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The Effect of Habitat Degradation, Season and Gender on Morphological Parameters of Lesser Jerboas (Jaculus Jaculus L.) in Kuwait

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The Effect of Habitat Degradation, Season and Gender on Morphological Parameters of Lesser Jerboas (Jaculus Jaculus L.) in Kuwait Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.1 (2012) 119 The effect of habitat degradation, season and gender on morphological parameters of lesser jerboas (Jaculus jaculus L.) in Kuwait M. Al–Mutairi, F. Mata & R. Bhuller Al–Mutairi, M., Mata, F. & Bhuller, R., 2012. The effect of habitat degradation, season and gender on mor- phological parameters of lesser jerboas (Jaculus jaculus L.) in Kuwait. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.1: 119–124, Doi: https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0119 Abstract The effect of habitat degradation, season and gender on morphological parameters of lesser jerboas (Jaculus jaculus L.) in Kuwait.— Arid environments suffer anthropogenic interference causing habitat degradation. This degradation can influence animal populations. We randomly captured a total of 198 lesser jerboas Jaculus jaculus in three seasons (autumn, spring and summer) in two relatively close areas (intact and degraded). All animals were sexed, and weight, body and tail length, and thigh thickness were taken. We found significant differences in weight (p < 0.001), which was lower in summer (p < 0.05) when fewer food resources were available. Thigh thickness was greater in the intact habitat (p < 0.01), explained by the greater amount of food resources and also by the higher numbers of predators in this area, prompting escape behaviour. Females in the intact area were heavier and had longer bodies and tails. This was related to greater availability of time for mothers to search for food in this area. Key words: Habitat, Degradation, Kuwait, Lesser jerboa, Jaculus jaculus L. Resumen El efecto de la degradación del hábitat, la estación del año y el sexo en algunos parámetros morfológicos del jerbo egipcio (Jaculus jaculus L.) en Kuwait.— En los climas áridos las interferencias antropógenas causan la degradación del hábitat, que puede afectar a las poblaciones animales. Se capturaron 198 jerbos egipcios al azar en tres estaciones del año (otoño, primavera y verano) y en áreas intactas y degradadas cercanas. Los individuos capturados se sexaron y se les registró el peso, la longitud del cuerpo, la longitud de la cola y el grosor del muslo. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso (p < 0,001), que fue inferior en verano (p < 0,05), cuando hay menos recursos alimentarios. El grosor del muslo fue mayor en el hábitat intacto (p < 0,01), lo que se atribuye a una mayor disponibilidad de alimento y también a una mayor presencia de depredadores en la zona, que provocaba conductas de huida. Las hembras fueron más pesadas y tuvieron mayor longitud del cuerpo y de la cola en las zonas intactas, como consecuencia de una mayor disponibilidad de tiempo para buscar alimento por parte de las madres en esta zona. Palabras clave: Hábitat, Degradación, Kuwait, Jerbo egipcio, Jaculus jaculus L. (Received: 26 IV 12; Conditional acceptance: 31 V 12; Final acceptance: 15 VI 12) Matrah Al–Mutairi & Ravneet Bhuller, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.– Matrah Al–Mutairi, Kuwait Inst. for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait.– Fernando Mata & Ravneet Bhuller, Hartpury College, Univ. of the West of England, Hartpury, GL19 3BE, UK. ISSN: 1578–665X © 2012 Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona 120 Al–Mutairi et al. Introduction protected areas are lost. The country has lost most of its valuable and vulnerable plants in the second Desert mammal species have developed complex com- half of the last century due to urbanization, human binations of behavioral and physiological adaptations impact and climate change, factors that also reduced to ameliorate the impact of extreme temperatures and wildlife. Unfortunately, plant and animal communities limited free water. These adaptations typically consist of are disappearing quickly from other areas with open being nocturnal, semi–fossorial, and having the ability to access. Habitat loss and land deterioration are not extract all their water from their food (Whitford, 2002). the only factors contributing to the diminished wildlife Human activities have modified natural habitats populations in Kuwait. Other factors include unjustified in many ways. The most dramatic changes involve hunting and intentional destruction of their shelters. widespread degradation of entire areas, such as shift Mammals are the animals that suffer most from these from forest to agricultural use or urbanization. Howe- natural and anthropogenic factors. ver, a more pervasive influence is the construction of The aim of this study was to analyse differences linear open areas ––truck paths and roads –– through in morphological parameters of lesser jerboa (Jaculus previously continuous habitat. These open areas may jaculus L.) populations living in intact habitat with provide ecological situations that differ profoundly from abundant food resources, and populations living in those of the surrounding habitat and cause habitat degraded habitats with scarce food resources. The fragmentation and deterioration of food resources for effect of season and gender on the morphological desert mammals. parameters of lesser jerboas was also analysed. Limited food resources would result in smaller body size. Small desert mammals are often limited in their food choices in that they are forced to select more Material and methods digestible, energy–rich diets such as those based on seeds, as compared to large animals (Demment & Van The data were collected in autumn 2010, spring 2011 Soest, 1985). Heavier individuals have higher overwinter and summer 2011 in the semi–arid lands of the State of survival rates for the two genders: males and females. Kuwait. Two study sites were designated for the study This is primarily because larger body size should in- purposes: intact and degraded habitat. The intact study crease energy conservation and probability of survival area was the Kabd Research Station, which is located (Schorr et al., 2009). Larger individuals typically have 35 km southwest of Kuwait City. Ground elevation in more fat reserves and maybe less dependent upon food this area ranges between 70 and 130 m above sea– availability (French, 1988). Larger rodents use their fat level (Misak et al., 2002). Dense vegetation covers the storage while fasting at a slower rate than smaller indi- area and is dominated by the Arfaj shrubs (Rhanterium viduals and as a result, they can spend longer times at epapposum Oliv.) and other plants. It covers an area of higher body temperatures during hibernation, enabling 40 km2. The area is fenced and protected, and human enables them to survive (Geiser, 2004). disturbance is minimal because free access is prohibited. Several ecological and biological changes have This allows free foraging behavior for the lesser jerboas been attributed to climate change. Visser (2010), re- governed only by natural predation risk. ferring to small mammals, stated that climate change The degraded study area is an unprotected area is affecting the seasonal timing of reproduction and with free access and many camps for sheep and camel hibernation, as well as body size and species´’ distri- herders. The area has poor vegetation cover of the same bution ranges. Brown et al. (1993) assumed that each type found in protected areas, but found in scattered animal taxon has an optimal body weight; if reached patches only. It is located almost 45 km to the west of for mammals smaller than 100 g, their foraging ran- Kuwait city. It is separated from the intact study area ge will decrease and their energy will be diverted by almost 10 km and has a ground elevation ranging to reproduction which increases the population. In between 100 and 140 m. addition, population growth is related to the carrying Jerboas were captured over 24 nights for the three capacity of the ecosystem. With fixed resources, the seasons (eight nights per season) for each of the sites, carrying capacity of any ecosystem should decrease totaling 48 nights. The aim was to capture four jerboas with increasing body size. Therefore, if the resources per night to sample around 100 in each area. To achieve are limited, body size would be reduced to maintain these figures, the capture effort almost doubled in the the population (Savage et al., 2004). degraded areas where around five hours on average The United Nations Environmental Program were spent per night, in contrast with around three (UNEP) defined desertification as land degradation in hours on average in the protected areas. Animals were arid, semi–arid and dry–sub humid areas caused by captured using a slowly–driven vehicle with powerful adverse human impact. The causes of desertification spotlights immediately after sunset when the animals are a combination of several factors that include: start foraging for food. The lesser jerboas were blinded scarcity and decrease of mean rainfall as a result of by the powerful light and they stopped moving provided global changes, overgrazing, the increase of human no sounds were produced. To capture jerboas, a soft population that inhabits the dry lands, industrial net with a long handle was used (a similar approach misuse, land exploitation, domestic use of fragile was followed by Happold, 1967). vegetation especially for fuel, and many more factors Body weight, body length, tail length and thigh thic- that vary from one region into another (Thomas, kness of captured jerboas were measured. All jerboas 1993). In Kuwait, nearly all plants and animals outside were released at the point of capture immediately after Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.1 (2012) 121 habitats in the variable weight, and body length, tail Table 1. Lesser jerboa mean weights (g), with length and thigh thickness (data from autumn 2010 95% confidence intervals, in different seasons. only). Gender was used as the dependent variable The letters in superscript indicate a significant in a logistic regression via generalized linear models, difference (p < 0.05). where the independent variables used were categorical habitat (intact and degraded), and covariates were all Tabla 1.
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