". [12] Nevertheless, some of the more ordinary details of his life have been gathered from these traditional sources. In modern times there has been an attempt to form a secular understanding of Siddh ārtha Gautama's life by omitting the traditional supernatural elements of his early biographies. The ancient Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the Jain scriptures, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in Indian history for which significant accounts exist. [13] Karen Armstrong writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha 21/9/2011 Gautama Buddha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 3 of 14 sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddh ārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure. [14] Michael Carrithers goes a bit further by stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true. [15] Conception and birth Gautama was born in Lumbini in modern day Nepal [18] and raised in the small kingdom or principality of Kapilavastu, ruins of which are under the present day Piprahwa between the Kapilvastu district and Siddharthnagar district in Nepal. [19] According to the most traditional biography, the Buddha's father was King Śuddhodana, the leader of Shakya clan, whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of Kosala during the Buddha's lifetime; Gautama was the family name. His mother, Queen Maha Maya (M āyādev ī) and Suddhodana's wife, was a Koliyan princess. Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a white elephant with six white tusks entered her right side, [20] and Exact birthplace of Gautama Buddha ten months later Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya in Lumbini.[16] This is a holy shrine tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, also for Hindus, who believe Buddha she left Kapilvastu for her father's kingdom to give birth. is the 9th of 10 Dashavataras of However, her son is said to have been born on the way, at Vishnu [17] Lumbini, in a garden beneath a sal tree. The day of the Buddha's birth is widely celebrated in Theravada countries as Vesak.[21] Various sources hold that the Buddha's mother died at his birth, a few days or seven days later. The infant was given the name Siddhartha (P āli: Siddhattha), meaning "he who achieves his aim". During the birth celebrations, the hermit seer Asita journeyed from his mountain abode and announced that the child would either become a great king (chakravartin) or a great holy man.[22] By traditional account, this occurred after Siddhartha placed ā ā Queen M y miraculously giving his feet in Asita's hair and Asita examined the birthmarks. birth to Prince Siddh ārtha. Sanskrit Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day, and manuscript. Nāland ā, Bihar, India. invited eight brahmin scholars to read the future. All gave a Pāla period. dual prediction that the baby would either become a great king or a great holy man. [22] Kaundinya (Pali: Kondanna), the youngest, and later to be the first arahant other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a Buddha.[23] While later tradition and legend characterized Śuddhodana as a hereditary monarch, the descendant of the Solar Dynasty of Ikṣvāku (P āli: Okk āka), many scholars think that Śuddhodana was the elected chief of a tribal confederacy. Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition. [24] At the time, many small city-states existed in Ancient India, called Janapadas. Republics and chiefdoms with diffused political power and limited social stratification, were not uncommon amongst them, and were referred to as gana -sanghas .[25] The Buddha's http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha 21/9/2011 Gautama Buddha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 4 of 14 community does not seem to have had a caste system. It was not a monarchy, and seems to have been structured either as an oligarchy, or as a form of republic. [26] The more egalitarian gana-sangha form of government, as a political alternative to the strongly hierarchical kingdoms, may have influenced the development of the Shramana-type Jain and Buddhist sanghas, where monarchies tended toward Vedic Brahmanism.[27] Early life and marriage Siddhartha was brought up by his mother's younger sister, Maha Pajapati.[28] By tradition, he is said to have been destined by birth to the life of a prince, and had three palaces (for seasonal occupation) built for him.
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