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Rubiaceae Flora of Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, Isabela, Luzon, Philippines: Species Richness, Distribution, and Conservation Status

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Rubiaceae Flora of Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, Isabela, Luzon, Philippines: Species Richness, Distribution, and Conservation Status Philippine Journal of Science 150 (3): 907-921, June 2021 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 19 Nov 2020 Rubiaceae Flora of Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, Isabela, Luzon, Philippines: Species Richness, Distribution, and Conservation Status Rachel D. Biag1,2* and Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro1,3 1The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas España Blvd., Manila 1015 Philippines 2Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences Cagayan State University Carig Campus Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500 Philippines 3College of Science and Research Centre for the Natural & Applied Sciences University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015 Philippines The Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park (NSMNP) in Isabela, Philippines holds the record of being the widest remaining tropical rainforest on the island of Luzon. However, this park remains underexplored in terms of its flora. A few botanical studies have been conducted but were particularly focused on the general floristic diversity of the area. No botanical studies have been done yet concentrated on a particular plant family. Species conservation and protection could be more resounding if attention is given to a particular group of plants like the very diverse Rubiaceae family. Hence, an initial checklist of Rubiaceae species in NSMNP is provided with accounts in their richness, distribution, and conservation status. The botanical exploration was conducted in April–August 2019 in NSMNP, specifically in the coastal areas – namely, Palanan, Divilacan, and Maconacon – and a non-coastal zone, Cabagan. In total, 52 Rubiaceae species were recorded belonging to 23 genera and representing 15 tribes of the family. The number of species constitutes about 9.72% of the total number of species in the country. The most specious among the tribes belong to Psychotrieae (9), followed by Spermacoceae (8), Naucleeae and Urophylleae (6), and Coffeeae (5). Of these species, 31 are Philippine endemic, while two are considered narrow endemic to the province. As regards their conservation status based on the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) list of threatened species, one was assessed as critically endangered (CR) and another one as endangered (EN). Further, two more species were recognized as highly threatened (HT), being CR species, and two other species were assessed as vulnerable (VU) based on the Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and Their Categories found in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order No. 2017-11. Keywords: angiosperms, biodiversity, botanical survey, conservation, NSMNP *Corresponding Author: [email protected] [email protected] 907 Philippine Journal of Science Biag and Alejandro: Rubiaceae Flora of NSMNP, Vol. 150 No. 3, June 2021 Luzon, Philippines INTRODUCTION Philippines. Based on the very comprehensive global assessment of Rubiaceae by Davis et al. (2009), the The Philippines is one of the world’s major centers of Philippines ranked 10th (number of species = 535) out biodiversity and endemism (Sinha and Heaney 2006; of Rubiaceae's 20 most diverse regions. Moreover, as to Balatibat 2008; BMB 2016; Ani and Castillo 2020). the gross number of endemic Rubiaceae species, it was However, it has received much less attention from the worthy of note that the Philippines was part of the top international conservation community than many other five highest areas (1st – New Guinea, 2nd – Madagascar, countries, which are less biodiverse and with fewer 3rd – the Philippines, 4th – Borneo, 5th – Cuba). Of endemic species (Oliver and Heaney 1996). The country’s the 535 species, 443 (83%) are endemic to the country rich diversity, speciation, and endemicity are due to its (Davis et al. 2009), and an evaluation of the Philippine tropical location, climate patterns, and island effect. On Rubiaceae manifested a total of 80 genera (Alejandro and top of the enormous biological importance of the country Liede 2003), of which six are cultivated which comprises supporting a wide variety of fauna and flora, the high 12.1% of the Rubiaceae genera worldwide. It is also endemicity amongst species, the rate of deforestation, worthy of mentioning that Rubiaceae is just one among and other degrading factors is another reason why the the eudicotyledons flowering plants with the biggest Philippines has still been regarded up to now as one of the number of indigenous species in the Philippines with hottest hotspots and one of the higher priority countries in five endemic genera – namely, Antherostele Bremek., the world for conservation. This is the almost total lack of Greeniopsis Merr., Kanapia Arriola & Alejandro, awareness about the prior factors among the vast majority Sulitia Merr, and Villaria Rolfe (Alejandro and Liede of Filipino people, even within the government and other 2003; Alejandro et al. 2010, 2011; Arriola et al. 2016). decision-making sectors (Sinha and Heaney 2006). Also, Rubiaceae is among the main families of plants The NSMNP found in the Province of Isabela in Northern contributing to the threatened plant list (Fernando et al. Luzon, Philippines, is one of the 17 critical conservation 2008). Ordas et al. (2019) documented in their study priority areas identified by the UNESCO (United Nations several Rubiaceae species assessed as threatened – Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) Greeniopsis discolor Merr., Greeniopsis euphlebia Merr., and the DENR, and one of the country’s ten priority Greeniopsis megalantha Merr., Greeniopsis multiflora protected areas (PAs) (van der Ploeg et al. 2011; DENR (Elmer) Merr., Ixora silagoensis Banag, Manalastas & 2017b). It holds the record of being the widest remaining Alejandro, and Psychotria conglomeratiflora Sohmer tropical rainforest in the Island of Luzon and yet one & Davis, to mention a few. Psydrax puberula Arriola of the least biologically explored areas in the country & Alejandro, Discospermum philippinensis Arriola & (DENR 2017b). In other words, it is just among those Alejandro, and Hedyotis papafranciscoi Alejandro were PAs needing attention. Countable botanical studies have all evaluated as critically endangered species (Arriola been carried out in this national park and are particularly and Alejandro 2013, 2015; Alejandro 2015). Also, focused on the area's general floristic composition. It has Salamanes et al. (2015) assessed Antirhea surigaoensis to be noted that the great botanist and conservationist Salamanes and Alejandro as CR. Leonardo Co made his pioneering works in this park – Since endemicity is evident in this plant family (Alejandro specifically in Palanan, Isabela, where various species and Liede 2003; Banag et al. 2017) and restricted belonging to different plant families were collected and distribution increases the likelihood of extinction of documented (Co et al. 2006). This species list had been species, it is imperative to do floristic studies on those updated by Guingab (2019), but most of the data were affected groups like Rubiaceae. Currently, NSMNP’s still based on the field surveys conducted in the 1990s. rich biodiversity is under severe threat from the local In this study, a total of 241 woody species in 58 families population's extreme poverty, which directly impacts and 118 genera were recorded. The Rubiaceae family its degradation and exploitation of the virgin forest will was found to be one of the most species-rich families be logged over within several years (Guingab 2019). next to Myrtaceae with 21 and 25 species, respectively. This simply means that species could disappear anytime It was until then that no more information about its floral without them being identified yet. We could not afford this diversity had been obtained. thing to happen. More so, that we won’t allow hectares Being the fourth largest family of angiosperms based of threatened species’ habitat to be cleared without any on the number of species and the fifth-largest by the assessments done. Hence, this study is conducted. number of genera (Davis et al. 2009), the Rubiaceae or coffee family is extremely diverse. It calls for a huge number of research studies. Continuous fieldwork and taxonomic studies must be done to explore this plant family's unexplored diversity, especially in the 908 Philippine Journal of Science Biag and Alejandro: Rubiaceae Flora of NSMNP, Vol. 150 No. 3, June 2021 Luzon, Philippines MATERIALS AND METHOD Palanan One of the four coastal areas in the Province of Isabela and situated on 122°9’ to 122°32’ E and 16°50” to 17°10’ Study Areas N in the mid-easternmost part of the province within the Fieldwork was done in one of the most important PAs NSMNP, and it is bound on the east by the Philippine in Luzon, Philippines – the NSMNP. It is located in the Sea. This remote town is generally mountainous and eastern mid part of Isabela Province at geographical grids thickly forested, with a large portion of its land classified between 15° 59’35” to 18° 3’11” N and 121° 17’35” to as rolling to moderately steep (18–30% slope) covering 122° 33’29” E (Figure 1a). The park has a total area of about 57.35% of the area. Its climate falls under Type IV 359,486 ha corresponding geographically with the four of Coronas’ classification, characterized by more or less eastern coastal municipalities of Palanan, Divilacan, even rain distribution throughout the year. The mountain Maconacon, and Dinapigue, and portions of San Mariano, soils are typically categorized as undifferentiated (DENR San Pablo, Cabagan, Tumauini, and Ilagan at the western 2017b). slopes of Sierra Madre. It is bounded on the west by the Cagayan River and on Divilacan the east by the Pacific Ocean. Its elevation ranges from Another coastal area in the northeastern part of Isabela 200–1,844 m above sea level with a slope that is steep to with coordinates 17°20’N 122°18’E. It is also mountainous very steep (DENR 2017b). The municipalities covered like Palanan, and thick natural forests still cover many of by the NSMNP that are surveyed are described below. its flatlands. It is also characterized by the rolling to Figure 1a.
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