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Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants Yield and Effects of Organic This article was downloaded by: [Erik Erhardt] On: 18 August 2014, At: 09:27 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/whsm20 Yield and Effects of Organic Nitrogen Fertilizer on Field-Grown Chinese Medicinal Plants in the United States Zoë E. Gardnera, Erik B. Erhardtb, Ekaterina Shaikouskayaa, Jun Pill Baeka & Lyle E. Crakera a Medicinal Plant Program, Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA b Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Published online: 13 Aug 2015. To cite this article: Zoë E. Gardner, Erik B. Erhardt, Ekaterina Shaikouskaya, Jun Pill Baek & Lyle E. Craker (2015) Yield and Effects of Organic Nitrogen Fertilizer on Field-Grown Chinese Medicinal Plants in the United States, Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 21:1, 9-22, DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2014.891092 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2014.891092 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms- and-conditions Downloaded by [Erik Erhardt] at 09:28 18 August 2014 Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 21:9–22, 2015 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1049-6475 print/1540-3580 online DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2014.891092 Yield and Effects of Organic Nitrogen Fertilizer on Field-Grown Chinese Medicinal Plants in the United States ZOË E. GARDNER,1 ERIK B. ERHARDT,2 EKATERINA SHAIKOUSKAYA,1 JUN PILL BAEK,1 and LYLE E. CRAKER1 1Medicinal Plant Program, Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA 2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA There is an increased demand for Chinese medicinal plants in the U.S., with little known about the feasibility of production of these species outside of China. The purpose of this study was to develop basic agronomic data for selected Chinese medicinal plant species. Agastache rugosa, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Leonurus japonicus, and Leonurus sibiricus were grown in a randomized complete block design with 0, 100, or 200 kg.ha−1 of nitrogen (N). At 100 kg.ha−1 of N, a significant increase in yield of all species was observed as compared to the 0 kg.ha−1 control. Average dry yield per plant at 100 kg.ha−1 of N was 44.7 g for A. rugosa herb, 52.6 gforS. tenuifolia inflorescences, 42.7 g for L. japonicus basal rosette, and 46.9 g for L. sibiricus basal rosette. Yields of A. rugosa Downloaded by [Erik Erhardt] at 09:28 18 August 2014 and both Leonurus species increased significantly again at 200 kg.ha−1 of N as compared to 100 kg.ha−1, while the increase in yield between these two levels was slight for S. tenuifolia.Results from these trials indicate that all four of the selected species are suitable for cultivation in the northeastern U.S. Received October 13, 2012. Address correspondence to Zoë E. Gardner, Medicinal Plant Program, Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 80 Campus Center Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www. tandfonline.com/whsm. 9 10 Z. E. Gardner et al. KEYWORDS Chinese herbal drugs, organic agriculture, Agastache, Leonurus, Schizonepeta INTRODUCTION With an increasing demand by American consumers for complementary medicine, acupuncture and Oriental medicine (AOM) practitioners belong to one of the fastest growing professions within health care. AOM practition- ers frequently prescribe herbal formulas, and nearly all of the ingredients for these formulas are imported from Asia (6,26). While the vast majority of the imported material is of good quality and safe for consumption, contamination with pesticides and heavy metals and overuse of preservatives (i.e., sulfur dioxide) has been a problem in some imported material (8,29). Additionally, imported material is sometimes discolored, suggesting long storage times or inappropriate post-harvest handling or storage conditions, potentially leading to a decrease in therapeutic activity. Examination of domestically produced plant material from growers in New York and in California suggests that domestic production can significantly increase the sensory qualities, and per- haps the therapeutic effects, of some Chinese medicinal herbs available to practitioners in the United States (11,23). Providing access to fresh, undried plant material may also expand the number of herbal medicinal substances available to practitioners, as fresh plant material of some species (i.e., ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is recognized to have different chemical com- position and medicinal properties than dried plant material of the same species (4). In addition to providing products that may be safer and more efficacious to consumers, domestic production of Chinese medicinal plants may benefit growers by providing new crops, many of which are easy to grow, may grow on marginal land, and require only one harvest per season (12,23). While selected growers and AOM practitioners have indicated a strong interest in Downloaded by [Erik Erhardt] at 09:28 18 August 2014 domestic production of Chinese medicinal plants and while some growers in the northeastern United States have had success cultivating selected species, information on production and processing methods is extremely limited (11). Basic production information such as propagation methods, plant spacing, nutrient requirements, appropriate soils, time to harvest, and disease and pest control are lacking. To begin research on cultivation of Chinese medicinal plants, four species were selected. Criteria for selection included adaptability to the Massachusetts climate, frequency of use by AOM professionals, time to har- vest (single season versus multiple seasons), and processing requirements. Based on these criteria, Agastache rugosa (Fischer & C. Meyer) Kuntze [tuˇ huò xiang;¯ Agastache herba], Schizonepeta tenuifolia Bentham [j¯ıng jiè; Schizonepeta flos], Leonurus japonicus Houtt (syn. Leonurus heterophyllus Effects of Nitrogen on Chinese Medicinal Plants 11 A B CD FIGURE 1 Plants at 2 months after planting. (A) Agastache rugosa,(B)Schizonepeta tenuifolia, (C) Leonurus japonicus,(D)Leonurus sibiricus. Downloaded by [Erik Erhardt] at 09:28 18 August 2014 Sweet) [yì mucˇ aoˇ ; Leonuri herba], and Leonurus sibiricus L. (syn. Leonurus manshuricus Yabe; L. sibiricus var. grandiflora Bentham) [yì mucˇ aoˇ ; Leonuri herba], all members of the Lamiaceae family, were selected for the studies (Figure 1). These species are traditionally used dried and typically without further processing, although Schizonepeta tenuifolia may undergo processing to create “carbonized” material that has different uses and bioactivity than the dried material (4,10). Agastache rugosa (Fischer & C. Meyer) is an herbaceous perennial, approximately 0.5 to 1 m tall, with serrate leaves, cordate-ovate to oblong- lanceolate in shape, and compact spikes of light purple flowers. The plant is cultivated for medicinal use in China, Japan, and Korea (7). In tradi- tional Chinese medicine (TCM) terms, Agastache rugosa releases the exterior, 12 Z. E. Gardner et al. transforms dampness, harmonizes the middle, and alleviates nausea. The herb is considered an alternate (a plant with similar therapeutic properties that may be substituted in herbal formulas) to Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Both herbs are referred to as huo xiang, although A. rugosa is sometimes called tu huo xiang, and both are considered interchangeable by U.S.-based distributors of Chinese botanicals. Recent in vitro studies have confirmed anti-fungal activity (including synergistic enhancement of the anti-fungal drug ketoconazole) and inhibition of HIV integrase and type- 1 protease by extracts of A. rugosa (16,17,24,25). Aerial portions of the plant are harvested when the plant is in full flower. Good-quality material consists of thick stems and branches with many leaves, an intense aroma, and a green color
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