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Download (1MB) Università degli studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” Viola Sarnelli Voci da sud Al Jazeera English e i flussi delle notizie internazionali UniversityPress Materia Postcoloniale/Postcolonial Matters NAPOLI 2014 Voci da sud - Al Jazeera English e i flussi delle notizie internazionali 5 INDICE INTRODUZIONE Un approccio postcoloniale ai mezzi di comunicazione di massa .................................................................................................. 7 1. SEGNALI SU E DAL MEDIO ORIENTE Dalle onde radio di BBC Arabic alla guerra in diretta satellitare su CNN e Al Jazeera ..................................................... 25 2. LA TELEVISIONE OLTRE LA NAZIONE L'informazione televisiva e il suo pubblico tra radicamento locale e aspirazioni mondiali ................................... 53 3. AL JAZEERA ENGLISH E LE ALTRE: LA NUOVA INFORMAZIONE TRANSNAZIONALE I nuovi canali di informazione satellitare in inglese nati al di fuori dell'Occidente ..................................................................... 83 4. LA TUNISIA, L'EGITTO E LE VOCI DELLE RIVOLUZIONI Il racconto multimediale e partecipato delle rivoluzioni del 2011 in Al Jazeera English ........................................................ 121 5. THE STREAM E LA TELEVISIONE NEL FLUSSO DEI SOCIAL MEDIA Il linguaggio televisivo e quello dei social media in un programma televisivo 'decentrato' ................................................. 171 CONCLUSIONI Un nuovo regionalismo critico o una nuova prospettiva transnazionale? ................................................................................. 211 Voci da sud - Al Jazeera English e i flussi delle notizie internazionali 7 INTRODUZIONE Un approccio postcoloniale ai mezzi di comunicazione di massa I think we have succeeded in reversing the flow of information from south to north, that was the mission and vision of Al Jazeera English when we first launched. (Sue Philips, direttore della sede di Al Jazeera English a Londra, 2007 1) Il 13 marzo 2008, il presentatore di Al Jazeera English Malek Triki, invitato a tenere un seminario all'Università L'Orientale (“Towards a Democratization of the Cross-cultural Communications System”), spie- gava a una platea di studenti e qualche docente la missione del canale in inglese del network qatarense, facendo leva soprattutto sulla figura del ponte (linguistico, interculturale, pacificatore). “La comunicazione tra l’Oriente e il resto del mondo si è incredibilmente intensificata negli ultimi anni”, soprattutto in ambito televisivo, premetteva Triki. Da una parte le nuove emittenti satellitari panarabe, iraniane o turche dirette al pubblico regionale o alla diaspora in Occidente; dall'altra i canali euro- pei che mirano al pubblico mediorientale, a cominciare da Bbc Arabic, passando per France 24 e fino a Rai Med. Con un capovolgimento di prospettiva, attraverso il canale in inglese lanciato nel 2006 da Al Jazee- ra, spiegava il giornalista, “per la prima volta il mondo arabo comunica nella lingua franca della contemporaneità”2. Se dopo l’11 settembre e l’attacco all’Afghanistan Al Jazeera era diventato “il più affermato media del terzo mondo”, spiegava Triki, la nascita di Al Jazeera English è legata alla volontà di abbattere ostacoli linguistici e culturali, dando a tutti gli spettatori anglofoni la possibili- tà di fruire senza intermediazioni delle notizie diffuse dal canale, sca- valcando possibili interpretazioni manipolatorie. “L'idea alla base del canale è molto semplice”, concludeva il giornalista, “e si basa sul dirit- 1 In George Weyman, “Interview: Sue Phillips on Al Jazeera International's First Year”, Arab Media & Society, Issue 3, autunno 2007, <http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=423>, (6/08). 2 Malek Triki, “Towards a Democratization of the Cross-cultural Communications System”, conferenza, Università “L'Orientale”, Napoli, 13 Marzo 2008, March 13. 8 Viola Sarnelli to inalienabile per ognuno, individui e nazioni, di vedere gli eventi del mondo attraverso i propri occhi e non attraverso quelli di qualcun altro, in opposizione alle egemonie politiche e culturali. …. In questo senso Al Jazeera si pone come ponte tra Oriente e Occidente, incentivo a una democratizzazione dei media importante per il futuro non solo arabo ma anche europeo e del resto del mondo”3. Dal 2008 a oggi diversi elementi nel quadro delle comunicazioni in- ternazionali sono cambiati, ma rimangono insidiosi tutti i discorsi che fanno appello alle intrinseche potenzialità democrizzanti dei mezzi di comunicazione. Eppure qualcosa del discorso di parte di Triki, pronun- ciato da un giornalista per pubblicizzare il canale in cui è impiegato, si è depositato sul fondo, ad alimentare le motivazioni razionali e affettive di un percorso di ricerca che si chiude con questo libro, nutrito da esplorazioni teoriche e indagini nei luoghi di produzione e ricezione del canale. Lo stesso discorso che, declinato in diverse forme di linguaggio audiovisivo, può dare conto della capacità attrattiva che il canale ha esercitato su un pubblico ben più ampio in diverse circostanze. Mezzi di comunicazione di massa e teoria postcoloniale: una questione di campo e di metodo Il ponte, artificio architettonico che rende possibile scavalcare un osta- colo naturale nei due sensi di marcia, nel suo riferimento a un collega- mento tra due sponde nette e separate è un'immagine in realtà insuffi- ciente per rendere conto di una modernità araba intessuta di relazioni ben più complesse con il resto del mondo4. Eppure nel post-11 settembre la metafora del ponte sembra avere ritrovato un utilizzo diffuso, come controparte allo sviluppo di una "cultura della minaccia sistemica"5 che ha ricompattato nuovi schieramenti di nazioni, gruppi religiosi o “civil- 3 Ibid. 4 Tarik Sabry, Cultural Encounters in the Arab World, Tauris, Londra, 2010. 5 Brian Massumi, “The Future Birth of the Affective Fact”, in Conference Proceedings: Genealogies of Biopolitics, 2005, < www.radicalempiricism.org/biotextes/textes/massumi.pdf > (7/10). Voci da sud - Al Jazeera English e i flussi delle notizie internazionali 9 tà”6. Un esempio sintomatico è quello dei “bridge bloggers”7, blogger arabi che scrivono in inglese per raggiungere un pubblico più vasto, e come nel caso di Salam Pax e Riverbend dall'Iraq8, si trovano a dialogare sul web con lettori statunitensi, ai quali offrono una diversa prospettiva sull'invasione armata del loro paese. La nascita di Al Jazeera English nel 2006, dopo il coinvolgimento del canale arabo negli scontri mediatici e militari in Afghanistan e in Iraq, colloca da subito il canale inglese nella prospettiva di un superamento del discorso oppositivo post-11 settembre, e da subito lo connota come ponte9, luogo di mediazione, medium “con- ciliatorio”10 tra i due fronti di un conflitto apparentemente irrisolvibile tanto più se definito in termini “culturali” invece che militari. Per ricostruire lo scenario storico, culturale e geografico in cui un canale come Al Jazeera English introduce elementi di discontinuità, se non di rottura, è importante definire una questione di campo: il cam- po degli studi delle comunicazioni di massa, e i suoi rapporti con le società al di fuori dell'ambito euro-americano. Lo studio dei mezzi di comunicazione di massa sembra essere stato abbinato fin dalle sue origini al modello di sviluppo delle società occidentali, che pur con tutte le sue contraddizioni mantiene una egemonia nell’esportazione di capitale simbolico rispetto al resto del pianeta11. È veramente possi- bile affrancare questo campo di studi dalla sua associazione con una mondializzazione economica trainata dai modelli e dai marchi an- gloamericani12, per guardare ad altre combinazioni mediatiche e iden- 6 Samuel P. Huntington,“The Clash of Civilizations?”, Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, n.91, pp. 61-74. 7 Marc Lynch, “Blogging the new Arab public”, Arab Media & Society, February 2007, <http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=10> (4/09). 8 I cui blog non sono più aggiornati ma ancora consultabili al Novembre 2013: < http://dear_raed.blogspot.it/ >; <http://riverbendblog.blogspot.it/ >. 9 Josh Rushing, Mission Al-Jazeera: Build a Bridge, Seek the Truth, Change the World, Palgrave MacMillan, New York, 2007. 10 Mohammed El Nawawy e Shawn Powers, Mediating conflict: Al Jazeera English and the possibility of a Conciliatory media, Figueroa Press, Los Angeles, 2008. 11 Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, Routledge, London/New York, 1994, p. 32. 12 Herbert Schiller, “Not yet the post-imperialist era”, Critical Studies in Mass Com- munication, 1991, issue n. 8, pp. 13 – 28. 10 Viola Sarnelli titarie? Questa domanda, destinata a rimanere inevitabilmente aperta, rimarrà sullo sfondo delle prossime pagine, guardando alle strategie comunicative ibride e alle “aspirazioni”13 di un canale satellitare come Al Jazeera English, nato in Medio Oriente per rivolgersi a un pubblico anglofono internazionale. Il tentativo di deviare la prospettiva abituale sui mezzi di comuni- cazione di massa seguendo un’angolazione postcoloniale – non linea- re, disomogenea e per definizione problematica – trova il suo limite più evidente proprio nel fatto che gli stessi apparati teorici accumulati finora sulla comunicazione sono per la maggior parte collocati in Oc- cidente. Una supremazia culturale che delimita gli argini del discorso e gli strumenti disponibili per la conoscenza, dando origine a quello che è stato definito da Achille Mbembe come un fondamentale pro- blema metodologico14. Radio e televisione, forme e contenuti: da Williams a Fanon
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