Journal of Humanities Insights 4(1): 016-026, 2019 Research Paper

The Management of Solid Waste and its Challenges in the

Kumar Hassan1

Department of Studies in Earth Science, University of , India

Received: 02 January 2019 Accepted: 14 February 2019 Published: 01 March 2019

Abstract Although India is the second biggest country on the planet and representing about 18 percent of world's population, but yet it doesn't have enough assets or sufficient framework to treat with its solid superfluous. The abysmal problems of and challenges ahead in solid waste management in Hunsur city, one of the main districts of Mysore, State of , India is a major stimulant in this research. It is worth noting that the issue of metropolitan solid waste management (MSWM) likewise is winning in the urban condition of Hunsur. Therefore, along these study, the present review was taken to discover the issues and prospects of urban solid waste in Hunsur city. During this study, a detailed investigation was done in regards to the practices Contact with infected resources, amount created, gathering, transportation, stockpiling, treatment and transfer of urban solid waste in Hunsur city. The worried information from SWM in Hunsur was acquired through the questionnaire survey, singular field visit, interfacing with individuals and reliable record of the metropolitan corporations. The photographic evidence was also gathered about the collecting era, stockpiling, accumulation, transportation, treatment and transfer of MSW. According to obtained researches, since that, the total amount of solid waste generated in this city is equivalent to 44 tons/day and from this amount, only about 29 tons’/day waste collected by municipalities can conclude that 15 tons/day of solid waste remains and this is a serious threat to the ecology of this city. Hence this study shows that due to the laws 2000, the current system of MSWM is not satisfactory in the Hunsur city on the basis of the solid waste Management system. Finally, this study opines that the establishment of the special places for recycling of solid waste in Hunsur district and the improvement of the reusing business of them require an enhanced cooperation, close partnerships, and financing.

Keywords: Environmental Pollution; Hunsur District; Management; Solid Waste; Treatment; Urban Population

How to cite the article: K. Hassan, The Management of Solid Waste and its Challenges in the India, J. Hum. Ins. 2020; 4(1): 016-026, DOI: 10.22034/jhi.2020.105789. ©2020 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC By license

1. Introduction unneeded substance that it doesn't have the initial Although financial growth and economic performance like metal, glass or plastics, disposable development still considered as a target for items, Worn substances , expired foods, redundant increasing urban development, waste generation is materials of the building, packaging in form of raised as a barrier to reduce urban welfare. wrapper and compressed paper, scrap clothing, Basically, waste is characterized as any undesirable horticultural and animal waste like tannery wastes, material deliberately discarded for disposal and in pathological waste and perilous waste such as brief, its formed of numerous materials or any radioactive waste. Since the mechanical

1 Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

16 | J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 026

development with an increasing number of urban and the improvement of the reusing business of population and production of the greater amount of them require an enhanced cooperation, close solid waste in urban areas due to the economic partnerships, and financing. prosperity of human is growing more rapidly every day, the effort to find more land to convey and 2. Objectives of Solid Waste Management in the recycle the limitless waste has also increased. This Study Area event oftentimes leads to the immigration of As mentioned before, in this essay, at first we have population from rustic and peri-urban areas to the tried to assess the main factors affecting the big towns/cities. Unless a suitable schematization production and creation of solids in Hunsur district done ahead of schedule deadline. Although, waste of Mysore (the third most crowded city, Karnataka, materials may, in the long run, in recycling cycle and India) and after that discussed the best treatment regeneracy once again deliver valuable resources to options for them. Since the estimation of the us, having knowledge about the resources of waste amount of solid waste in Hunsur district in the production and access to information of different current status with regard to its population and its waste types in order to design appropriate disposal destructive parameters on environmental pollution systems and solid waste management is needed in is very important we are also trying to find some every area. In all Indian cities, every day some ways to manage the different types of waste in this amount of non-liquid wastes that are created by district. Then the investigation about the solid domestic consumers, trade sectors, commercial & wastes in the study area was conducted with the public services are recycled in order to restore following objectives: service to life-cycle. The household superfluous materials which formed of the organic genus  Evaluation of value and specifications of the (combustible) & inorganic genus (non- wastes combustible) has three specifics:  Decreasing and removing adverse and harmful The weight of redundant material which produced effects of waste materials on human life, other is varied because of its source, the compounds of creatures, and ecosystem and environment with waste material is varied from country to another the patronage of economic growth and country due to the level of industrial development improvement situation and premier quality of and its density and compression and the urban brio. Solid wastes that consist of materials which  Diagnosis of the present status of collection, consumed by residential house, commercial units, warehouse, treatment, transport and disposal industrial factories, and institutional firm can processes. introduce itself as a part of city destruction  Diminish the factors affecting on public health regarding its capacity. The advantage of utilizing due to improper management of solid waste. this categorization is that it allows any waste to  To enhance the recovery of waste materials collect easily and isolated from its origins and and increasing the efficiency of energy which detoxify quickly to prevent the entry of harmful produced by waste solid material via sanitary substances in the lap of nature. In addition, the landfilling with landfill gas utilization, waste to- uncontrolled development in big cities can enter energy, recycling and composting. the great pressure to the municipal infrastructures  Suggestions about providing a better like sewage systems, water supply, and solid waste management system. administration. [1] It can bring other undesirable items like creating general medical problems and 3. Study Area and Geographical Position health issues, vector-borne illnesses, Hunsur is exceptionally well known for various environmental pollution, and ecosystem types of wood, like Teak, Rose Honne, Mathi and so degradation also. [2] So, as mentioned, in this on, around 50 saw factories are situated here to cut essay, at first we have tried to assess the main the wood. And it is a main center of ministerial & factors affecting the production and creation of political, administrative & executive, commercial & solids in Hunsur district of Mysore (the third most mercantile, economic work and culture activities. crowded city, Karnataka, India) and after that The Hunsur district which situated in Mysore city in discussed the best treatment options for them. the Indian state of Karnataka has an average Since the estimation of the amount of solid waste in elevation of 792 meters from sea level and its Hunsur district in the current status with regard to geographical coordinates are 12° 18' 27" North, 76° its population and its destructive parameters on 17' 16" East. [3] The dominant climate in Hunsur is environmental pollution is very important we are a native steppe climate. Amid the year there is little also trying to find some ways to manage the precipitation. In Hunsur, the normal yearly different types of waste in this district. Finally, this temperature is 23.5 °C. In a year, the normal study opines that the establishment of the special precipitation is 748 mm. In January people places for recycling of solid waste in Hunsur district

J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 0 2 6 |17

experience the driest month and there is just 1 mm eastern side of Mysore city while in transit to of precipitation in it. The vast majority of the rain town. likewise lies on the western here falls in October with the averaging of 153 mm. side of Hunsur on another street. Hassan district With a normal of 26.5 °C, April is the warmest limited the Hunsur by the northern side of it and month. December is the coldest month, with H.D. Kote town is indwell on the southern part. temperatures averaging 21.5 °C. The precipitation Hunsur is the subdivisional headquarter for four differs 152 mm between the driest month and the surrounding taluks of K.R.Nagar, H.D Kote, wettest month. Consistently, temperatures change Periyapatna, and Hunsur [4]. by 5.0 °C through the year. Hunsur is placed on the

Figure 1. The map of the study area.

4. The Performance of the Hunsur Municipality centers placed in 27 parts of this area and this on Urban Solid Waste Management and Its includes street sweeping and garbage Implementation transportation, however, citizens are encouraged in Hunsur city is situated in a strategically important order to pay for the service charges and collecting location on the Mysore- state highway. rubbish from door to door. The solid waste Historically, this town used to be called ' Gaadi administration is attempted by the wellbeing Palya', meaning 'a resting station for bullock carts' bureau of Metropolitan Organization. For (before the age of automobiles), probably en route appropriate framework of the working, City is to Mysore, and the nearest city 45 km away. The isolated into twenty-seven unique zones group Hunsur district is composed of 195 villages with the which Arrangement for collecting with rubbish bin population of 50,865 that according to the Indian system. The street cleaning staff, and in addition the census in 2012, about 25430 of them are male while vehicle loaders, report day by day at the word lodge others 25435 are female. Hunsur city totally has where their participation is taken by the concerned more than 11,793 of houses, which is controlled by clean controller. Their typical working is from 6.00 the municipality through getting taxes for providing a.m. to 11.00 a.m. and 3.00 p.m. to 6.00 p.m. with basic amenities such as water and sanitation issues Sunday as a holiday [5]. and the construction of roads. Many individuals in Each Sweeper has relegated in a particular zone and around Hunsur are agriculturists. They have known as 'Tall'. The push carts are typically utilized developed the cultivation of Paddy, Ragi, Maize, and by male sweepers for transporting residue expelled mercantile products like Tobacco, Cotton and etc., from channels. As there is no legitimate Supervision the business of tobacco and Cotton are deeply over the sweepers and since the no of push carts is beneficial and are developed in substantial regions. completely deficient, squander regularly stays Because of the nature of this region sericulture is uncollected from boulevards. It is likewise also being expanded in Hunsur. The river frequently seen to get stored at open accumulation Lakshmana Thirtha which flows through the middle focuses. The garbage bin receptacles are ordinarily of this town and two bridges connect the two sides, given at all the road lateral corner and likewise at is the main source of water for drinking and indicated term along straight streets. A sum of 90 agriculture purposes in Hunsur which is a tributary rubbish transport vehicles is accessible and just 1 of Cauvery River also. number of outings made every day by them. The Town panchayat system which converted into aggregate quantities of treks are made every day by municipality from 13-1-1925 was established in them is not adequate. The aggregate quantities of Hunsur on 1919. Although waste management vehicle outings made every day are entirely 18 | J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 026

insufficient bringing about the waste collection at next table, we can see the interval of time for the group receptacles also. The rubbish collecting different degeneration. Every one of these waste vehicles are stopped in KRL Street every morning. resources if contact with the environment can The waste gathered from the city is taken to the create different degrees of negative impacts. [6] dumping site at Prakash Hunsur Primary Street. Although this effect does not appear to be critical at The processing of waste to compost is done on a a small scale but it has humongous ramifications at little scale. A vermin treating the soil-plant has been a full-scale. applied for the composting in dumping site. In the

Table 1. The interval of time for different degeneration

Type of the Trash The Interval of Time for Different Degeneration Aluminum, tin, and other metal items such as cans 100-500 years Cotton fabrics and garments 2-5 months Glass bottles Undetermined

Organic Wastages (vegetable and fruit peels, food stuff) One or two weeks

Paper and cardboards 10-30 days Plastic bags One million years Wood 10-15 years

5. The Methodology and Taxonomy of Solid inflammable waste like batteries, sand, and so Waste on. VII. Junk wastes – Non-spoilable squanders, either I. Agricultural and horticultural wastes – Compost flammable and explosive or nonexplosive of cultivate croft, animal deposit, and crop materials like metals, glass, dirt, ceramics, residue. earthenware production, stones, soil, masonry, II. Ashes – The residues and demolition powder of brickwork, and a few chemicals. buildings, (for example, ashes and flyfiery VIII. Mining and subway wastes – Slag stores, Culm debris) of the ignition of solid fuel for warming heaps at charcoal mines, tailings, and so on. and cooking or the cremation of solid waste by IX. The solids sewage treatment – Screening, industrial factories, urban sites, apartments settled solids, slime deposits. and lofts houses.

III. Dead creatures – Pets, birds, reptiles, mammals, 6. The Solid Waste Production in Hunsur amphibian, rodents, zoo and household The organic and inorganic waste materials which animals. There are likewise anatomical and pathological wastes from clinics and hospitals. created by different activities of the general public altogether generating solid wastes [7]. IV. Extensive squanders – Rubble of construction Recently it has been a massive increment in solid and destruction, (stumble of workman waste creation in a few urban communities and materials, pipes, masonry, bricks, lumber, their taluks in India. This is to a great extent as a protecting materials, channels, blocks, result of fast population expansion and monetary household goods, roofing and insulating improvement in the nation. Because of the fast materials, plastics) cars, tires, fridges, development of urban populace, and also the furniture's, and other home apparatuses, trees, limitation in assets, the management and and so on. operation of solid waste represent a troublesome V. Garbage – Corruptible (decomposable and and complex issue for the general public and disintegrative materials) squander from foods uncalled for the administration that gravely or waste resulted by remain nourishment, influences the general wellbeing and corrupt butcher houses, slaughter and tannery nature [8]. Disgraceful transfer of solid waste businesses, freezing industries, canning, contaminates all the essential parts of the mortuaries, and so forth. ecosystem (i.e., air, land, and water) at domestic, VI. Industrial and mechanical solid waste – local and residential levels. Chemical substances like paints, explosives and

J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 0 2 6 |19

Table 2. The factors which producing solid waste and their contents

No. Factors Type of Waste Produced The Contents of Solid Waste

Agriculture and Crops of gardens and farms, dairies, Agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., Pesticides) 1 livestock etc., and spoiled food wastes. Hotels, markets, office buildings, Cardboard, food wastes, glass, hazardous wastes, 2 Commercial units restaurants, stores, etc., metals, paper, plastic, special wastes, wood, etc., Demolition of buildings, new Construction and 3 construction sites, renovation sites, Concrete, dirt, steel, wood, etc. demolition work road repair. Chemical factories, construction Ashes, construction and demolition materials, 4 Industrial pockets sites, fabrication, light and heavy hazardous waste, housekeeping waste, packaging food manufacturing, power plants. waste, special wastes. Institutional Hospitals, government centers, Cardboard, food wastes, glass, hazardous waste metals, 5 pockets prisons, schools. paper, plastic, special wastes, wood. Beaches, landscaping, other Beaches, general wastes from parks, landscape and tree recreational areas, parks, street 6 Municipal services trimming, other recreational areas, sludge, street cleaning, water and wastewater sweeping. treatment plants. Chemical factories, heavy & light Process manufacturing, mineral extraction Industrial process wastes, off-specification, , products, 7 manufacturing power plants, processing activity and residues of slay, and scrap materials. refineries Cardboard, ashes, food waste, glass, household’s Residential hazardous wastes, leather, yard waste, metal, paper, 8 Single and multifamily locations plastic, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, batteries, oil tires), textiles, wood.

The amount and qualities of solid waste vary and furthermore risky waste and in Hunsur according to the place where we put. Variables that individuals frequently live with low salaries, it can impact the amount and compound of solid wastes be concluded that the metropolitan solid waste of are the normal salary level, the market for waste Hunsur has an equitable quantity of biodegradable materials, the resources, climate, the general materials in this town. Also, as we see the people, social conduct, and industrial and composition of the metropolitan solid waste of mechanical vintage production [9]. By Hunsur city in next table, the rate of non- concentrating on the amount of household solid biodegradable waste like metals and plastics in waste produced from three financial gatherings' i.e. versus the rate of cement/rocks/residues/sands, low-salary, middle-wage, and high-wage we can see which is demonstrative of the expansive scale of a positive relationship between the high wage and building making and other development activities is the waste creation. Then the waste creation has not high, hence this is another factor which relationship chained with the financial level of the suggesting that investors likely have a greater share general people. Since the high-income individuals to rise the rate of waste generation [10]. discard more plastic, metallic and glass squander

Table 3. The accumulation syntax of municipal solid waste in Hunsur city

SI. NO. Components Approx. Value (%) 1 Organic Components 45 2 Wood 3.7 3 Plastic 5.3 4 Stones 2.6 5 Paper 25 6 Textiles 7.4 7 Metals 3.2 8 Dust 2.3 9 Glass 2.4 10 Other 3.1

20 | J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 026

7. Sample Muster specimen which gathered from three to four In Hunsur city we take samples gathered from the concentrated source of waste, for each test has different part of each zone of the city like the diminished by quartering strategy to 12.5 kg. Then dumping site, hotels, commercial area, the tests which gathered each day of checking was marketplaces, residential regions, slaughterhouses, placed in poly packs and were sent to the lab for restaurants, and other public places. Near to 100 kg investigation. In the wake of measuring each test of the specimen were gathered for one week precisely, composite specimens of every class were consecutively from five to six sources in every class set up for arrangement and physicochemical and group receptacles in their areas. Then the examination. The examples were then taken for examinations [11].

Photo 1, 2, 3, 4. Photos of Sampling Sites

8. Hunsur Solid Waste Specifications air pollution in this city is the incorrect burning of As mentioned, inappropriate usage and improper garbage. Many burning waste proceedings produce management of solid waste and unpredictable greenhouse gasses; e.g. landfills produce methane transfer in open spaces, street edges, tank beds, and which is a considerable wellspring of nitrous oxide etcetera, offer various potential dangers to the and carbon dioxide. Filter which washed from earth and to human wellbeing [12]. All swabber uncovered dump sites also can pollute the surface workers that have direct contact with sewages and of the earth. In addition, in some places open wastes should care about wellbeing dangers blazing dump site can generate the volatilized fundamentally, especially those whom working in heavy metals like dioxins, furan, mercury and lead. the field without utilizing appropriate gloves, In a city like Hunsure which contaminated with outfits, and etcetera; a high rate of municipality dirty wastes, the vulnerable first problem of the workers and people who live close to the waste society will feel by the people whom Scrimmage transfer locales are tainted with gastrointestinal with the lack of different resources. Also, the parasites, worms, and related life forms [13]. For negative charge of this event mostly include the the general people in Hunsur, the major health people who living under needy circumstances, have problems indirectly caused by using poor water, scrimpy income and can't pay for the cleaning of contaminated land, and dirty air. Furthermore, an their positions or participate in environmental alternate accumulation of waste gives a lousy cleanup activities hence they will be involved with ground to flies and rats to reproduce. The clearest the dangerous infectious diseases such as different harmful problem by solid waste in the environment type of cancers which related to the polluted of Hunsur is creating ugly outlook [14]. A more environment. serious risk for contamination of ground water and

J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 0 2 6 |21

After doing these processes, the biodegradable ingredients were also examined for their physicochemical attributes, for example, dampness, hydrogen, fiery remains and rate of carbon, settled carbon, unstable natural carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur taking after standard techniques (Tchobanoglous G, Theisen H, Vigil S. (1993), (1984)). The outcomes are exhibited in Tables 5 and 6. All the values has came under dry weight basis in percentage.

Figure 1. The composition of MSW in a pie diagram

Table 4. The Hunsur Composition of Bio-Degradable and Non Bio-Degradable Contents

Components of Wastes Composition (kg/12.5kg) Composition (%) Dust & ashes 0.257 2 % Glass 0.673 5% Metal 0.913 7.3% Paper 2.116 16.9% Plastics 1.241 9.9% Stones, ceramics, etc. 0.731 5.8% Textiles 1.792 14.3% Vegetable putrescible matter 4.284 34.2% Others 0.493 3.9%

Table 5. Statistical Proximate Analysis of Physicochemical Characteristics of MSW

SI. No. Type of Wastes Moisture Content % Volatile Matter % Ash % Fixed Carbon % 1 Glass 26.54 3.71 0.07 29.53 2 Metal 19.83 11.47 9.65 21.32 3 Paper 27.75 13.82 41.58 13.72 4 Plastics 36.15 24.49 0.31 36.59 5 Textiles 21.42 28.57 14.28 35.71 Vegetable 6 62.71 2.53 27.32 7.31 putrescible matter 7 Others 21.05 1.74 74.25 3.49

Table 6. Ultimate Analysis and Energy Content

Composition in grams SI. No. Type of wastes Energy (KJ/kg) C H O N S Ash 1 Glass 1.18 0.52 0.67 0.48 0.029 0.19 5451.563 2 Metal 2.11 0.64 0.78 0.26 0.035 0.36 7741.983 3 Paper 2.94 0.43 2.56 0.27 0.031 0.43 1038.326 4 Plastics 1.31 0.31 0.48 0.51 0.006 0.17 4689.216 5 Textiles 1.92 0.41 0.95 0.07 0.008 0.41 1237.432 6 Vegetable putrescible matter 8.37 1.92 6.28 0.65 0.074 1.19 469.852 7 Others 7.20 0.98 2.78 0.43 0.045 1.27 469.852

22 | J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 026

9. Solid Waste Management have waste transfer locales. Administration of By noticing to the amount and compound of solid biomedical waste is taken under a private waste in Hunsur town, a soil-plant fertilized was set organization that has established a biomedical up under the CPH-helped to generate substruction waste processing center. Health care center of advancement for producing compost. This plant is Hunsur (HCCH) is in charge of the administration of situated around 3 Km from the Hunsur town inside solid waste created in the city. The sub- branches of ranges of 3.4 acres of land. The plant was started by this organization have been centralized in 27 zones the EXP Industries at the year 2011 but since the and there are in all villages of this city. The chief plant has been operational at imperfect levels then, officer of this center is the large accountable for the organization halted operation [15]. solid waste administration in the city. As indicated The plant has the ability to deal with 50 tons of by HCCH, around 44 TPD strong waste is produced waste for every day. The residual wastes are being each day. The main sources of solid waste dumped close to the CPH plant. The city doesn't production in this town are given in table 7.

Table 7. The Main Sources of Solid Waste Production in Hunsur Town

SI. No. Sources of Waste Generation Quantity (TON/DAY) 1 Bazar, grocery store, greengrocery market, fruit shops & meat shops 9.1 2 Clinics, hospital, health centers 2.8 3 Hotels, motels, hostels, etc 6.7 4 Industrial factories 1.1 5 Non-Slum places 4.2 6 Slum places 14.3 7 Stores, and institutes, schools, temples etc 4.4 8 Others 1.4 Total 44

The management of solid wastes which is gathered (WPF) or some other assigned transfer point. By from the different places by several methods in noticing to the amount and compound of solid Hunsur consists of wastes generator throwing and waste in Hunsur town, a soil-plant fertilized was set dropping the waste into the round RCC bins and up under the CPH-helped to generate substruction masonry bins. The municipal workers of Hunsur advancement for producing compost. This plant is during the cleaning and sweeping of the passages situated around 3 Km from the Hunsur town inside and roads drain and transfer the waste into small ranges of 3.4 acres of land. The plant was started by heaps on the road or into the bins. Totally there are the EXP Industries at the year 2011 but since the 436 dustbins set in Hunsur town and two sorts of plant has been operational at imperfect levels then, them are utilized in here. These are tube shaped the organization halted operation. The plant has the bottomless cement with the capacity of 0.45-0.8 ability to deal with 50 tons of waste for every day. m3and rectangular canisters with the base made of The residual wastes are being dumped close to the brick with the capacity of 2-10 m3. The gathering of CPH plant. The city doesn't have waste transfer waste from these dustbins is arranged as per the locales. Administration of biomedical waste is taken recurrence of holder turning out to be full. The under a private organization that has established a present area of dustbins and the waste gathering biomedical waste processing center. The city also point have been arranged into the everyday has different government hospital facilities, private accumulation (A sort), week by week twice doctor's facilities, nursing homes, and treatment gathering (B sort) and week by week once centers. HCC has established some private offices gathering (C sort) as a major aspect of cleaning which can collect biomedical wastes. These private project. Likewise, there are 3 dumper placer agencies can recycle the solid waste from 49 healing compartments utilized as essential gathering centers. In addition, the industrial squanders from holders in business ranges in commercial areas. tiny units gets blended in the municipal wastes Around 11 zones are overseen by private while the bigger enterprises deal with their own temporary worker approved by HCC. The waste. agreements include clearing of the zones, transfer of waste to the canisters and others accumulation 10. Results and Discussion points. In most of the time, the workers start to In each urban, the gigantic amount of solid waste is gather the wastes from here and after that created during different activities. It contains the transporting them to the Waste Preparing Office wastes of private business and governmental

J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 0 2 6 |23

works, residential wastes, strong or semi-strong 0.3-0.4 kg, and 0.5kg per capita/day, due to the mechanical or solid and semi-solid industrial central pollution control board of Hunsure the dangerous squanders, yet including treated people of this region produce urban solid waste biorestorative squanders [16]. The management of more than ever without any attention to polluting Solid Waste in the Hunsur city includes operations earth [17]. Also according to the local related to the collecting era, stockpiling and environmental engineering in Hunsure the rate of accumulation, exchange, and transport, preparing, MSW production was as follows: 40% of organic processing and transfer, recovery and disposal of fraction, 26.8 % of recyclables (paper and plastic), solid waste, which don't have the ecological 20.9 % of inert material, and less than thirteen- standards to remain in nature. Although the percent glass and metal. In next table we can see the average rate of MSW generated in small, medium, solid waste production per each Panchayath with and large cities of India is about 0.1 kilogram (kg), considering to population in Hunsur city.

Table 6: Solid Waste Production per Each Panchayath of Hunsur Due to Its Population

Waste Solid Production S. No. Population Rate (kg/ Panchayath/day) 1 1000 0.001-0.005 2 2000 0.002-0.007 3 3000 0.004-0.008 4 4000 0.007-0.01 5 5000 0.009-0.02 6 6000 0.02-0.04 7 More than 6000 0.03-0.05

The main management problem of the solid wastes first place requires that waste collected for the first in Hunsur is because of its urbanization. Hunsur is time are well separated from each other [19]. one of the most urbanized taluks in Mysore with Therefore, the waste must be put away by the 14% of Mysore city population living in urban generators in two separate receptacles, one each for territories. Thus this city is confronting with the biodegradable and non-biodegradable and different challenge to preparation fundamental recyclables. According to the government, the infrastructure in small towns to keep coordination Annexes of this approach needs to be addressed by with populace development. Solid waste the authorities. Of course, by noticing to the amount Administration is one of the real difficulties and compound of solid waste in Hunsur town, a soil- confronted by the people of Hunsur in this urban plant fertilized was set up under the CPH-helped to ranges. Lately, Legislature of India considered a few generate subtraction advancement for producing plans to enhance the quality of current activities of compost. This plant is situated around 3 Km from SWM in the whole of the country specially to save the Hunsur town inside ranges of 3.4 acres of land. small towns from infection and pollution. In the The plant was started by the EXP Industries at the little urban communities, the sanitation fails year 2011 but since the plant has been operational hopelessly when the solid waste performance is not at imperfect levels then, the organization halted apropos and timely regarding enhancing the operation. The plant has the ability to deal with 50 wellbeing of people and ecosystem condition [18]. tons of waste for every day. Although, can be said that in rustic territories, the The residual wastes are being dumped close to the performance of SWM is easier than big cities CPH plant. The city doesn't have waste transfer substantially because of less contain perilous locales. Administration of biomedical waste is taken wastes but unfortunately, in rustic zones, this under a private organization that has established a viewpoint is generally created because of the biomedical waste processing center. Overall, the absence of people awareness and lack of the proper solid waste management in Hunsur town seems, by subtraction. Thus, because of general wellbeing, all accounts, to be insufficient and incompetent, sanitation and natural viewpoints that therefore requirements to refresh its utensil and straightforwardly advantage the rustic territories update its activities. Although the solid waste can be and the general population, the Administration discarded through the sanitary landfill yet the from 2011-2012 has requested for the "Jihad Clean recyclable part of the waste must be rescued. up the Town". With regard to solid waste Isolation of recyclable material would likewise management, the efficiency of waste material in the prompt to the lessening in the amount of solid

24 | J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 026

waste for definite transfer [20]. Regarding table 4 it should be done in broader scale. Because it not just has been observed, in versus non-biodegradable conveys therapeutic measures with respect to material which formed around 49% of total wastes, environmental conditions but also helps municipal the biodegradable material formed 51% of the total revenue to the district. Additionally, on the other waste which is the main part of the MSW content hand, although we know that the biodegradable that created in this urban. Additionally, the general substances of MSW are a decent wellspring of dampness of the refuse which is around 35.4% is fertilizer for farming reason, the non-biodegradable mainly due to the nearness of vegetable and the substances can be utilized for landfill, recycling, or presence of food waste from hotels, sustenance reuse, hence we should save and preserve them. from lodgings, restaurants, slaughterhouse and family kitchen waste. Metals are unimportant on References the grounds that the general people tend to reuse or 1. Batool S., Nawaz M. 2009. Municipal solid waste sell and offer them. Among all the waste material, management in Lahore City District, Pakistan. likewise, 5.8 % of the squanders are negligible Waste Management 29: 1971-1981. because of their components formed of the inert 2. EPA. 2006a. Waste. Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 waste material that is mostly dust, sand, and soil, Green- house Gases. U.S. Environmental Protection and it is the natural amount of MSW in Indian towns Agency. Washington, DC. EPA 430-R-06-005.. due to widely unpaved surfaces. Furthermore, 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsur regarding the estimation of physicochemical 4. http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict qualities picked up from table 5, 6 the aftereffects of /5570-hunsur-mysore-karnataka.html this examination show that the organic substance 5. http://www.hunsurcity.mrc.gov.in/ from the region waste may serve as a great source 6. Chalam P., Gaillochet C. 2009. From Waste to of nutrients for the crops if utilized as a natural Resources: World Waste Survey, Economica: Paris. fertilizer for treating the soil by composting [21]. 7. Achankeng E. 2003. Globalization, Urbanization Meanwhile, the higher priority needs to be and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Africa. allocated to the management of urban solid waste African Studies Association of Australasia and the by the local authority. A systematic framework Pacific 2003 Conference. should be created for enhancing the whole 8. Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H., Vigil S. 1993. operation of SWM consisting isolating the material Integrated Solid Waste Management. at source, apropos and appropriate gathering, 9. ISWA. 2009. Waste and Climate Change. White transportation courses and routes and different Paper. International Solid Waste Association. sorts of vehicles and appropriate and expansion Vienna, Austria. December 2009. operation of the sanitary landfill site. Hunsur city 10. Jin J., Wang Z., Ran S. 2006. Solid waste may need to search for a superior arrangement and management in Macaco: Practices and challenges. better solution of waste transfer considering Waste Management 26:1045-1051. inaccessibility of landfill and transfer site. More 11. APHA, standard methods for the examination of accentuation should be laid on isolation and water and wastewater, 17th ad, New York: accumulation of waste at the doorstep. Isolation of American Public Health Association: 1988. recyclable material from blended waste is not only 12. Solomon U. 2009. The state of solid waste being tedious but also wasteful, consequently, the management in Nigeria, Waste Management 29: inhabitants must be sharpened towards the 2787-2790. significance of isolation of squanders at the source. 13. Hoornweg D., L. Thomas. 1999. What a Waste: Instead of the metropolitan solid waste simply to be Solid Waste Management in Asia. East Asia and discarded as a residue, it must be perceived as a Pacific Region. Urban and Local Government resource for the creation of energy, manure, Working Paper. World Bank. compost and fuel depending on the techno- 14. Payet R. 2003. Solid Waste Management in economical suitability, native position, local Indian Ocean Is- lands and Seychelles. Waste situation, and should maintenance of this valuable Management Experts Meeting, Havana, Cuba. source and sustainable project on the prolix time October 27 — November 1, 2003. [22]. 15. WASTE. 2005. Available at http://www.waste.nl (ac- cessed May 2010). 11. Conclusions 16. UN-Habitat. 2009. Solid Waste Management in The examination of the results of this study on the the World’s Cities. urban solid waste creation and its management 17. Shekdar A. 2009. Sustainable solid waste status in Hunsur town briefly showed that: management: An integrated approach for Asian Presently, on a small scale, the municipality is trying countries, Waste Management 29: 1438-1448. to do the composting by some plant and vermin which is not the suitable and adequate. Our question is that if it is possible these activities

J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 0 2 6 |25

18. Al-Yousefi B. Sound Environmental 21. Tondon H.L.S. (Ed.). 2005. Methods of analysis Management of Solid Waste — The Landfill of soils, plant, waters, fertilizers and organic Bioreactor. UNEP. manures, New Delhi: Fertilizer, Development and 19. Hanrahan D., Srivastava S., Ramakrishna A. Consultation Organization. 2006. Municipal Solid Waste in India — Overview 22. Bingh L. 2004. Opportunities for utilizing waste and Challenges. World Bank Environment Unit biomass for energy in Uganda. University of Science South Asia Region. and Technology, Oslo, Norway. 20. Imam A., Mohammed B., Wilson D.C., Chee- seman C.R. 2008. Solid waste management in Abuja, Ni- geria, Waste Management 28:468-472.

26 | J. Hum. Ins. 20 20; 4 ( 1 ) : 0 1 6 - 026