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Het Gebruik Van Het Vrijheidsbeeld in Politieke Cartoons Met Trump in De Hoofdrol

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Het Gebruik Van Het Vrijheidsbeeld in Politieke Cartoons Met Trump in De Hoofdrol Het gebruik van het Vrijheidsbeeld in politieke cartoons met Trump in de hoofdrol. Djahmal Mewar ANR: 988616 Masterthesis Opleiding: Communicatie en Informatiewetenschappen Track: Business Communication and Digital Media Tilburg School of Humanities Universiteit van Tilburg, Tilburg Supervisor: Dr. J. Schilperoord Tweede lezer: Dr. J. Engelen Februari 2018 Inhoudsopgave Voorwoord 3 Abstract 4 Figurenlijst 5 1 Inleiding 9 2 Theoretisch kader 13 2.1: Visual optimal innovation 13 2.2: Betekenis van het Vrijheidsbeeld 16 2.2.1: Geschiedenis 16 2.2.2: Symboliek 17 2.3: Operaties 21 2.4: Editorial Cartoons 24 2.4.1: Definitie editorial cartoons 24 2.4.2: Contrast 25 2.4.3: Iconisch 26 3 Methode 28 3.1: Corpusverzameling 28 3.2: Analyse: Codeboek 29 4 Resultaten 34 5 Conclusie/Discussie 44 Referentielijst 54 Appendices 57 2 Voorwoord: Ergens eind 2016 kregen we de optie tot kiezen van een onderwerp voor de masterscriptie. Zie maar eens een interessant topic te kiezen uit 95 verschillende onderwerpen. Natuurlijk zaten er onderwerpen tussen die zeer uitdagend voor mij zouden zijn, maar toch koos ik voor een onderwerp dat dicht bij mij lag. Ik stelde mij daarom ook de vraag met welk onderwerp zou ik zo content zijn, dat ik mij daar een half jaar lang vol overgave op kan storten? Na lang wikken en wegen en de lijst bekijken was de keuze gevallen op nummer 95, ‘Metaphorical source domains in editorial cartoons’. Tot op heden ben ik blij met mijn keuze. Ik hoop dat ik met dit onderzoek mijn steentje heb kunnen bijdragen aan de onderzoeks domeinen rondom editorial cartoons. Het was wel een pittig jaar en ik had het niet kunnen doen zonder de goede begeleiding van dr. Joost Schilperoord. Ik zie hem toch wel als het orakel op het gebied van (editorial) cartoons. Het waren dan ook vaak interessante meetingen, die vaak gevuld werden met het bediscussiëren van verschillende cartoons en dan met name de manier waarop de cartoonist via deze cartoon zijn/haar mening probeerde over te brengen op het publiek. Ik had dit onderzoek sowieso niet kunnen doen zonder het eeuwige geduld van Joost en de wekelijkse meetingen die we daarnaast hadden hielden mij scherp en zorgden dat ik telkens weer op de goede weg terecht kwam. Joost bedankt voor je begeleiding en ik vond het leuk dat ondanks het feit dat je wist dat ik geen koffie hoefde op de vroege ochtend, het toch iedere keer weer vroeg, dit sierde je enorm! Ook toonde je veel interesse, waardoor ik mij vanaf moment een al welkom voelde in je kantoor. Ik kan mijn dankbetuiging alleen maar eindigen door de mensen in mijn directe omgeving te bedanken. Allereerst Marloes. Als mijn steun en toeverlaat was je er altijd voor me, ook op momenten dat ik het eigenlijk eventjes niet meer zag zitten, of er simpelweg geen zin meer in had zorgde jij er altijd voor dat ik mij herpakte en de motivatie weer vond om door te gaan! Daarnaast gaat mijn dank uit aan het gehele gezin. Zelfs in de tijden dat ik praktisch geen sociaal leven meer had, stonden ze altijd achter mij en lieten ze mij mijn ding doen. Ik heb mij altijd gesteund gevoeld en ik hoop dat ik door middel van dit schrijven iedereen die mij gesteund heeft en in mij geloofde trots heb gemaakt. Een ding is zeker en dat is dat ik zelf uitermate trots ben op wat ik hier heb neergezet. Het heeft zoals het bekende liedje van Andre Hazes veel bloed, zweet en tranen gekost, maar dan heb je ook wat. Ik kijk terug op een fantastisch (anderhalf)jaar op de Tilburg University en als ik de stap opnieuw zou moeten maken, dan zou ik dat ook zeker doen. Nu mijn studentenleven er zo goed als op zit, ben ik benieuwd wat de toekomst gaat brengen. Ik hoop dat in deze toekomst ruimte is vrijgemaakt voor mijn grote droom, namelijk het starten van een eigen mediabedrijf: MewarMedia Djahmal Mewar – Tilburg, februari 2018 3 Abstract In dit onderzoek is geprobeerd om inzichtelijk te krijgen hoe het Vrijheidsbeeld en de symboliek die ermee is geassocieerd gebruikt wordt door cartoonisten om commentaar te leveren op recente gebeurtenissen rondom en door Trump. Dit onderzoek onderscheidt zich van andere onderzoeken, doordat de protagonist en het iconische beeld vaststaan. Dit zijn namelijk Trump en het Vrijheidsbeeld. Het topic rondom de cartoons kon wel wisselen. Een analytisch stappenplan, ontleend aan Schilperoord (2013), werd doorlopen om zo duiding te kunnen geven aan de politieke cartoons in een samengesteld corpus die in dit onderzoek gebruikt is. De cartoons in het corpus zijn verzameld tussen 8 februari 2017 en 22 maart 2017 via online bronnen. Er zijn verschillende operaties die cartoonisten kunnen gebruiken om een cartoon grafisch te kunnen manipuleren. Daarnaast wordt er betekenis verleent aan een cartoon, doordat de cartoonist gebruikmaakt van contrasten. Uiteindelijk konden de cartoons worden onderverdeeld in vier hoofdgroepen: Trump vervangt het Vrijheidsbeeld, Trump doet iets met het beeld (i.e. Weghalen), hij interacteert met het beeld en het Vrijheidsbeeld handelt intentioneel. Keywords: Editorial cartoons, contrast, iconisch beeld, Vrijheidsbeeld, corpus analyse 4 Figurenlijst Figuur 1: Zyglis, A. (2017, 30 januari). Executive order [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://buffalonews.com/2015/11/24/fear-of-refugees/ Figuur 2: Conrad (n.d.). Bush in 88 [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van Buell, E. H., & Maus, M. (1988). Is the pen mightier than the word? Editorial cartoons and 1988 presidential nominating politics. PS: Political Science & Politics, 21(4), 847-858 Figuur 3: Zygis (n.d.). Karzai government [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van Schilperoord, J. 92013). Raising the Issue; A mental-space approach to Iwo Jima-inspired editorial cartoons. Metaphor and Symbol, 28(3), 185-212. Figuur 4: Peray (2008, 18 oktober). World bailout vs world hunger [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van Bounegru, L., & Forceville, C. (2011). Metaphors in editorial cartoons representing the global financial crisis. Visual Communication, 10(2), 209 – 229. Figuur 5: Schilperoord, J. (2017, 5 juli). Geraadpleegd van feedback Figuur 6: van Dam, A. (2017, 17 februari). Russians in USA [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.politicalcartoons.com/cartoon/9cb8a8c3-542b-4f52-b12b-f7ea95d243c2.html Figuur 7: Samenvoeging van: Mewar, D.M. (2016, 31 juli). Statue of Liberty [Foto]. Geraadpleegd van eigen collectie. & National Park Service. (n.d.). Liberty Enlightening the World. Geraadpleegd van http://www.nps.gov/STLI/index.htm Figuur 8: Mewar, D.M. (2016, 31 juli). Statue of Liberty [Foto]. Geraadpleegd van eigen collectie. Figuur 9: Mewar, D.M. (2016, 31 juli). Zicht op NYC vanaf Liberty Island [Foto]. Geraadpleegd van eigen collectie. Figuur 10: Holbert, J. (2016, 15 maart). An ill wind blowing [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://twitchy.com/political-cartoons/jerryholbert/2016/03/15/139667/ Figuur 11: de Adder, M. (2016, 24 januari). Pussyhat [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://twitter.com/deAdder/status/823878255677763584 Figuur 12: Stantis, S. (2015, 12 juli). The Donald of Liberty [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://tribunecontentagency.com/article/stantiis-donald-trump-statue-of-liberty-immigration- crime-2016-presidential-campaign/ Figuur 13: Hajjaj, E. (2016, 27 januari). Wall immigration guards torch [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.nytsyn.com/cartoons/cartoons?search_id=4596664&start_date=1901-01- 01#1499323 5 Figuur 14: Luckovich, M. (2017, 21 februari). Back in 4 years [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=154994 Figuur 15: Breen, S. (2016, 1 oktober). She looked to heavy [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://www.gocomics.com/stevebreen/2016/10/01 Figuur 16: van Dam, A. (2016, 10 oktober). Statue of Trump [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.politicalcartoons.com/cartoon/2a64a31d-607c-4e77-b17a-05a30f13cea6.html Figuur 17: Bell, D. (2017, 18 januari). Mexico’s president Peña Nieto says no to president Trump’s border wall [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://darrinbell.com/character/trump-tank/ Figuur 18: Cagle, D. (2017, 2 februari). Trump vs the Courts [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.caglecartoons.com/viewimage.asp?ID={4814D401-C061-4B7B-8802- F393CCD35EE8} Figuur 19: Overzicht van het codeerproces Figuur 20: Luckovich, M. (2017, 31 januari). You’re welcome here [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=154153 Figuur 21: Toles, T. (2017, 22 februari). Deportations Accelerated [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://thecomicnews.com/edtoons/2017/0222/ice/02.php Figuur 22: Zyglis, A. (2015, 24 november). You’re fired [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://buffalonews.com/2015/11/24/fear-of-refugees/ Figuur 23: Darcy, J. (2016, 2 september). Trump’s new merit-based immigration model [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://www.cleveland.com/darcy/index.ssf/2016/09/trumps_merit- based_immigration.html Figuur 24: Bok, C. (2016, 20 april). Trump [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=142376 Figuur 25: de Kort, H. (2016, 9 november). Donald Trump en het Vrijheidsbeeld [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://www.parool.nl/amsterdam/zo-zag-amsterdam-donald-trump- president-van-amerika-worden~a4399143/ Figuur 26: Brookes, P. (2017, 26 januari). Trump rewrites American Values [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://twitter.com/BrookesTimes/status/824597562749517824 6 Figuur 27: Ygreck (2016, 9 november). Electionnight [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://twitter.com/ygreck/status/796171294437965824 Figuur 28: Lester, M. (2015, 3 juli). Keep your criminals [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=129462 Figuur 29: Luckovich, M. (2016, 9 september). Trump deportation task force [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=148211 Figuur 30: Sutovec, M. (2016, 11 augustus). Trump [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.caglecartoons.com/viewimage.asp?ID={0C022073-D4E4-498D-B32C- B62168BCC369} Figuur 31: Molina. (2016, 21 november). The fall of the Statue of Liberty [Illustratie]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.nytsyn.com/cartoons/cartoons/1465603.html Figuur 32: van Dam, A. (2016, 10 oktober). Statue of Trump [Illustratie].
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