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Survey of Book Collectors and Book Collecting Buildings in Qufu and Their Contribution to Chinese Classics(Changuan Wang-Xiaorang Wu) • 147

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KINX2017054859 국지丨익논총 제24집 pp.145-168. Survey of Book Collectors and Book Collecting Buildings in Qufli and Their Contribution To Chinese Classics Changjuan Wang* • Xiao fang Wu** I. Infroduction China's private book collectors appeared early in the Spring & Autumn Period and the Warring-States Period of Chinese history. Confucius is recorded as the first private book collector having his own book collection. He is the first educator in Chinese history who initiated the private teaching system and cultivated a large number of ancient intellectuals (so-called M 士Shi"), which broke the state of state-run schools, thus founding the Confucian school of thought. In order to teach students, to prepare teaching materials and later to sort out LIU JING (六经：six ancient Chinese classics named The Book of Songs (《诗经》)，The Book of History (《尚书》)，The Book of Ceremonial Etiquette (《仪礼》)，The Book of Classic Music (《乐经》)， The Book of Changes (《周易》)，The Spring and Autumn Annals * College English Teaching Department of Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China ([email protected]) ** Human Resources Department of Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China; Confucius Institute at Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea ([email protected]) (《春秋》))，Confucius began to accumulate large amounts of classics, documents and other books, thus forming the first private book collection in Chinese history. More than ten dynasties had passed before Confucius book collection was found at the end of the reignofEmperorWuofXiHanDynasty,accordingtoHistoryofHanDynastyR ecord of Art and Culture (《汉书■艺文志》)，which proves Confucius position as the first private book collector in Chinese history. Since then, the private book collectors and book collecting builds flourished and reached their prime time in Qing Dynasty. Here we will especially discuss those in Qufo. Qufo (曲阜）is the birthplace of Confucius (孔子）and of the Confucianism (儒家思想）as well. With a long history of more than 2500 years, it is rich of cultural heritage，which can be seen from the famous book collectors，their book collection and the characteristic book collecting buildings. Here we will make a textual research on some famous book collectors and book collecting buildings in Qufu in a hope of providing some evidence to the textual research of book collectors, the history ofbook collecting, the ancient library in Qufu, and the local culture of this historical place. I. Famous Private Book Collectors or Bibliophiles in Qufii As discussed above, the earliest book collector or bibliophile in Qufti is Confiicius. He is the originator of private book collectors in Quftx and in Chinese history as well. More than 2000 years after Confucius, large numbers of book collectors have appeared continuously in Qufli, most of whom lived in Survey of Book Collectors and Book Collecting Buildings in Qufu and Their Contribution To Chinese Classics(Changuan Wang-Xiaorang Wu) • 147 Qing Dynasty. In what follows，we will make a study and description of some book collectors with outstanding achievements in Qing Dynasty. Kong Jisu (孔继凍）（1726-1791)，esteemed name Tishi (体实）or Xinfli (信夫)，and alias Guyuan (谷园）or Xiagu Jushi (葭谷居士 Lay Buddhist of Valley Xia)，was a native Quftinese and a 69th generation direct descendant of Confucius. He was bom in the fourth year of Emperor Yongzheng of Qing Dynasty (清.雍正）(1726) and died in the 56th year of Emperor Qianlong (清.乾隆）of Qing Dynasty (1791). In the 33th year of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty (1768)，he passed the imperial examinations at the provincial level and became a “Juren (举人a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level in the Ming and Qing dynasties^’. Kong Jisu spent his whole life studying calligraphy. He learned first from Zhang Zhao (张照 a statesman and famous calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty) and practiced for 12 years. Later he learned from the four famous calligraphers of the Song Dynasty: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, Cai Xiang (苏試、黄庭坚、米帝、蔡襄).He was especially proficient in identifying the authenticity of calligraphy works. Kong Jisu (孑L继 凍）managed to gather massive amounts of scripts of calligraphic masters at all times, identified them, copied and composed, and finally finely engraved them on tablets. There were 584 pieces of stelae in all, which were named “Model Calligraphy Tablets of Yu Hong Lou”. Then he printed inscriptions by rubbing the paper over the stone tablets and bound them into one hundred and one volumes, named “One Hundred and One Rubbings”. By doing this, he successfully preserved large amounts of classical scripts of calligraphers, which was held in esteem by people of his time. His calligraphy works include Yu Hong Lou Calligraphy Models (《玉虹楼法贴》)，Yu Hong Authentic Calligraphy Models (《玉虹鉴真贴》)，Yu Hong Authentic Calligraphy Models Continuation (《玉虹鉴真贴续》)，Gu Yuan Calligraphy Models After Ancient Styles (《谷园摹古法帖》)，and Calligraphy Models of Celebrities of Qing Dynasty (《国朝名人法帖》） He also owned a large collection of books. His book collection includes 3 volumes of Er Ya Zhu (《尔雅注》：annotations of Er Ya (《尔雅》)，the earliest book to explain the meanings of words ) and 3 volumes of Yin Shi (《音释》：annotations of prommciation), both of which are the block-printed edition of Ming Dynasty and were recorded in Volume 2 of JingYan Lu (《经眼录》）by Fu Di. Also included in his book collection are eight volumes of Hou Jing Lu (《侯 鲭录》)，the block-printed edition of Ming Dynasty, which were recorded in the category of novels of Ti Yao(or Abstracts of Si Ku Quan Shu)(《提要》or《四库全书》(Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature)提要)by Wang Shi and are stored in the National Library now. Included in his seals are one engraved with the characters of “Kong Ji Su Yin (the seal of Kong Jisu)” and “Ji Su” respectively. His book collecting building is named “Yu Hong Lou (玉虹楼广. Gui Fu (桂體)(1736-1805), esteemed name Dong-hui (东舟）or Wei-gu (未谷)，and alias Yu-men (雩门)，Suyanshan Waishi (肃然山 外史)，Lao-tai (老苔)，or Du-jing Fu-min (渎井复民)，was a native Quflinese. He was bom in the first year of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty (清.乾隆）（1736) and died in the 10th year of Emperor Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty (清.嘉庆）(1805). In the 55thyear of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, he passed the highest imperial examinations and was enrolled as a “Jinshi (进士a successful Survey of Book Collectors and Book Collecting Buildings in Qufli and Their Contribution To Chinese Classics(Chan턴uan Wang. )Qaofang Wu) • 149 candidate in the highest imperial examinations)”，and then was appointed the County Magistrate (知县）of Yongping County (阳平县） of Yunnan Province. Gui Fu was, in the first place，a scholar. He was quite appreciated by Weng Fanggang (翁方纲）and Ruan Yuan (阮元). The latter once said, aWeigu (未谷）is a learned person.” In his childhood, Gui Fu began to dabble in books of all sorts and was proficient at phonology and semantics. For forty years, he had been making comparison between Xu Shen’s (许慎）Shuowen Jiezi (《说文 解字》：Origin of Chinese Characters) and all sorts of Confucian classics in order to make textual research and verify the meanings every day. As a result, he accomplished a fifty-volume works Shuowen Yizheng (《说文义证》：Textual Research of Meanings for Shuowen Jiezi). This works, in which Gui Fu gathered all sorts of classical books and traced to their sources, exhausted his whole life. In the second place, Gui Fu was also an expert in calligraphy. In the vast ocean of “Lishu”（隶书：an ancient style of calligraphy current in the Han Dynasty) in Qing Dynasty, he was a bright star, glowing with talents and outstanding in the world of calligraphy. His home was rich in book collection including five volumes and one case of Rhythm Table of Shuowen Jiezi (《说文解字韵谱》)，the block- printed edition made by Zhongdetang (种德堂）of Song Dynasty, five volumes of Revision, Enlargement and Disabusing of Libu’s (礼部： Ministry of Rites in feudal China) Yunlue (rhythmic dictionary) by Ziyun (《紫云增修礼部韵略释疑》)，photo-offset hand-copied edition of Yuan Dynasty, eight volumes of Yanmen Peotry Anthology (《雁 门集》)，and so on. His book collecting building is named “Study of Twelve Masters in Seal Character (十二篆师精舍)”.His seal collection includes those with the characters “Gui Fu”，“Wei Gu”， “Gui Fu Zhi Yin (Seal of Gui Fu)”，“Du Jing Fu Min，，，“Gui Wei Gu” and “Gui Fu Yin Xin (Official Seal of Gui Fu)’’ respectively. Kong Jihan (孔继涵）（1739-1783)，esteemed name Ti-sheng (体生) or Pu-meng (浦孟)，and alias Hong-gu (S谷)，was a native Qufunese, younger brother of Kong Jisu (孑L继涑).He was bom in the 4th year of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty (清.乾隆）(1739) and died in the 48th year of Emperor Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty (清.嘉庆）（1783). In the 36th year of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, he passed the imperial examinations and was enrolled as a Jinshi (进士). His works include four volumes of Collection of Honglu Study (《红桐书屋集》)， three volumes of Bing Ci (《冰词》；Ci: a type of classical Chinese poetry), one volume of Anthologies of Poetry and Essays Written by Friends from Chui-jing Hall (《炊经堂友朋诗文杂稿》)，seven volumes of Manuscripts of Different Writing Styles (《杂体文稿》), one volume of Textual Criticism by Xia Xiaozheng (《夏小正考异》)， eight volumes of Textual Research and Explanation of “The Waterways Classic”（《水经释地》)，and so on. He was a person of poetic temperament. His book collection amounts to hundreds of thousands, among which there are thousands of hand-written copies and collated copies. His book collecting buildings are named “Wei-bo Xie (微波榭pavilion or house on water with ripples^’，“Hong-lu Study (红榈书屋)” and “Spring Garden (春及园)”.His seal collection includes those with characters of “Seal of Kong Jihan’’，“ Kong Shi Ji Han (孔氏继涵)”，“Hong Gu (荭谷)”，“Wei Bo Xie (微波榭)”，“Hong E Xuan (红萼轩)”，“Ci Ren Hong Gu (词人S谷)”，respectively.
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    Hermeneutics and Novels in Ming-Qing Dynasties

    HERMENEUTICS AND NOVELS IN MING-QING DYNASTIES Mengyuan Li Abstract：Common points exist between the doctrine of “investigatory reference” in literature commentaries on novels in Ming and Qing dynasties and the doctrine of “closing reading” in Anglo-American literary commentaries. One of them is that both ideas aim at arriving at an understanding of the true meaning of a text. Both ideas emphasize that to have a true understanding of the true meaning of a text, a reader needs to go beyond the language and his/her subjectivity; a reader should have a macro vision to avoid a blind eye. Both ideas emphasize objectivity as an important principles of reading. Both ideas emphasize recognition of the objective existence of texts as the foundation of reading texts, and repeated reading as an important condition to ensure objectivity of reading. At a first look, the question of how to read a text is one that scratch where there is no itch. But it is not. In effect, as part of the general question of how to understand properly a text, the question of how read is an important one. The question is of what the objective of reading is, how to have a proper relation to a text, and what the proper method of reading is. While interpretation is crucial to understanding, reading is crucial to interpretation. Reading, a task but also a challenge! I The concept that all studies and analyses of language, characters, metaphor, symbols and rhetorics and the like in a novel aim at understanding the true meaning of a text is emphasized utmost in both the doctrine of "investigatory reference" in literary commentary of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the doctrine of "Close Reading " in Anglo-American literary criticism.