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The Rise and Fall of Richard Nixon
T H E R I S E A N D F A L L O F... The Rise and Fall of Richard Nixon What events influenced Richard Nixon’s rise to and fall from power? Introduction This photograph was taken of vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon relaxing with his pet dog, Checkers, in 1952. In his famous “Checkers” speech, Nixon refuted accusations that he had misused campaign contributions. He emphasized his family’s modest means, claiming that his wife, Pat, wore not a mink coat but “a respectable Republican cloth coat.” On September 23, 1952, California senator Richard Nixon reserved a spot on television to deliver the most important speech of his career. With this address, Nixon hoped to squash rumors that he had accepted $18,000 in illegal political contributions to finance personal expenses. The Republicans had recently nominated Nixon to run for vice president on Dwight D. Eisenhower’s ticket. When these charges against Nixon became public, Eisenhower was noncommittal — he did not drop Nixon from the ticket, but he also did not defend him. In his speech, Nixon said, “Not one cent of the $18,000 or any other money of that type ever went to me for my personal use. Every penny of it was used to pay for political expenses that I did not think should be charged to the taxpayers of the © 2020 Teachers' Curriculum Institute Level: A T H E R I S E A N D F A L L O F... United States.” But, he did confess to accepting one personal gift: A man down in Texas heard [my wife] Pat on the radio mention the fact that our two youngsters would like to have a dog. -
A List of the Records That Petitioners Seek Is Attached to the Petition, Filed Concurrently Herewith
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA IN RE PETITION OF STANLEY KUTLER, ) AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, ) AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR LEGAL HISTORY, ) Miscellaneous Action No. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS, ) and SOCIETY OF AMERICAN ARCHIVISTS. ) ) MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF PETITION FOR ORDER DIRECTING RELEASE OF TRANSCRIPT OF RICHARD M. NIXON’S GRAND JURY TESTIMONY OF JUNE 23-24, 1975, AND ASSOCIATED MATERIALS OF THE WATERGATE SPECIAL PROSECUTION FORCE Professor Stanley Kutler, the American Historical Association, the American Society for Legal History, the Organization of American Historians, and the Society of American Archivists petition this Court for an order directing the release of President Richard M. Nixon’s thirty-five-year- old grand jury testimony and associated materials of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force.1 On June 23-24, 1975, President Nixon testified before two members of a federal grand jury who had traveled from Washington, DC, to San Clemente, California. The testimony was then presented in Washington, DC, to the full grand jury that had been convened to investigate political espionage, illegal campaign contributions, and other wrongdoing falling under the umbrella term Watergate. Watergate was the defining event of Richard Nixon’s presidency. In the early 1970s, as the Vietnam War raged and the civil rights movement in the United States continued its momentum, the Watergate scandal ignited a crisis of confidence in government leadership and a constitutional crisis that tested the limits of executive power and the mettle of the democratic process. “Watergate” was 1A list of the records that petitioners seek is attached to the Petition, filed concurrently herewith. -
The President's
Afterword AS SENATOR Sam Ervin completed his 20-year Senate career in 1974 and issued his final report as chairman of the Senate Watergate committee, he posed the question: “What was Watergate?” Countless answers have been offered in the 40 years since June 17, 1972, when a team of burglars wearing business suits and rubber gloves was arrested at 2:30 A.M. at the headquarters of the Democratic Party in the Watergate office building in Washington. Four days afterward, the Nixon White House offered its answer: “Certain elements may try to stretch this beyond what it was,” press secretary Ronald Ziegler scoffed, dismissing the incident as a “third-rate burglary.” History proved that it was anything but. Two years later, Richard Nixon would become the first and only U.S. president to resign, his role in the criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice—the Watergate cover-up— definitively established. Another answer has since persisted, often unchallenged: the notion that the cover-up was worse than the crime. This idea minimizes the scale and reach of Nixon’s criminal actions. Ervin’s answer to his own question hints at the magnitude of Watergate: “To destroy, insofar as the presidential election of 1972 was concerned, the integrity of the process by which the President of the United States is nominated and elected.” Yet Watergate was far more than that. At its most virulent, Watergate was a brazen and daring assault, led by Nixon himself, against the heart of American democracy: the Constitution, our system of free elections, the rule of law. 337 Woodward_AllThePresidents_4P_yc.indd 337 4/2/14 2:28 PM 338 : AFTERWORD Today, much more than when we first covered this story as young Wash- ington Post reporters, an abundant record provides unambiguous answers and evidence about Watergate and its meaning. -
John Mitchell and the Crimes of Watergate Reconsidered Gerald Caplan Pacific Cgem Orge School of Law
University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons McGeorge School of Law Scholarly Articles McGeorge School of Law Faculty Scholarship 2010 The akM ing of the Attorney General: John Mitchell and the Crimes of Watergate Reconsidered Gerald Caplan Pacific cGeM orge School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/facultyarticles Part of the Legal Biography Commons, and the President/Executive Department Commons Recommended Citation 41 McGeorge L. Rev. 311 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the McGeorge School of Law Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in McGeorge School of Law Scholarly Articles by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Book Review Essay The Making of the Attorney General: John Mitchell and the Crimes of Watergate Reconsidered Gerald Caplan* I. INTRODUCTION Shortly after I resigned my position as General Counsel of the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department in 1971, I was startled to receive a two-page letter from Attorney General John Mitchell. I was not a Department of Justice employee, and Mitchell's acquaintance with me was largely second-hand. The contents were surprising. Mitchell generously lauded my rather modest role "in developing an effective and professional law enforcement program for the District of Columbia." Beyond this, he added, "Your thoughtful suggestions have been of considerable help to me and my colleagues at the Department of Justice." The salutation was, "Dear Jerry," and the signature, "John." I was elated. I framed the letter and hung it in my office. -
Deep Suspicion
Deep Suspicion Question: Question: There probably will always be mysteries The charge has been made that President As far as the war in Vietnam is concerned, surrounding “Watergate,” the web of scan- Nixon could have made the Vietnam peace do you think President Nixon has been dals that brought down the presidency of settlement long ago and that he delayed it frank and straightforward about the war, or Richard M. Nixon. We still don’t know just to help his reelection. Do you agree or do you think he has not told the American who “Deep Throat” was, or exactly what disagree with this charge? people the real truth about the situation Nixon knew and when he knew it. there? As Watergate unfolded between 1972 and 1974, with such secrets only gradually com- ing to light, the public began to harbor Agree Frank, straight- doubts about how much they could trust 38% 35% Has not Disagree forward this president, in matters touching many 52% 53% told the aspects both of his personal dealings and his truth dealings with the American people. 10% 12% No opinion Not sure Source: Survey by the Opinion Research Corporation, October Source: Survey by Louis Harris and Associates, February 27-29, 1972. One of a series of surveys conducted for Richard 1972. Nixon while he was president. Question: Question: Do you feel President Nixon has been honest or not about the [Let me read you some statements about President Nixon’s releasing financing of his houses in San Clemente and Key Biscayne? information about his income and the taxes he has paid. -
John Dean White House Docttuaenhs
WATERGATE S.PEC1AL PROSECUTION FORCE DEPARTMENT OF JL<,I .CE Memorandum PN.K : s fk FROM Peter M. Kreindle’~~ Counse! to the Special Prosecutor SUBJECT: John Dean White House Docttuaenhs. This is in response to your memorand~l of February 24, 1975, inquiring into the status of Mr. Mortenson’s request to John Dean that he return to the White House all xerox copies of documents from his files. Mr. Mortenson made this request in a letter, which I fo~.¢arded to Mr. Dean. I also gave Mr. Dean a copy of Judge Richey’s /~uended Order. I believe that Mr. Dean does not interpret this Order to require him to return the documents. .Although I would reach a different conclusion than Mr. Dean, Judge Richey’s order is sufficiently ambiguous to prevent Mr. Dean being subject to any sanctions for failing to return the copies. It is clear, however, that we have no obligation to affirmatively seek the return of the documents. I specifically instructed Mr. Akerman not to look at the documents or to make copies of them, and to the best o~ my knowledge, he ha~ not done so. Mr. Mortenson is aware of all of these circumstances. ~EPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES WATERGATE SPECIA L PROSECUTION FORCE Memorandum TO : Henry Ruth J~y Horow. itz Tom McBride Rich Davls William Merrill Peter Kriendler Joseph Connolly HG:n°rr~eHeFcr SUBJECT:. Dean Subpoena John Dean has asked that we give him a subpoena covering material in his possessi6n relevant to our investigations. The attached draft of on Dean on Monday, unless additions in the language covering your area. -
46-22-HR Haldeman
Richard Nixon Presidential Library Contested Materials Collection Folder List Box Number Folder Number Document Date No Date Subject Document Type Document Description 46 22 Campaign Memo National Archives and Records Administration Document Control Sheet. Listed as entry number one for Box 46, Folder 22 of the Contested Materials collection. 2 pgs. 46 22 9/18/1972Campaign Memo From Haldeman to Chapin RE: scheduling the First Family during the campaign season. Handwritten notes added by unknown. 2 pgs. 46 22 9/6/1972Campaign Memo From Haldeman to Chapin RE: scheduling Ed Cox's events. Handwritten note added by unknown. 1 pg. 46 22 8/10/1972Campaign Memo From Haldeman to Chapin RE: Wally Hickel's seconding the nomination of RN in the 1972 campaign. Handwritten note added by unknown. 1 pg. 46 22 Campaign Memo National Archives and Records Administration Document Control Sheet. Listed as entry number two for Box 46, Folder 21 of the Contested Materials collection. 1 pg. 46 22 7/27/1972Campaign Memo From Haldeman to Chapin RE: celebrity support for RN. Handwritten note added by unknown. 1 pg. Monday, March 26, 2012 Page 1 of 2 Box Number Folder Number Document Date No Date Subject Document Type Document Description 46 22 7/20/1972Campaign Memo From Higby to Chapin and Parker RE: campaign "Q&A"s and use of RN's daughters and Rose Woods during the campaign. 1 pg. 46 22 6/23/1972Campaign Memo From Haldeman to Parker RE: controlling smaller campaign events. 1 pg. 46 22 4/5/1972Campaign Memo From Haldeman to Chapin RE: Tex McCrary's role in the campaign. -
Finding Aid for the HR Haldeman Collection
Guide to the H. R. Haldeman Collection (1956-1978) Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Contact Information Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum ATTN: Archives 18001 Yorba Linda Boulevard Yorba Linda, California 92886 Phone: (714) 983-9120 Fax: (714) 983-9111 E-mail: [email protected] Processed by: Meghan Lee Date Completed: 2005 Table Of Contents Descriptive Summary 3 Administrative Information 4 Biography 5 Scope and Content Summary 6 Related Collections 6 Container List 7 2 Descriptive Summary Title: H. R. Haldeman Collection Creator: H. R. Haldeman Repository: Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum 18001 Yorba Linda Boulevard Yorba Linda, California 92886 Abstract: The H.R. Haldeman collection consists of campaign materials, a minimal amount of material from the White House, papers from the civil trials involving H.R. Haldeman, and transcripts and notes from the case United States of America v. John N. Mitchell, et al. 3 Administrative Information Access: Open Publication Rights: Copyright held by Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation Preferred Citation: Folder title. Box #. The H.R. Haldeman Collection. Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation, Yorba Linda, CA. Acquisition Information: Donated by H.R. Haldeman Processing History: Susan Naulty began processing the collection in 1993. The photographs were housed in archival folders and placed with the photograph collection. Meghan Lee completed the arrangement of the collection and proceeded to review and describe the collection, which was completed in 2005. 4 Biography Harry Robbins (“Bob”) Haldeman, the son of a successful businessman, was born in Los Angeles, California, on October 27th, 1926. He attended the University of Redlands and the University of Southern California. -
WHSF: SMOF: Dwight Chapin: Republican National Convention
Richard Nixon Presidential Library Contested Materials Collection Folder List Box Number Folder Number Document Date No Date Subject Document Type Document Description 2 70 8/2/1972Domestic Policy Memo From Mark Goode to Chapin and Bill Henkel RE: video tape machine for RN's Miami home. 1 pg. 2 70 7/18/1972Campaign Memo From Chapin to Haldeman RE: Republican National Convention planning. 10 pgs. 2 70 7/16/1972Campaign Other Document Planned keynote speeches for the 1972 Republican National Convention. 3 pgs. 2 70 6/20/1972Campaign Memo From Chapin to Haldeman RE: Republican Convention. Handwritten notes added by unknown. Carbon copies to Dick Moore, Timmons, and Carruthers. 4 pgs. Friday, March 12, 2010 Page 1 of 2 Box Number Folder Number Document Date No Date Subject Document Type Document Description 270 Campaign Memo From Tex McCrary to Chapin and Moore RE: impact of the 1972 Republican National Convention. Handwritten notes added by unknown. 4 pgs. 2 70 7/20/1972Campaign Memo From Bill Safire to Haldeman RE: television audience of the Republican National Convention in 1972. Carbon copy for Dick Moore. Handwritten note added by unknown. 1 pg. Friday, March 12, 2010 Page 2 of 2 MEMORANDUM THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON August 2, 1972 MEMORANDUM FOR: DWIGHT CHAPIN" BILL HENKEL FROM: MARK GOOD~. !JJ . Regarding the offer of a Packard Bell Horne Video Tape Cartridge Machine for the President' s use in Miami, I feel it should be declined. Any manufacturer of such hardware would be more than glad to set up such a deal. However, it hardly seems worth risking even the slightest mention of such an arrangement, when that piece of equipment can be easily rented at a reasonable rate. -
Character/Person Role/Job the PRESIDENT and ALL of HIS MEN
Actor Character/Person Role/Job THE PRESIDENT AND ALL OF HIS MEN Richard Nixon 37th US President 39th VP under Nixon until 1973; resigned amid charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery & Spiro Agnew conspiracy (replaced by Gerald Ford, who was the House Minority Leader) VP replacing Agnew, later became 38th US Gerald Ford President Special counsel to Nixon; set up the Charles Colson "plumbers" unit to investigate info leaks from White House Nixon's domestic policy adviser; directed the John Ehrlichman "plumbers" unit H.R. “Bob” Haldeman Nixon’s chief of staff Haldeman's right-hand man; was the deputy Jeb Stuart Magruder director of Nixon's re-election campaign when the break-in occurred at his urging Nixon’s 1972 midwest campaign manager; Kenneth Dahlberg his check for $25k to Maurice Stans wound up in bank acct of a Watergate burglar Attorney General; then quit AG to be John Randolph John Mitchell chairman of CREEP; linked to a slush fund that funded the burglary Replaced Mitchell as chairman of CREEP Clark MacGregor (July to Nov 1972) Became Attorney General in 1972 (5 days before Watergate break-in) when Mitchell Richard Kleindienst resigned as AG to go work for CREEP; resigned in 1973 Former CIA agent and mastermind of the break-in; Member of the White House E. Howard Hunt "plumbers"; his phone # was found on a WG burglar, linking break-in to WH Former FBI agent who helped plan the break- G. Gordon Liddy in at DNC offices; spent over 4 years in prison; now an actor, author & talk-show host Commerce secretary & later the finance chairman for CREEP; raised nearly $60 Maurice Stans million for Nixon's re-election; insisted that he had no knowledge how some of the money he raised wound up in the cover-up. -
Memories of the Ellsberg Break-In Stephen Trott
Hastings Law Journal Volume 51 | Issue 4 Article 14 1-2000 Memories of the Ellsberg Break-In Stephen Trott Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stephen Trott, Memories of the Ellsberg Break-In, 51 Hastings L.J. 765 (2000). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol51/iss4/14 This Panel is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Memories of the Ellsberg Break-In transcribedremarks of THE HONORABLE STEPHEN TROTr* Introduction by Fred Altshuler, Esq.: As a deputy district attorney in Los Angeles County, Stephen Trott prosecuted presidential assistant John Ehrlichman and G. Gordon Liddy for the burglary of the office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist. I would now like to ask Judge Trott to give some of his views of the type of White House conduct that occurred during the Watergate era. Judge Troll: I had a fascinating window into this whole business. I was a deputy district attorney in Los Angeles County in charge of the organized crime division. I spent my time on cases involving CIA- trained Cuban bombers, militants shooting up UCLA, drugs, a rattlesnake being placed in the mailbox of a lawyer who was suing an operation called Synanon, and various pornography cases involving X-rated films like "Deep Throat" and "The Devil and Miss Jones." One odd day, my boss, Los Angeles County District Attorney Joe Busch, called me in and said: "Get your butt over to federal court, someone named Howard Hunt is about to blow the whistle on a burglary in Beverly Hills." Now, what was going on? In June of 1972, the Watergate break-in took the lid off this whole thing. -
Nixon - Papers Access Authorizations (2)” of the Philip Buchen Files at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 28, folder “Nixon - Papers Access Authorizations (2)” of the Philip Buchen Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 28 of the Philip Buchen Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library J ' WASHif'JGTO:>J August 1, l97L1: JvlEMORANDUM FOR: H. STUART KNIGHT DIRECTOR OF SECRET SERVICE / FROM: GEOFFREY S:E-IEPARD~>. - SUBJECT: Access to Files This is to authorize Mr. George Williams to have access to the files of Mr. H. R. Haldern.c.n in Room 522 of the Executive Office "Building for the purpose of searching for documents subpoenaed by the Special Prosecutor. / .• THE \VH!TE HOUS2: WAShiNGTON August 6, 1974 MElvf.ORi\::\D 'J.Nl FOR: H. STUART Y>-L'41GHT DIRECTOR OF SECRET SERVICE FROM: GEOFFREYSHEPAF~~~ SUBJECT: Access to Files This is to authorize Mr. George Williams to have access to the files of Mr. John Dean in Room 84 and Room 522 of the Executive Oiiice Building for the purpose of searching for documents subpoenaed by the Special Prosecutor.