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DEGRADACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE UNA PELÍCULA DE ALMIDÓN DE YUCA Y ÁCIDO POLILÁCTICO POR Ulomoides Dermestoides (Chevrolat, 1878)

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DEGRADACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE UNA PELÍCULA DE ALMIDÓN DE YUCA Y ÁCIDO POLILÁCTICO POR Ulomoides Dermestoides (Chevrolat, 1878) DEGRADACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE UNA PELÍCULA DE ALMIDÓN DE YUCA Y ÁCIDO POLILÁCTICO POR Ulomoides dermestoides (Chevrolat, 1878) MARGARITA DEL ROSARIO SALAZAR SÁNCHEZ, M.Sc UNIVERSIDAD DEL CAUCA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS AGRARIAS Y AGROINDUSTRIALES 2019 DEGRADACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE UNA PELÍCULA DE ALMIDÓN DE YUCA Y ÁCIDO POLILÁCTICO POR Ulomoides dermestoides (Chevrolat, 1878) MARGARITA DEL ROSARIO SALAZAR SÁNCHEZ, M.Sc Trabajo para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias Agrarias y Agroindustriales Director HÉCTOR SAMUEL VILLADA CASTILLO, Ph.D Codirector JOSÉ FERNANDO SOLANILLA DUQUE, Ph.D UNIVERSIDAD DEL CAUCA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS AGRARIAS Y AGROINDUSTRIALES 2019 DEGRADACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE UNA PELÍCULA DE ALMIDÓN DE YUCA Y ÁCIDO POLILÁCTICO POR Ulomoides dermestoides (Chevrolat, 1878) Tesis realizada por Margarita del Rosario Salazar Sánchez, bajo la dirección y supervisión de los abajo firmantes, aprobada por los mismos y aceptada como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Agrarias y Agroindustriales __________________________________________________ Director HECTOR SAMUEL VILLADA CASTILLO Ph.D Departamento de Ingeniería Agroindustrial Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad del Cauca __________________________________________________ Codirector JOSÉ FERNANDO SOLANILLA DUQUE Ph.D Departamento de Ingeniería Agroindustrial Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad del Cauca Popayán, 20 de mayo de 2019 DEDICATORIA A mis padres Carmen y Arnulfo, a quienes les quedo eternamente agradecida por formarme como persona de bien e impulsarme con amor y comprensión hacia el logro de mis objetivos, cuyo amor y apoyo incondicional permitieron que tomara fuerzas para terminar la investigación. AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer a mis directores de tesis Dr. Héctor Samuel y José Fernando Solanilla, cuyo basto conocimiento y experiencia, me permitieron centrarme en este tema tan apasionante de la entomología aplicada a los polímeros, e impulsarme a seguir adelante con motivación y empeño para el logro de esta tesis. Les agradezco enormemente la comprensión e incondicional apoyo en todo momento que he recibido de ellos, y que han permitido llevar este trabajo de investigación a buen término. Sus enseñanzas, profesionalismo y calidez humana, las llevaré siempre conmigo. Agradezco a mis profesores, compañeros y personal del programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias y Agroindustriales, por sus consejos, amistad y compromiso para seguir adelante en mi disertación. Especialmente, a José Fernando Grass, Nélson Vivas, Juan Carlos Quintero, Juan Carlos Casas, Alexander Sabogal, Luis Alberto López, Carlos, Ximena, René, Giselle. También, a Doctor Raúl Rodríguez Herrera quien me recibiera en su laboratorio en la Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (México), para orientarme en la metagenónica junto con su gran equipo, los Doctores Felipe Ávalos, Carolina Flórez, Aidee Saenz, Claudia Lara, Claudia López, Jorge Arturo Cañas, y los chicos doctorandos, mil gracias. Agradezco de igual manera al Doctor Mario Malincónico del Conciglio Nazionale del Riserche (Italia), por hacerme parte de su equipo en el Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, y a las valiosísimas orientaciones de las Doctoras Gabriella Santagata y Barbara Irminzi y a Salvatore Mallardo por su colaboración en el laboratorio. A mis compañeros del Grupo de investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Biomoléculas de Interés Agroindustrial (CYTBIA), Camilo, Rudy Alberto, Diego, Alejandro, Karen, Jhon, Evelyn, René, Pedro, Lily, Yamileth, Diana, Susana, Víctor y Sandra, gracias a todos ellos por su colaboración en las largas jornadas de laboratorio, por retarme a conocer sobre sus prácticas, por sus palabras de apoyo o tan solo por escucharme, los llevaré siempre en el corazón. A todos los colombianos que con sus impuestos han apoyado la “Investigación y desarrollo de empaques biodegradables” a través del Sistema General de Regalías del cual hace parte este trabajo. DATOS BIOGRAFICOS Margarita del Rosario Salazar Sánchez, obtuvo el título de Bióloga en 2008, y de Magíster en Recursos Hidrobiológicos Continentales en 2013, en la Universidad del Cauca (Colombia). Se ha desempeñado como profesora en los programas de biología, ingeniería agropecuaria e ingeniería agroindustrial. Inició como investigadora en el Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Ambientales (GEA) de la Universidad del Cauca desde 2008 en las líneas de investigación de bioindicación y calidad del recurso hídrico, actualmente es parte del Grupo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Biomoléculas de Interés Agroindustrial (CYTBIA), en la línea de investigación de biodegradación. A Margarita por su dedicación le han dado reconocimientos como Joven Investigador de Colciencias en 2012, Becaria para sus estudios de Maestría por su alto promedio académico y Becaria para realizar su estudio doctoral en Ciencias Agrarias y Agroindustriales. Entre otros muchos logros, es de resaltar, su empeño y colaboración en la formación de estudiantes investigadores como tutora de los Semilleros de investigación en Biomoléculas, Bioempaques y Aplicaciones de la microscopía en la investigación de ciencias biológicas, en los cuales ha formulado y ejecutado varios proyectos de investigación. Su tema de interés como profesora e investigadora incluyen la ecotoxicidad, biodegradación de polímeros, ecología y conservación; temas en los que se ha publicado capítulos de libros y varios artículos en revistas nacionales e internacionales. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF A CASSAVA STARCH AND POLYLACTIC ACID FILM BY Ulomoides dermestoides (Chevrolat, 1878) Margarita del Rosario Salazar Sánchez 2019 CONTENTS Pag. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. State of art and theoretical and conceptual context 1 CHAPTER II. Methodology 22 CHARTER III. Biodegradation process under controlled composting 33 conditions CHAPTER IV. Evaluation of the degree of disintegration and determination 49 of the degree of mineralization of a TPS/PLA plastic film by Ulomoides dermestoides CHAPTER V. Effect of the assimilation of a TPS/PLA film in the coleoptera 64 Ulomoides dermestoides CHAPTER VI. Conclusions and future research 80 FIGURES INDEX Page Figure 1. Ulomoides dermestoides. 11 Figure 2. Phases of biodegradation. 15 Figure 3. Biodegradation curves for TPS-PLA film. percentage of biodegradation, 38 although the proportional rate of CO2 decreases Figure 4. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: (a) spectra pure components and 42 (b) structural changes of pure components and films under to composting as a function of time (weeks). Figure 5. Carbonyl Index (IC): calculated by measuring the 1,747 cm-1 area of the 43 carbonyl bond elongation vibration of C=O, with respect to the total areas measured in the sample. Figure 6. Morphological changes of the films under to composting as a function of 45 time (weeks). Figure 7. DSC melting thermograms of disintegration process of the film. a: Pure 53 components. b film in disintegration. Figure 8. Termogravimetric (TG) curves (a) and derivative thermogravimetric 54 (DTG) curves (b) of neat polymers and polymer blends in disintegration effect of Ulomoides dermestoides Figure 9. FTIR spectra of PLA, TPS and disintegration of TPS/PLA blend by 56 Ulomoides dermestoides. Figure 10. GPC chromatograph of polymers films: PLA, TPS and TPS/PLA in 57 different degradation times by Ulomoides dermestoides. Figure 11. SEM micrographs of the film during the fragmentation and disintegration 58 process by Ulomoides dermestoides. Figure 12. Mineralization process of the TPS/PLA blend, biomass growth curve of 60 coleoptera vs non-biodegraded polymer by Ulomoides dermestoides. Figure 13. Dendrogram based on number of microorganisms identified from the 70 intestinal microbiome of Ulomoides dermestoides Coleoptera undergoing three polymeric diets. Figure 14. Distance of 3 groups of microorganisms identified from the intestinal 72 microbiome of Ulomoides dermestoides Coleoptera undergoing three polymeric diets based on (1) oats, (2) thermoplastic cassava starch (TPS) and (3) an extruded matrix composed of TPS and polylactic acid (PLA), according to Braun Blanquet distance TABLES INDEX Page Table 1. Band assignments for FTIR spectral features (cm-1) of TPS/PLA films in this 41 experiment per week Table 2. DSC parameters for TPS, PLA and TPS/PLA in different times of disintegration 54 by Ulomoides dermestoides. Table 3. TGA data determinate for TPS, PLA and TPS/PLA in different times of 55 disintegration. Table 4. Number-average molecular weight (Mn), weight- average molecular weight 57 (Mw), and dispersity (Ð) for TPS, PLA and TPS/PLA blends in different times of disintegration by Ulomoides dermestoides. 69 Table 5. Taxonomy of Ullomoides dermestoides. Table 6. Shannon-Weaver diversity index of microorganisms identified from the 71 intestinal microbiome of Ulomoides dermestoides Coleoptera undergoing three polymeric diets. INTRODUCTION On the planet the management of plastic waste has become an environmental problem, which has given rise to policies of rationalization of the use of plastic materials. Plastic recovery technologies use as raw material, recovered material, which is also used as an energy source, however these alternatives have proved inefficient and are far from being a definitive solution to this problem (E. Rudnik & Briassoulis, 2011). The increase in the use of plastics is harmful to the environment, which has resulted in the world turning its gaze towards biodegradable polymers, especially those
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