Walther Bothe and Bruno Rossi: the Birth and Development of Coincidence Methods in Cosmic-Ray Physics
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
James Chadwick: Ahead of His Time
July 15, 2020 James Chadwick: ahead of his time Gerhard Ecker University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Wien, Austria Abstract James Chadwick is known for his discovery of the neutron. Many of his earlier findings and ideas in the context of weak and strong nuclear forces are much less known. This biographical sketch attempts to highlight the achievements of a scientist who paved the way for contemporary subatomic physics. arXiv:2007.06926v1 [physics.hist-ph] 14 Jul 2020 1 Early years James Chadwick was born on Oct. 20, 1891 in Bollington, Cheshire in the northwest of England, as the eldest son of John Joseph Chadwick and his wife Anne Mary. His father was a cotton spinner while his mother worked as a domestic servant. In 1895 the parents left Bollington to seek a better life in Manchester. James was left behind in the care of his grandparents, a parallel with his famous predecessor Isaac Newton who also grew up with his grandmother. It might be an interesting topic for sociologists of science to find out whether there is a correlation between children educated by their grandmothers and future scientific geniuses. James attended Bollington Cross School. He was very attached to his grandmother, much less to his parents. Nevertheless, he joined his parents in Manchester around 1902 but found it difficult to adjust to the new environment. The family felt they could not afford to send James to Manchester Grammar School although he had been offered a scholarship. Instead, he attended the less prestigious Central Grammar School where the teaching was actually very good, as Chadwick later emphasised. -
8.701 Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics, Recitation 19
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Physics Course: 8.701 { Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics Term: Fall 2020 Instructor: Markus Klute TA : Tianyu Justin Yang Discussion Problems from recitation on December 1st, 2020 Problem 1: Bubble Chamber Carl David Anderson discovered positrons in cosmic rays. The picture below shows a cloud chamber image produced by Anderson in 1931. The cloud chamber is positioned in a magnetic field of 1:5 T with field lines pointing into the plane of the paper. A cosmic ray particle enters the chamber from below and leaves a circular track. There is a 6 mm thick lead plate in the cloud chamber visible as a horizontal line. The radius of curvature is 15:5 cm before and 5:3 cm after the passage through the lead plate. 1 Figure 1: Cloud-chamber image of a positron. This image is in the public domain. a) Estimate the momentum of the particle before and after the passage through the lead plate. What is the charge of the particle? b) Compare the energy loss during the passage through the lead plate for a proton, a pions, and an electron. For the energy loss calculation, you can use the approximate Bethe formula below and assume constant energy loss. dE Z 1 m γ2 β2 c2 = −4 π N r2 m c2 z 2 ·· ln e (1) A e e 2 dX Ion A β I Explain why this is sufficient to exclude the proton and pion hypothesis. The con- 23 −1 −12 A s stants in the equation are NA = 6; 022 × 10 mol , 0 = 8; 85 × 10 V m , me = e2 511 keV, re = 2 , Z = 82, A = 207, and I = 820 eV, the ionisation energy in (4 π0)me c lead. -
Cloud Chamber Experiment
Cloud chamber experiment Teachers notes Adapted from “Science, Society and America’s Nuclear Waste – Ionising Radiation” by US Department of Energy, July 1995. Page 1 of 8 Adapted from “Science, Society and America’s Nuclear Waste – Ionising Radiation” by US Department of Energy, July 1995. Page 1 of 8 Purpose: The Cloud Chamber experiment illustrates that though radiation cannot be detected with the senses, it is possible to observe the result of radioactive decay. Concepts: 1. Radiation cannot be detected directly by using our senses, but can be indirectly detected. Duration of Lesson: One 50-minute class period. Objectives: As a result of the participation in the Cloud Chamber experience, the student will be able to: 1. Describe that as charged particles pass through the chamber, they leave an observable track much like the vapour train of a jet plane; and 2. Conclude that what he/she has observed is the result of radioactive decay. Optional Objectives: 1. Through measurement of tracks in the Cloud Chamber, the student will be able to determine which type of radiation travels furthest from its source. 2. By holding a strong magnet next to the Cloud Chamber, the student will be able to deduce what effect, if any, a magnet has on radiation. 3. By wrapping the source alternatively in paper, aluminium foil, plastic wrap and cloth, the student will be able to conclude what effect, if any, shielding has on radiation. Skills: Drawing conclusions, measuring, note-taking, observing, deductive reasoning, working in groups. Vocabulary: Alpha particle, beta particle, gamma ray. Materials: Activity Sheets The Cloud Chamber Background Notes Safe Use of Dry Ice Cloud Chamber Suggested Procedure: Adapted from “Science, Society and America’s Nuclear Waste – Ionising Radiation” by US Department of Energy, July 1995. -
Electron-Positron Pairs in Physics and Astrophysics
Electron-positron pairs in physics and astrophysics: from heavy nuclei to black holes Remo Ruffini1,2,3, Gregory Vereshchagin1 and She-Sheng Xue1 1 ICRANet and ICRA, p.le della Repubblica 10, 65100 Pescara, Italy, 2 Dip. di Fisica, Universit`adi Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy, 3 ICRANet, Universit´ede Nice Sophia Antipolis, Grand Chˆateau, BP 2135, 28, avenue de Valrose, 06103 NICE CEDEX 2, France. Abstract Due to the interaction of physics and astrophysics we are witnessing in these years a splendid synthesis of theoretical, experimental and observational results originating from three fundamental physical processes. They were originally proposed by Dirac, by Breit and Wheeler and by Sauter, Heisenberg, Euler and Schwinger. For almost seventy years they have all three been followed by a continued effort of experimental verification on Earth-based experiments. The Dirac process, e+e 2γ, has been by − → far the most successful. It has obtained extremely accurate experimental verification and has led as well to an enormous number of new physics in possibly one of the most fruitful experimental avenues by introduction of storage rings in Frascati and followed by the largest accelerators worldwide: DESY, SLAC etc. The Breit–Wheeler process, 2γ e+e , although conceptually simple, being the inverse process of the Dirac one, → − has been by far one of the most difficult to be verified experimentally. Only recently, through the technology based on free electron X-ray laser and its numerous applications in Earth-based experiments, some first indications of its possible verification have been reached. The vacuum polarization process in strong electromagnetic field, pioneered by Sauter, Heisenberg, Euler and Schwinger, introduced the concept of critical electric 2 3 field Ec = mec /(e ). -
Types of Radiation: the Patterns They Produce in a Cloud Chamber
430 THEAMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER the National Bureau of Standards available from No. 51, Radiological Monitoring Methods and the Superintendent of Documents, Government Instruments, $.20. Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., at the prices No. 69, Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and indicated. Maximum Permissible concentrations of No. 42, Safe Handling of Radioactive Isotopes, Radionucleides in Air and in Water for $.20 Occupational Exposure, $.35. No. 48, Control and Removal of Radioactive No. 80, A Manual of Radioactivity Procedures, Contamination in Laboratories, $.15. $.50. Types of Radiation-the PatternsThey Produce in a CloudChamber Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/27/6/430/21573/4441004.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 * C. T. Lange, ClaytonHigh School, Clayton,Missouri, and Glen Farrell,Holt, Rinehartand Winston,San Francisco,California A description of the practical uses of a cloud chamber is followed by the instructions for the building and use of an inexpensive cloud chamber in the classroom. Introduction a biologist, yet we can use it to help build a Every minute of the day, whether we basic understanding of the nature and prop- realize it or not, we are being pelted by an erties of ionizing radiations. The cloud invisible stream of very high energy particles chamber was the tool which Rutherford used known as cosmic rays. The number of these to study transmutation of one element to striking our body is about one thousand per another. He observed that nitrogen atoms minute. We also are being subjected to the under alpha particle bombardment were alpha, beta, and gamma radiations from changed into oxygen and hydrogen. -
Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science
Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science Many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for nuclear research and instrumentation. The field has spun off: particle physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear power reactors, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. Understanding how the nucleus works and applying that knowledge to technology has been one of the most significant accomplishments of twentieth century scientific research. Each prize was awarded for physics unless otherwise noted. Name(s) Discovery Year Henri Becquerel, Pierre Discovered spontaneous radioactivity 1903 Curie, and Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford Work on the disintegration of the elements and 1908 chemistry of radioactive elements (chem) Marie Curie Discovery of radium and polonium 1911 (chem) Frederick Soddy Work on chemistry of radioactive substances 1921 including the origin and nature of radioactive (chem) isotopes Francis Aston Discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive 1922 elements, also enunciated the whole-number rule of (chem) atomic masses Charles Wilson Development of the cloud chamber for detecting 1927 charged particles Harold Urey Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1934 (chem) Frederic Joliot and Synthesis of several new radioactive elements 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie (chem) James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 irradiation Ernest Lawrence -
The Donald A. Glaser Papers, 1943-2013, Bulk 1949-2003
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8n01cbt No online items Finding Aid for the Donald A. Glaser Papers, 1943-2013, bulk 1949-2003 Bianca Rios and Mariella Soprano California Institute of Technology. Caltech Archives ©2017 1200 East California Blvd. Mail Code B215A-74 Pasadena, CA 91125 [email protected] URL: http://archives.caltech.edu/ Finding Aid for the Donald A. 10285-MS 1 Glaser Papers, 1943-2013, bulk 1949-2003 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: California Institute of Technology. Caltech Archives Title: The Donald A. Glaser papers creator: Glaser, Donald Arthur Identifier/Call Number: 10285-MS Physical Description: 15.97 Linear feet (41 boxes) Date (inclusive): 1918-2016, bulk 1949-2003 Abstract: Donald Arthur Glaser (1926 – 2013) earned his PhD in Physics and Mathematics from the California Institute of Technology in 1950 and won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamber. He then changed his research focus to molecular biology and went on to co-found Cetus Corporation, the first biotechnology company. In the 1980s he again switched his focus to neurobiology and the visual system. The Donald A. Glaser papers consist of research notes and notebooks, manuscripts and printed papers, correspondence, awards, biographical material, photographs, audio-visual material, and born-digital files. Conditions Governing Access The collection is open for research. Researchers must apply in writing for access. General The collection is fully digitized and will be made available online by the beginning of 2018. Conditions Governing Use Copyright may not have been assigned to the California Institute of Technology Archives. -
Lhcb Prepares for RICH Physics
I n t e r n at I o n a l J o u r n a l o f H I g H - e n e r g y P H y s I c s CERN COURIERV o l u m e 47 n u m b e r 6 J u ly/a u g u s t 2 0 07 LHCb prepares for RICH physics NEUTRINOS LHC FOCUS InSIDE STORY Borexino starts On the trail of At the far side to take data p8 heavy flavour p30 of the world p58 CCJulAugCover1.indd 1 11/7/07 13:50:51 Project1 10/7/07 13:56 Page 1 CONTENTS Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management. Editor Christine Sutton CERN CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 Web cerncourier.com Advisory board James Gillies, Rolf Landua and Maximilian Metzger Laboratory correspondents: COURIERo l u m e u m b e r u ly u g u s t V 47 N 6 J /A 20 07 Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin Cornell University (US) D G Cassel DESY Laboratory (Germany) Ilka Flegel, Ute Wilhelmsen EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Judy Jackson Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Barbara Gallavotti Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen JINR -
On the Occasion of the 14Th Marcel Grossmann Meeting
ICRANet on the occasion of the 14 th Marcel Grossmann Meeting – MGXIV in celebration of the International Year of Light 2015 the 100 th anniversary of the Einstein’s equations the golden jubilee of Relativistic Astrophysics The ICRANet Seats The University of Rome “La Sapienza” where the Physics Department hosts the ICRANet ICRANet Headquarters in Pescara (Italy). seat in Rome (Italy). ICRANet seat in Nice (France). National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, which hosts the ICRANet seat in Yerevan (Armenia). (Above:) CBPF, which hosts the ICRANet seat in Rio de Janeiro. (Below:) The planned seat at Cassino da Urca (Brazil). II This brochure reviews some background facts concerning the founding of ICRANet and its current structures and then turns to the 2015 celebrations of the Year of Light and the ICRANet initiated International Relativistic Astrophysics Ph.D. program (the IRAP-PhD). It then addresses the birth of relativistic astrophysics following the first fifty years of the existence of general relativity plagued mainly by the absence of observational or experimental activity. Four events marked the onset of relativistic astrophysics: the discovery by Schmidt of the first quasar in 1962, of Scorpius X1 by Riccardo Giacconi in 1963, of the cosmic background radiation by Penzias and Wilson in 1964, and of pulsars by Jocelyn-Bell and Antony Hewish in 1967. These events led to a systematic development of the understanding of the four pillars of relativistic astrophysics: supernovae where observations of the CRAB Nebula are still relevant today, white dwarfs and neutron stars, black holes and their first identification in Nature in Cygnus X1 found by Riccardo Giacconi with the UHURU satellite based on the conceptual background developed by our group in Princeton, and finally the discovery of gamma ray bursts as the largest energy source delivered in the shortest time of any astrophysical phenomenon. -
May 2016 Alan J. Rocke EDUCATION BA, 1969, Chemistry, Beloit College
-1- May 2016 Alan J. Rocke EDUCATION B.A., 1969, Chemistry, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin M.A., 1973, History of Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison Thesis: “Isaac Newton’s Theory of Matter” University of Munich, West Germany, 1974-75 Ph.D., 1975, History of Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison Dissertation: “Origins of the Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry” ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT University of Wisconsin-Madison 1969-74 Teaching Assistant, Depts. of Chemistry and History of Science 1975-78 Lecturer, Depts. of Chemistry and Integrated Liberal Studies Case Western Reserve University 1978-84 Assistant Professor of History of Science and Technology, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies 1984-93 Associate Professor of History of Technology and Science 1993-2016 Professor of History 1995-2016 Henry Eldridge Bourne Professor of History 2012- Distinguished University Professor AWARDS AND HONORS Jack Youden Prize (American Society for Quality Control, Chemical Division), 1982 Carl F. Wittke Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, 1988 Outstanding Paper Award (American Chemical Society, History Division), 1992 Dexter Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to the History of Chemistry (American Chemical Society), 2000 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2000 Liebig-Wöhler Freundschafts-Preis, Lewicki Foundation, Göttingen, 2002 Membre correspondant, Académie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences, 2007 Fellow of the American Chemical Society, 2012 Distinguished University Professor, 2012 -
March 2014 Jordanhill School Journal
Jordanhill School Journal March 2014 Rector Contents One of the challenges for the Journal 3 Two Special Birthdays is to speak across the generations of Jordanhill pupils and parents. Like the 4 Youth Philanthropy Initiative school magazines of generations past 5 Charity Dinner the Journal captures some of our annual activities and news. Today much of our 6 Our Houses current affairs is broadcast through 8 JCS and Scouts other channels such as the regular 11 Reflections on Upenn newsletters, our electronic bulletins and on the web site. All of our readers like to read about and 14 Teacher Exchange Australia to see both those activities which are constant features of the Scotland school and the many new excitements and opportunities 16 Teacher Exchange Scotland to which come along. Australia 18 CERN At the same time, our older contributors provide thought- provoking articles which in turn continue to stimulate our 21 Wind Band wider readership to write in. Thank you to everyone who 22 Mike Russell has contributed to this edition. 23 Queens Baton Relay Some things like the four Houses have always been with 24 Commonwealth Games us have they not? Yet the extract from the 1939 magazine reminds us that at one time that too was a new feature 26 Berlin of the school. 28 Community Tea Party 29 Art Competition Winners We have now been advised that the David Stow building will finally close to all users this summer as the 32 Art University of Strathclyde moves to market the campus for Current and back copies of the Journal redevelopment. -
A Measurement of the CP-Conserving Component of the Decay 0 → + − 0 KS Π Π Π J.R
Physics Letters B 630 (2005) 31–39 www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb A measurement of the CP-conserving component of the decay 0 → + − 0 KS π π π J.R. Batley, C. Lazzeroni, D.J. Munday, M. Patel 1, M.W. Slater, S.A. Wotton Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK 2 R. Arcidiacono, G. Bocquet, A. Ceccucci, D. Cundy 3, N. Doble, V. Falaleev, L. Gatignon, A. Gonidec, P. Grafström, W. Kubischta, F. Marchetto 4, I. Mikulec 5, A. Norton, B. Panzer-Steindel, P. Rubin 6,H.Wahl7 CERN, CH-1211 Genève 23, Switzerland E. Goudzovski, D. Gurev, P. Hristov 1, V. Kekelidze, L. Litov, D. Madigozhin, N. Molokanova, Yu. Potrebenikov, S. Stoynev, A. Zinchenko Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia E. Monnier 8, E. Swallow, R. Winston The Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60126, USA R. Sacco 9,A.Walker Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh JCMB King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK W. Baldini, P. Dalpiaz, P.L. Frabetti, A. Gianoli, M. Martini, F. Petrucci, M. Scarpa, M. Savrié Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università e Sezione dell’INFN di Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy A. Bizzeti 10, M. Calvetti, G. Collazuol 11, G. Graziani, E. Iacopini, M. Lenti, F. Martelli 12, G. Ruggiero 1, M. Veltri 12 Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università e Sezione dell’INFN di Firenze, I-50125 Firenze, Italy 0370-2693 2005 Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY license. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.09.077 32 J.R.