XV. PATHOGENS OF SIPHONAPTERA () a

Mary Ann Strand Boyce Thompson Institute Yonkers, NY 10701, USA

a The literature for this table and bibliography covers the period 1962-1975.

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ABSTRACTS

Mary Ann Strand

Akopyan, M. M. (1968). Parasitic castration of the . In: N. D. Levine, ed. & F. K. Plous, jr, tr. Natural nidality of diseases and questions of parasitology. Urbana, Univ. Illinois Press, pp. 399-401.

The nematode Mastophorus muris caused castration of male Ceratophyllus laeviceps. The castrates made up an average of 15.5% of the collections. In other reports from the USSR, more than 50% were castrates. Helminths including roundworms and tapeworms are also reported to cause castration in fleas.

Amonkar, S. V. & Munshi, D. M. (1965). On the presence of leptomonads in the digestive tract of the Indian rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis (Roths). J. Anim. Morphol. Physiol., 12(1): 32-41.

The appearance of various forms of leptomonads in the rat flea are described. The leptomonads are morphologically indistinguishable from Leptomonas ctenocephali described from dog fleas. The dialaled pyloric region of the ileum of infected fleas is found to be practically blocked by a large number of these flagellates.

Beaucournu, J.-C. & Chabaud, A. -G. (1963). Infestation spontan6e de puces par le spiruride Mastophorus muris (Gmelin). Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp., 38: 931-934.

The flea Ctenophthalmus avernus, collected in France was found to be infected by M. muris. The nematode was also found in field mice which were hosts to the fleas. Although this nematode has been experimentally transferred to insect hosts, it has been rarely found infecting insects in nature.

Jenkins, D. W. (1964). Pathogens, parasites, and predators of medically important arthropods. Bull. WHO,30 (Suppl.), 150 pp.

The following papers were cited by Jenkins. Information for the flea pathogen table was derived from Jenkins' listings.

(a) Ashworth, J. H. & Rettie, T. (1912). On a gregarine: Steinina rotundata, nov. sp., present in the mid-gut of bird-fleas of the genus Ceratophyllus. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. Biol. Sci., 86: 31-38.

(b) Basile, C. (1920). , Herpetomonas and in fleas. Parasitology, 12: 366.

(c) Breinl, A. (1921). Preliminary note on the development of the larvae of Dirofilaria immitis in dog-fleas Ctenocephalus felis and canis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 14: 389-392.

(d) Chen, H. T. (1934). Reactions of Ctenocephalides felis to Dipyliduum canimum. Z. Parasitenkd., 6: 603-637.

(e) Cowdry, E. V. (1923). The distribution of Rickettsia in the tissues of insects and arachnids. J. Exp. Med., 37: 431-456. 285

(f) Garnham, P. C. C. (1959). Some natural protozoal parasites of mosquitos with special reference to Crithidia. Trans. 1st Inst. Conf. Insect Pathol. Biol. Control (Prague), pp. 287-294.

(g) Holdenried, R. (1952). Sylvatic plague studies. VIII. Notes on the alimentary and reproductive tracts of fleas, made during experimental studies of plague. J. Parasitol., 38: 289-292.

(h) Johnson, T. H. (1913). Notes on some entozoa. Proc. R. Soc. Queensl., 24: 63-91.

(i) Khodukin, N. I. (1927). /On the protozoa of the intestins of canine fleas in Tashkent and their role in the epidemiology of canine Leishmaniasis]7 Med. Mysl' Uzes., 2: 69-73.

(j) Korke, V. T. (1916). On a Nosema (Nosema pulicis n. sp.) parasitic on the (Ctenocephalus felis). Indian J. Med. Res., 3: 725-730.

(k) Kudo, R. R. (1924). A biologic and taxonomic study of the Microspiridia. Ill. Biol. Monogr., 9: 76-344.

(1) Laveran, A. & Franchini, G. (1913). Infections experimentales de mammiferes par des flagelles du tube digestif de Ctenocephalus canis et d'Anopheles maculipennis. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 157: 744-747.

(m) Laveran, A. & Franchini, G. (1914). Infection naturelle du rat et de la souris au moyen de puces de rat parasitees par Herpetomonas pattoni. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 158: 450-453.

(n) Minchin, E. A. (1910). On some parasites observed in the rat flea (Ceratophyllus fasciatus). In: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage Richard Hertwigs, Jena, Fischer, Vol. 1, pp. 289-302.

(o) Minchin, E. A. & Thomson, J. D. (1915). The rat-trypanosome, Trypanosoma lewisi, in its relation to the rat-flea, Ceratophyllus fasciatus. Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 60: 463-692.

(p) NUller, W. (1914). Die Ubertragunsweise der Rattentrypanosomen. II. Arch. Protistenkd., 34: 295-335.

(q) Patton, W. S. (1912). Spirochaeta ctenocephali, sp. nov., parasitic in the alimentary tract of the Indian dog-flea Ctenocephalus felis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 6: 357.

(r) Patton, W. S. & Rao, S. (1921). Studies on the flagellates of the genera Herpetomonas, Crithidia, and Rhynchoidomonas. 2. The morphology and life- history of Crithidia ctenocephali, sp. nov., parasitic in the alimentary tract of Ctenocephalas canis Curtice. ladlia J. Med. Res., 8. 593-612.

(s) Patton, W. S. & Rao, S.. (1921). Studies on the flagellates of the genera Herpetomonas, Crithidia, and Rhynchoidomonas. 5. The morphology and life-history of Herpetomonas pulicis, sp. nov., parasitic in the alimentary tract and malpighian tubes of Pulex irritans, L. Indian J. Med. Res., 8: 621-628.

(t) Peus, F. (1938). Die Flt5he. Leipzig, Schops, 106 pp. 286

(u) Porter, A. (1911). The structure and life-history of Crithidia pulicis, n. Sp., parasitic in the alimentary tract of the human flea Pulex irritans. Parasitology, 4: 237-254.

(v) Steinhaus, E. A. (1946). Insect microbiology; an account of the microbes associated with insects and ticks, with special reference to the biologic relation- ships involved, Ithaca, N. Y., Comstock, 763 pp.

(w) Strickland, C. (1912). Agrippina bona nov. gen. et nov. sp. representing a new family of gregarines. Parasitology, 5: 97-108.

(x) Tyzzer, E. E. & Walker, E. L. (1919). A comparative study of Leishmania infantum of infantile kala azar and Leptomonas (Herpetomonas) ctenocephali parasitic in the gut of the dog flea. J. Med. Res., 40: 129-176.

(y) Wellmer, L. (1910). Sporozoen Ostpreussischer Arthropoden. Schr. Phys.-Okon. Ges. KIbnigsb. i. Pr., 52: 102-164.

Kartman, L. & Quan, S. F. (1964). Notes on the fate of avirulent Pasteurella pestis in fleas. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 58(4): 363-365.

Xenopsylla cheopis fleas were fed six avirulent strains of Yersinia (P.) pestis in sus- pensions of rat blood. Three of the strains multiplied in the fleas and caused blockage of the proventricular valve. The blocking rate was in direct relation to the number of bacilli in the blood meal.

Kondrashkina, K. I. et al. (1968). /some questions of the mutual adaptation of Pasteurella pestis and fleas Parazitologiya, 2(6): 543-547). (R, e).

Uninfected fleas used twice as much oxygen as ones infected with Yersinia (P.) pestis. Uninfected fleas were slightly larger. Yersinia (P.) pestis apparently exerts a toxic effect on the fleas; however, lysogenous substances are formed in the fleas in response to the infection and fleas may rid themselves of the microbes.

Kurochkin, Y. V. (1961). Heterotylenchus pavlovskii sp. n., a nematode castrating plague- carrying fleas. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Biol. Sci. Sect. (Transl.), 135: 952-954.

A new nematode species was described from Coptopsylla lamellifer and Ceratophyllus laeviceps collected in Astrakhan region. The parasite is present in all life stages of the fleas and invariably causes castration. It is widely distributed and causes a high rate of infection.

Poinar, G. O., jr & Nelson, B. C. (1973). Psyllotylenchus viviparus n. gen., n. sp. (Nematodea: Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) parasitizing fleas (Siphonaptera) in California. J. Med. Entomology, 10(4): 349-354.

A new species of nematode was found in the body cavities of four species of fleas. Under favourable moist conditions, nematode parasites may depress certain flea popu- lations significantly. Infection resulted in partial castration in one male of five examined.

Rothschild, M. (1969). Notes on fleas with the first record of a mermithid nematode from the order. Proc. Brit. Entomol. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1(1): 1-8.

A mermithid nematode has been observed infecting Spilopsyllus cuniculi, Myoxopsylla laverani, and Ctenophthalmus avernus in France. In all cases the infected individuals were females. The infection is very rare. Flagellate parasites, Leptomonas spp., are 287

more common. They infect a large number of fleas including dog, cat, and human fleas. They are primarily parasites of the hindgut, but no pathological effects are reported.

Vashchenok, V. S. et al. (1971). fhe ability of fleas Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. to preserve and transmit Salmonella enteritidis (Gurtner)j Parazitologiya, 5: 15-19. (R, e)

The flea can become infected with S. enteritidis as a consequence of feeding on infected white mice. The bacterium was pathogenic to the fleas. Uninfected fleas had an average life span twice as long as infected ones. However, when given access to healthy hosts, the fleas could rid themselves of the infection.