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THE GLORIOUS LIFE of AGIUCLOA a Critical Analysis of the Literary Form and Political Content of Tacitus' by DAVID PETERSON in Co

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THE GLORIOUS LIFE of AGIUCLOA a Critical Analysis of the Literary Form and Political Content of Tacitus' by DAVID PETERSON in Co THE GLORIOUS LIFE OF AGIUCLOA A Critical Analysis of the Literary Form and Political Content of Tacitus' Agricola by DAVID PETERSON A thesis submitted to the Department of Classics in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada March, 1997 copyright @ David C. Peterson, 1997 National Library Biblioth4que nationale . du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services senrices biMiographiques 395 Wellington Street 39!5, rue Wdlingml OetawaON KtAW OttawaON K1AW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accord6 me licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Biblioth&p nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, Hter, distnbuer ou copies of Merthesis by any means vendre des copies de sa thtse & and in any form or format, making que1qye manib et sops quelque this thesis available to interested fonne qpe ce soit pour mettre des persons. exemplaires de ~e#ethese a la disposition des personnes interess6es. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur consewe la propriete du copyright in hismer thesis. Neither hit&auteur qui prot&gesa these. Ni the thesis nor substantial extracts la th&e ni des dtsdstantiels de fiom it may be printed or otherwise celle-ci ne doivent &e imprimes ou reproduced with the author's permission. ABSTRACT Traditionally studied as an invaluable source document for the Roman conquest and occupation of Britain, Tacitus' biographical treatise on the life of Agricola also has great relevance to the study of elite society at Rome. Modem scholarship on the Agricola has been focused for the most part on the historicity of the work. As such, the work offers the historian an unparalleled account of the Roman military campaigns and administrative initiatives in Britain. Consequently, the work has proven to be an excellent source document for both historians of the Roman military and Roman Britain. However, the literary, social, political and moral elements of the work, have largely gone unnoticed or at the very least have been studied in a cursory manner. At the same time, the large body of twentieth century scholarship pertaining to the role and function of the works of Tacitus has for the most part dismissed the Agricola as a minor work of little significance that provides only a glance of the artistic genius which would emerge in his later and larger works, the Histories and the Annals. The present thesis is an attempt to show the importance of the Agricola in the study of the Senatorial class in the first century AD, portraying their views and aspirations, as well as the literary framework upon which these concepts were conveyed. The first chapter examines the literary form and how it affects the content of the work. In the tradition of the eulogistic biography, a sub genre of history, Tacitus presents in the character of Agricola the ideal to which the majority of his class aspired. The second chapter is an account of the political and social changes that had occurred with the rise and evolution of the Imperial government and the resultant changes in the function and composition of the Senatorial class. Tacitus and the other members of his class had to create strategies to combine their old ideals with this new reality. Finally, the third chapter examines the political content of the work. Viewed in moral terms, Tacitus sought to convey an important message about the proper conduct of both his class and the Emperors, as well as ingratiate himself with the new regime of Nerva under which he was writing. The appendices provide information about the life of Tacitus, Agricola, and general political events in the Empire, along with a more specific examination of the conquest of Britain. These have been added to provide the reader with a historical context within which to more hlly understand both the writing of Tacitus and the impact of Rome and Agricola on the history of Britain. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely gratefir1 to Professor A. J. Marshall, whose lectures on the political history of Rome introduced me to the fascinating world of the Romans and motivated me to undertake studies in the ancient history. His advice and thoughtfir1 suggestions were essential in the development of this thesis. Further, I would like to thank my mother and father, who have always provided me with guidance and support, both morally and fiscally, and my brother who greatly assisted me with my academic pursuits with his sound advice. Finally 1 would like to thank my wife, Nichole for her perseverance and support. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 1 Acknowledgments 11.. Table of Contents Abbreviations Introduction 1-8 Chapter 1. The Literary form 9-30 Chapter 2. The Senatorial Ethos 31 - 56 Chapter 3. Politics in the Agricola 57- 94 Conclusion 95 - 97 Bibliography 98 - 104 Appendix A. Chronological List of Select Roman Emperors 105 Appendix B. The Life of Tacitus 106 Appendix C. A Listing of the Offices Held by Agricola f 07 Appendix D. A Chronology of Political Events in the Late 108 - 109 Republic and Early Empire Appendix E. A Chronology of the Roman Conquest of 1 10 - 1 12 Britain vita ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations and short titles appear in the notes and are cited in hll in the bibliography. Ant. Journal Antiquaries Joumd CE Carmina Latina Epigraphica CIL Corpus Inscriptionurn Latinarum CP Classical Philology CW Classical World G&R Greece and Rome ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae JRS Journal of Roman Studies PLILS Papers of the Leeds International Latin Seminar REL Revue des Etudes Latines After a war of about forty years, undertaken by the most stupid, maintained by the most dissolute, and terminated by the most timid of all emperors, the far greater part of the island submitted to the Roman yoke .... Neither the fortitude of Caractacus, nor the despair of Boadicea, nor the fanaticism of the Druids, could avert the slavery of their country, or resist the steady progress of Imperial generals, who maintained national glory, when the throne was disgraced by the weakest, or the most vicious of mankind. At the very time when Domitian, confined to his palace, felt the terrors which he inspired, his legions, under the command of the virtuous Agricoia defeated the collected forces of the Caledonians, at the foot of the Grampian Hills; and his fleets, venturing to explore an unknown and dangerous navigation, displayed the Roman arms round every part of the island. Edward Gibbon Introduction The fame of Agricola, the successfbl general and adroit administrator who extended the northwestern Roman frontier to the West limits of the known world, has been sustained through the vivid account of his deeds and virtues in the writing of tacit us.^ Outside of Tacitus' biography of his father-in-law, de Vita Iulii Agricolae, there is little mention of either the man or his exploits. The other works of Tacitus, the Histories and the Annals, which also must have referred to Agricola's role in Roman history, have not survived the passage of time intact. Two references in the works of Cassius Dio2 and two inscriptions fiom Britain, one found on a building plaque in the forum at St. Albans (Verulami~m),~ the other on a lead pipe at the legionary fortress at Chester (Deva); 'All numerical references, unless otherwise specified are to the Oxford Classical text of Tacitus' Agricoia edited by H. Fumeaux. Further, English translations of Latin quotes shall be presented in the body of the work, with the original Latin contained within the footnote. while the few quotations from Greek authors will be presented in transiation only. For the Agricoia and Germania, these will be taken fiom Tacitus - the Aericola and the Gennania, H. Mattingly trans. (London: Penguin Books, 1970). The English translations for all other works. unless otherwise specified, will be taken from Loeb Classical library and the translator shall be cited when introduced. = Cassius Dio refers to the poisoning of Agricola by Domitian. rumoured by Tacitus (43). as an undoubtable fact in 39.50,4; and discusses the mutiny of the Usipi, more elaborated by Tacitus (28), in 66.20, 1. For Dio's probable reliance on Tacitus see Appendix 2 and notes on c. 28; c. 43,2; c. 44.4, of R. M. Ogilvie and Sir Ian Richmond, ed. Comelii Taciti De Vita Agricolae, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967) Ant. Journal 36 (1956), p. 10. This fragmentary inscription reads (Cn Iulio A)gric(ola leg. Azig. pro) pr. 1L S 8 704% Imp(eratore) Vesp(asiano) viiii T(ito) imp(eratore) vii co(n)s(ulib us). Cn. hthAgricola leg(ui0) Aug(u.sti) pr(olp*(aerore) provide the only other ancient sources that mention Agricola. Fortunately, Tacitus' biographical treatise has survived, making Agricola one of the best known figures of antiquity. The Agricola is a complex work that blends together two closely linked literary traditions. It is biography enhanced by certain conventions of historical writing. Absent fiom Rome when Agricola died, and possibly fearing the persecutions that characterized the second half of the reign of Domitian, Tacitus published the work in 98 presumably to serve in place of a funeral oration. A Latin eulogistic biography, the work is a synthesis of the traditional form of Greek encomiastic writing, and the sentiments of the Roman laudatio funebris and epitaph elogium. Details concerning geography, ethnography, and earlier history along with the use of speeches by the opposing leaders before battle, all common elements of ancient historical writing, provide the setting within which is staged the grand drama that was Agricola's life. This unique combination of biography enlivened by historic detail, was formulated to honour a deceased relative, not only as a matter of filial duty and moral obligation, but as a token of his great love and admiration for the .
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