Mario Di Fiorino, Mirko Martinucci

The Figures of Melancholy and Mania

De Melancholiae et Maniae Figuris

INDEX

Foreword Maria Luisa Figueira

Introduction

PART ONE. ANTHOLOGY

Prosperi Martiani:Magnus Hippocrates Cous De Genitura. Et ab humido omni in toto corpore ………………………. Pag. De morbis lib.III: Phrenitides sunt etiam ex alijs morbis...... Pag. De victus ratione Acutorum. Quibus autem in febribus aluus liquidae…………………………. Pag. Coacarum prenot sect. I. Mente moti, acute in superfebrientes, phrenitici fiunt………… Pag.

Galeni Pergameni: De Morborum & Symptomatorum differentijs & causis Caput III…………………………………………………………………..Pag De Causis symptomatum lib. III Caput I……………………………………………………………………..Pag

Avr. Philip. Theoph. Paracelsi Bombast ab Hohenheim: Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica De Generat. Homin. Tractatus tertius, caput Primum………………………………………Pag. De Hominis Statu. Tractatus unus Caput tertius…………………………………… De Mania………………… De Origine Vesaniae De Cura Maniae De Cura privationis sensuum De Mania………………… Tabula V

Ioannis Fernelii: Universa Medicina. Ut medicamenti quantitas definienda sit.

1 Hieronymi Montui: Practica Medica De Delirio De Mania De Melancholia De Stupore De temperamentorum singularumque & tatumregimine. Dequenutricis delectu. De medicina cosmetica, & commotica, in quibus etiam de corpulentia & gracilitate tractatur.

Johannis Cratonis à Kraftheim: Consiliorum, et epistolarum medicinalium. MIKROTEXNH seu parva ars medicinalis...... Morbi virorum et juvenum...... Lud Mercati: I De cognoscendis, & curandis internarum corporis humani partiu affectib. II De Morbi Gallici natura, causis, symptomatis, & therapia III De Morbi Haereditarijs IIII De Febrium essentia, differentijs, causis, signis, & curatione.

Gvilhelmi Fabricii Hildani: Opera Quae ex Tantomnia

Danielis Sennerti: Institutiones rei Medicae

Petri Poterii: Opera Omnia Pratica et Chymica Friderici Hoffmanni

Riverius Reformatus: sive Praxis Medica.

Theatrum Chemicum, Praecipuos selectorum auctorum Tractatus De Chemiae et Lapidis Philosophici Laurentii

Simone Paulli. ПАРЕКВАΣΙΣ seu DIGRESSIO de Vera, Unica ac Proxima Causa FEBRIUM Cum Malignarum et Petechialium, Morbillorum; Scorbuti, Luis Venereae et Similium morborum macularum, Partim, ex Physicis, Chymicis ac Anatomicis Principiis demonstrata.

Francisci Deleboe, Sylvii: Disputationum Medicarum

Bellini: De Urinis et pulsibus, de missione sanguinis, de morbis capitis, et pectoris.

Jacobi le Mortii: Fondamenta nov-antiqua Theoriae Medicae

J. Allen:

2 Synopsis Universae Medicinae Practicae: sive Doctissimorum Virorum De Morbis Eorumque Causis ac Remediis Judicia.

Friedrich Hoffmann: Medicinae Rationalis Systematicae Tomus secundus Medicinae Rationalis Systematicae Tomus tertius Medicinae Rationalis Systematicae Tomi quarti Doctinam morborum De delirio melancholico et maniaco. Theses pathologicae. Opuscula Physica varia, tum De Aquis mineralibus, denique diaetetica. Consultationum et Responsorum Medicinalium centuriae tres Opera Omnia Physico-medica Opuscula Pathologico-Practica seu Dissertationes Selectiores.

Joannis De Gorter: Praxis Medica Systema. Pars Prima De Morbis Generalibus

Gerardi L.B. van Swieten: Commentaria in Hermanni Boerhaave aphorismos de cognoscendis et curandis morbis, to. III \Delirium febbrile Commentaria in Hermanni Boerhaave aphorismos de cognoscendis et curandis morbis, tomus sextus Melancholia Mania

Albertus Haller Hermanni Boerhaave Praelectiones Academicae

------PART TWO The Figures of Melancholy and Mania

1. The theory of humours 2. The daemonologic vision 3. The acedia in Medieval Christendom 4. Magic and Esotericism in the Renaissance 5. Humours, vapours and corpuscles 6. The mechanical explanations 7. The nosology of eighteenth century 8. The legitimation of melancholy and mania by Kraepelin 9. The Modern classification 10. The relationship between personality/temperament and illness 11. Some conclusions

References

PART THREE

APPENDIX

3 BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILES

1. Galen 2. Paracelsus (Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim) 3. Jean (Johannes) Fernel 4. Hieronymus Montuus (Jerôme de Monteux de Merybel) 5. Johannes Crato von Kraftheim 6. Ludovicus Mercatus (Luiz de Mercado) 7. Wilhelm Fabry (Hildanus) 8. Daniel Sennert 9. Prosper Martiani 10. Pierre Potier (Pierre de la Poterie or Petrus Poterius) 11. Lazare Rivière (Lazarus Riverius) 12. Theatrum chemicum 13. Simon Paulli 14. Franciscus Sylvius (De Le Boe) 15. Paul Amman 16. Lorenzo Bellini 17. Jacob Le Mort 18. John Allen 19. Friedrich Hoffmann 20. Herman Boerhaave 21. John De Gorter 22. Gerard van Swieten 23. Albrecht von Haller

4 Introduction

Too painful is the melancholia and too deeply it In the concepts of temperaments, mania and drives the roots in our own human condition, to melancholy we can find accents of Ancient be left in the hands of the psychiatrists. If we now seek what it means, it is clear we are Greek medicine (Lanczik & Beckmann, not looking for a theme of psychology or of 1991). psychiatry; it belongs to an order that is, by its The book presents a comprehensive selection real nature, spiritual. We consider it deeply of writings of the phase that precedes the connected with our own human essence. beginning of the modern psychiatry. As a That’s all. Here, above all, is the enigma of melancholia: in a revolt of life against itself; in delimitation criterion, we have selected 1 the fact that impulses of self-preservation, of writings still in Latin , which at that time was self-esteem and of self-assertion may be the language of the scientific debate. We stop opposed, so particularly, by the impulse of self- at Cullen, who is printed in English2. destruction, up to the total weakness and These are writings that seem to repeat the eradication. same “figures”, but they do it acquiring new Romano Guardini, Vom Sinn der suggestions, because they are reinterpreted Schwermut, 1928 with a new key of reading. We limit ourselves to follow in brief the development of the scientific debate about the melancholy and the The history of the melancholia is the history mania in the modern psychiatry. of the debate among the different views of The anastatic edition permits to portray the mental illness. The reaction to biological style and the beauty of the medical tradition at reductivism is represented by the warning of that time. the theologian and philosopher Romano They are pages rich in the debates that passed Guardini (1885-1968): there is the need of a through Europe, retaining the echo of so not reductivistic attitude when we cope the many conceptions and so many interpretative world of melancholic patient, when we reflect keys. Sometimes we can glimpse “troubled” on our inadequacy, on our misdeeds and elements, in a delimitation not yet occurred generally on the deeper questions of human between science and the magic. condition. Bernard de Chairvaux handed down to us the We can only partly agree with this warning, image of the grandchildren climbing the as the classical psychiatry, without any doubt shoulders of the grandfather, in order to see on the biological nature of depression, has further3. We draw from the complex taught us that in melancholic delusions inheritance of the European tradition, (hypochondriac, of guilt and ruin) we can something different from an aseptic and notice the primordial anxieties of man about “atheoretical” D.S.M. the health of body, the salvation of the soul Different historical interpretations of and the needs of life, according to the melancholy and its relationship with expressions of Kurt Schneider (Weitbrecht, temperament are discussed: the physiological 1963). theories of humours