Mapping the challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence for the conduct of diplomacy DiploFoundation
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Layout and design: Viktor Mijatović, Aleksandar Nedeljkov Copy editing: Mary Murphy Authors and contributors: Chapter 1 and conclusion: Katharina E. Höne Chapter 2: Katharina E. Höne, with research support from Katarina Anđelković, Nataša Perućica, and Virdžinija Saveska (Diplo Data Team) Chapter 3: Katharina E. Höne. Section 3.2 by Katarina Anđelković, Nataša Perućica, and Virdžinija Saveska (Diplo Data Team) Chapter 4: Lee Hibbard and Marília Maciel
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0/
2 DiploFoundation, 7bis Avenue de la Paix, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland Publication date: January 2019 For further information, contact DiploFoundation at [email protected] For more information on Diplo’s AI Lab, go to https://www.diplomacy.edu/AI To download the electronic copy of this report, click on https://www.diplomacy.edu/AI-diplo-report
3 Table of Contents
Acknowledgements...... 5
Executive summary...... 6
Introduction...... 8
1. Making sense of AI and mapping the relationship with diplomacy...... 10 1.1 Making sense of AI...... 10 Defining AI...... 11 Understanding machine learning...... 12 Big data for machine learning: importance and challenges...... 14 1.2 Mapping AI and diplomacy...... 14 AI as a topic for diplomacy...... 14 AI as a tool for diplomacy...... 15 AI and a changing environment for diplomacy...... 16 Approaching AI through the framework of science diplomacy...... 16 Conclusions...... 17
2. National AI strategies and international co-operation...... 18 2.1 Overview of national AI strategies and related documents...... 18 The role of data...... 19 2.2 International co-operation...... 21 National strategies and international co-operation...... 21 Co-operation at EU level...... 22 AI at the UN...... 23 Conclusions...... 24
3. AI as a tool for diplomacy...... 25 3.1 Possibilities between assisted, augmented, and automated intelligence...... 25 Assisted and augmented intelligence for diplomacy...... 26 3.2 Approaching the development of an AI solution...... 27 Conclusions...... 28
4. Addressing the human rights dimension of AI...... 29 4.1 Human rights in the digital era...... 29 4.2 Specific rights in relation to human rights...... 30 The right to respect for private and family life, home, and correspondence...... 30 The prohibition of discrimination...... 32 The right to hold opinions and to freedom of expression...... 34 Conclusions...... 35
Conclusions and further recommendations...... 36
4 Acknowledgements
This report was commissioned by the Policy Planning discussions, such as the 2018 Internet Governance Forum, and Research Unit at the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Geneva Peace Week, and our December webinar AI on the Affairs. DiploFoundation would like to express its grati- international agenda. We would like to thank fellow speak- tude for the opportunity to spend time thinking about ers, workshop participants, and audience members, who and researching one of the timeliest topics facing diplo- generated ideas and furthered our thinking. mats and those working in international relations today. For support in researching, writing, and finalising In this spirit, we would like to express our gratitude for the this report, special thanks goes to the following col- support, encouragement, and flexibility of the Policy Planning leagues at DiploFoundation: Katarina Anđelković, and Research Unit at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Tereza Horejsova, Jovan Kurbalija, Marília Maciel, Viktor Finland, in particular Ms Sini