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Valuation of NFL Franchises
Valuation of NFL Franchises Author: Sam Hill Advisor: Connel Fullenkamp Acknowledgement: Samuel Veraldi Honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Graduation with Distinction in Economics in Trinity College of Duke University Duke University Durham, North Carolina April 2010 1 Abstract This thesis will focus on the valuation of American professional sports teams, specifically teams in the National Football League (NFL). Its first goal is to analyze the growth rates in the prices paid for NFL teams throughout the history of the league. Second, it will analyze the determinants of franchise value, as represented by transactions involving NFL teams, using a simple ordinary-least-squares regression. It also creates a substantial data set that can provide a basis for future research. 2 Introduction This thesis will focus on the valuation of American professional sports teams, specifically teams in the National Football League (NFL). The finances of the NFL are unparalleled in all of professional sports. According to popular annual rankings published by Forbes Magazine (http://www.Forbes.com/2009/01/13/nfl-cowboys-yankees-biz-media- cx_tvr_0113values.html), NFL teams account for six of the world’s ten most valuable sports franchises, and the NFL is the only league in the world with an average team enterprise value of over $1 billion. In 2008, the combined revenue of the league’s 32 teams was approximately $7.6 billion, the majority of which came from the league’s television deals. Its other primary revenue sources include ticket sales, merchandise sales, and corporate sponsorships. The NFL is also known as the most popular professional sports league in the United States, and it has been at the forefront of innovation in the business of sports. -
The History of the Ohio High School
The All-American Conference 1963-1978 The All-American Conference was the premier Ohio league during its existence. Massillon, Niles McKinley, Canton McKinley, and Warren Harding joined in 1963, with Steubenville in 1966, and Alliance in 1969. In 1979 the conference disbanded, primarily because of the dominance of Massillon. In the 16 years the league existed, Massillon won or tied for Champions 10 times, second 3 times, third 1 time, and fourth 2 times. 1963 – Massillon 2-0-0 1st 1971 – Massillon 3-2-0 3rd 1964 – Massillon 3-0-0 1st 1972 – Massillon 5-0-0 1st 1965 – Massillon 3-0-0 1st 1973 – Massillon 4-1-0 T 1st 1966 – Massillon 1-3-0 T-4th 1974 – Massillon 3-2-0 2nd 1967 – Massillon 4-0-0 1st 1975 – Massillon 3-2-0 2nd 1968 – Massillon 3-2-0 2nd 1976 – Massillon 5-0-0 1st 1969 – Massillon 2-2-1 4th 1977 – Massillon 4-1-0 T 1st 1970 – Massillon 5-0-0 1st 1978 – Massillon 4-0-1 1st The following is a Master’s Thesis by James Rubin (owner of Howards Tiger Rags) written in 1973. This is a partial history of the Conference. THE HISTORY OF THE OHIO HIGH SCHOOL ALL-AMERICAN FOOTBALL CONFERENCE 1963 - 1972 A Problem Presented to The College of Education of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts James Rubin June, 1973 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED ..............................................1 The Problem .........................................................................................................................4 Statement -
Eagles' Team Travel
PRO FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME TEACHER ACTIVITY GUIDE 2019-2020 EDITIOn PHILADELPHIA EAGLES Team History The Eagles have been a Philadelphia institution since their beginning in 1933 when a syndicate headed by the late Bert Bell and Lud Wray purchased the former Frankford Yellowjackets franchise for $2,500. In 1941, a unique swap took place between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh that saw the clubs trade home cities with Alexis Thompson becoming the Eagles owner. In 1943, the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh franchises combined for one season due to the manpower shortage created by World War II. The team was called both Phil-Pitt and the Steagles. Greasy Neale of the Eagles and Walt Kiesling of the Steelers were co-coaches and the team finished 5-4-1. Counting the 1943 season, Neale coached the Eagles for 10 seasons and he led them to their first significant successes in the NFL. Paced by such future Pro Football Hall of Fame members as running back Steve Van Buren, center-linebacker Alex Wojciechowicz, end Pete Pihos and beginning in 1949, center-linebacker Chuck Bednarik, the Eagles dominated the league for six seasons. They finished second in the NFL Eastern division in 1944, 1945 and 1946, won the division title in 1947 and then scored successive shutout victories in the 1948 and 1949 championship games. A rash of injuries ended Philadelphia’s era of domination and, by 1958, the Eagles had fallen to last place in their division. That year, however, saw the start of a rebuilding program by a new coach, Buck Shaw, and the addition of quarterback Norm Van Brocklin in a trade with the Los Angeles Rams. -
Annual Awards
ANNUAL AwARDS Rehan Muttalib ’09 TEAM AwARDS Coach bob blackman trophy Jake crouthamel award Kenneth t. young award To the player, selected To the junior or sopho- To the junior or sopho- by the coaching staff, more offensive player, more defensive player, who has contributed selected by the coaching selected by the coaching most to the success of staff, who has contrib- staff, who has contrib- the team . Gift of L . G . uted most to the success uted most to the success Balfour Company . of the team . Gift of Ken- of the team . Gift of Ken- neth Young ’48 . neth Young ’48 . Ian Wilson, SS Tim McManus, WR Peter Pidermann, FS 2008 Winner 2008 Winner 2008 Winner 1959 Bill Gundy, QB 1972 Rick Klupchak, HB 1978 Cody Press, DB 1960 Alan Rozycki, HB 1973 Tom Snickenberger, QB 1979 Jerry Pierce, LB 1961 Gary Spiess, HB 1974 Reggie Williams, LB 1980 Scott Hacker, LB 1962 Bill King, QB 1975 Pat Sullivan, OG 1981 Joe Moore, DB Don McKinnon, C-LB 1976 Sam Coffey, TB 1982 Steve Karol, LB 1963 Scott Creelman, E 1977 Jeff Hickey, LB 1983 Don Pomeroy, LB 1964 Jack McLean, DB 1978 Jeff Dufresne, TB 1984 Peter Kortebein, LB 1965 Ed Long, E 1979 Dave Shula, SE 1985 Tom Ramsey, DT 1966 Pete Walton, FB 1980 George Thompson, OG 1986 Brett Matthews, DB 1967 Steve Luxford, HB 1981 Wayne Ferree, OT 1987 Paul Michael, LB 1968 Randy Wallick, OE 1982 Jack Daly, WR 1988 Kevin Luensmann, DT 1969 Tom Quinn, HB 1983 Rich Weissman, TB 1989 Peter Chapman, DT 1970 John Short, HB 1984 Doug Keare, TE 1990 Sal Sciretto, DB 1971 Stuart Simms, FB 1985 Dave Gabianelli, QB Harry -
1920 Akron Pros Ken Crippen
Building a Champion: 1920 Akron Pros Ken Crippen BUILDING A CHAMPION: 1920 AKRON PROS By Ken Crippen It’s time to dig deep into the archives to talk about the first National Football League (NFL) champion. In fact, the 1920 Akron Pros were champions before the NFL was called the NFL. In 1920, the American Professional Football Association was formed and started play. Currently, fourteen teams are included in the league standings, but it is unclear as to how many were official members of the Association. Different from today’s game, the champion was not determined on the field, but during a vote at a league meeting. Championship games did not start until 1932. Also, there were no set schedules. Teams could extend their season in order to try and gain wins to influence voting the following spring. These late-season games were usually against lesser opponents in order to pad their win totals. To discuss the Akron Pros, we must first travel back to the century’s first decade. Starting in 1908 as the semi-pro Akron Indians, the team immediately took the city championship and stayed as consistently one of the best teams in the area. In 1912, “Peggy” Parratt was brought in to coach the team. George Watson “Peggy” Parratt was a three-time All-Ohio football player for Case Western University. While in college, he played professionally for the 1905 Shelby Blues under the name “Jimmy Murphy,” in order to preserve his amateur status. It only lasted a few weeks until local reporters discovered that it was Parratt on the field for the Blues. -
1925:Red Equals Green
The Professional Football Researchers Association Red Equals Green 1925 By Bob Carroll In Joe Carr's Master Plan, the National Football League would rid independently since 1915 and were better prepared for the NFL itself of lesser municipalities like Evansville, Hammond, Green Bay, than any team in Boston, a city Carr might have preferred. even his own Columbus, and play exclusively in the nation's largest cities. He'd gained a Philadelphia team in 1924 (although Frankford Carr also brought Detroit back into the league under the actually played in a suburb). Chicago had the Bears and Cardinals. management of Jimmy Conzelman. Although it was never stated Cleveland was the league champ. It was time to get serious about officially, Conzelman apparently got a free ride on the guarantee New York. fee and did not even have to put up the $500 franchise fee. The situation had improved in Gotham. A new law on the books Something similar was done about Canton. The home of the made it legal to play pro football on Sundays. Carr approached original Bulldogs was not on Carr's "must" list, but it had promoter Billy Gibson, who'd had a stake in the 1921 Brickley sentimental support as well as some very vocal fans. A new team Giants. Gibson wasn't interested in going it alone, but he knew was set up to be run by some of the old Bulldog players. Wilbur someone who was, and he sent Carr to see Tim Mara, a New York Henry and Harry Robb came back from Pennsylvania, and Sam bookmaker. -
NFL 1926 in Theory & Practice
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 24, No. 3 (2002) One division, no playoffs, no championship game. Was there ANY organization to pro football before 1933? Forget the official history for a moment, put on your leather thinking cap, and consider the possibilities of NFL 1926 in Theory and Practice By Mark L. Ford 1926 and 2001 The year 1926 makes an interesting study. For one thing, it was 75 years earlier than the just completed season. More importantly, 1926, like 2001, saw thirty-one pro football teams in competition. The NFL had a record 22 clubs, and Red Grange’s manager had organized the new 9 team American Football League. Besides the Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers and New York Giants, and the Cardinals (who would not move from Chicago until 1959), there were other team names that would be familiar today – Buccaneers (Los Angeles), Lions (Brooklyn), Cowboys (Kansas City) and Panthers (Detroit). The AFL created rivals in major cities, with American League Yankees to match the National League Giants, a pre-NBA Chicago Bulls to match the Bears, Philadelphia Quakers against the Philly-suburb Frankford Yellowjackets, a Brooklyn rival formed around the two of the Four Horsemen turned pro, and another “Los Angeles” team. The official summary of 1926 might look chaotic and unorganized – 22 teams grouped in one division in a hodgepodge of large cities and small towns, and is summarized as “Frankford, Chicago Bears, Pottsville, Kansas City, Green Bay, Los Angeles, New York, Duluth, Buffalo, Chicago Cardinals, Providence, Detroit, Hartford, Brooklyn, Milwaukee, Akron, Dayton, Racine, Columbus, Canton, Hammond, Louisville”. -
Football Facts and Figures Activity Guide 2017-2018 Pro Football Hall of Fame 2017-2018 Educational Outreach Program Football Facts and Figures Table of Contents
Pro Football Hall of Fame Youth & Education Football Facts and Figures Activity Guide 2017-2018 Pro Football Hall of Fame 2017-2018 Educational Outreach Program Football Facts and Figures Table of Contents Lesson Page(s) Canton, Ohio and the National Football League FF 1 Who Was Jim Thorpe? FF 2 Gridiron Terminology FF 3 National Football League FF 4-5 2017 Team Colors FF 6 Football Facts FF 7 2017 NFL Schedule FF 8-9 Football Bingo FF 10-11 Touchdown Trivia FF 12 Answer Key FF 13 Football Facts and Figures Canton, Ohio and the National Football League ach year, approximately 250,000 fans from all over the world visit the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The museum’s guest register reveals that in a year’s time, visitors come from all fifty Estates and from sixty to seventy foreign countries. Many wonder why the Hall of Fame is located in this small northeast Ohio city. Often, museums are built in locations that have historical significance to their subject matter. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is no exception. Canton’s ties to pro football began long before the Hall of Fame was built in 1963. On September 17, 1920, a meeting was held in an automobile showroom in downtown Canton. It was at this time that the American Professional Football Association was formed. Two years later, the league changed its name to the National Football League. Today, fans follow teams like the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers, and the Miami Dolphins. But, in 1920, none of those teams existed. -
The Rock Island Independents
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 5, No. 3 (1983) THE ROCK ISLAND INDEPENDENTS By Bob Braunwart & Bob Carroll On an October Sunday afternoon in 1921, the Chicago Cardinals held a 7-0 lead after the first quarter at Normal Park on the strength of Paddy Driscoll's 75-year punt return for a touchdown and his subsequent extra point. If there was a downside for the 4,000 assembled Cardinal fans, it was the lackluster performance of the visitors from across state--The Rock Island Independents. But the Independents were not dead. As a matter of fact, their second quarter was to be quite exciting--and certainly one of the most important sessions in the life of their young halfback, Jim Conzelman. It would be nice if we only knew in what order the three crucial events of that second quarter occurred, but newspaper accounts are unclear and personal recollections are vague. Certain it is that the Islanders ruched the ball down the field to the Chicago five. At that point, Quarterback Sid Nichols lofted a short pass to Conzelman in the end zone. After Jim tied the score with a nice kick, the teams lined up to start all over. At the kickoff, Conzelman was down the field like a shot--the Cardinals were to insist he was offsides. Before any Chicagoan could lay hand on the ball, Jim grasped it and zipped unmolested across the goal line. Another kick brought the score to 14-7, as it was to remain through the second half. The third event of that fateful second quarter was the most unusual, but whether it happened before Conzelman's heroics to inspire him or after them to reward him is something we'll probably never know. -
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 2, No. 8 (1980)
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 2, No. 8 (1980) HAPPY BIRTHDAY NFL? by P.F.R.A. Research On September 17 of this year the National Football League will celebrate its 61st (ed. note: 79th as of 1998) birthday, but some new information uncovered by a P.F.R.A. research team indicates the celebration may be a bit belated. By the time mid- September rolls around, the NFL might actually be closer to 61 years and one month old. As most fans know, the NFL has for many years regarded a meeting in Ralph E. Hay's Hupmobile showroom in Canton, Ohio, as its initial organizational meeting. That get- together -- held on Friday evening, September 17, 1920 -- has been described by nearly every writer who ever penned a book on pro football, how Hay, Jim Thorpe, George Halas, Leo Lyons and eight or ten other pioneers sat around on the cars' running boards, drank beer from buckets hung over the fenders, and created in a few hours' time the first pro football league. The minutes of that meeting have been reprinted many times, and a bronze copy hangs on the wall at the Pro Football Hall of Fame. (See the facsimile at end of this article.) In summary, the following business was transacted: 1. A name -- American Professional Football Association -- was chosen. 2. Officers were elected. 3. A $100 membership fee was set (but Halas is witness that no money changed hands). 4. A committee to draft a constitution was named. 5. The secretary was to receive a list of all players used during the season by Jan. -
How to Get from Dayton to Indianapolis by Way of Brooklyn, Boston, New York, Dallas, Hershey and Baltimore
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 17, No. 5 (1995) HOW TO GET FROM DAYTON TO INDIANAPOLIS BY WAY OF BROOKLYN, BOSTON, NEW YORK, DALLAS, HERSHEY AND BALTIMORE By Bob Carroll Originally published in Ragtyme Sports Once upon a time -- well, in March of 1995, to be exact -- Ragtyme Sports published Rick Hines' story on Y.A. Tittle, one of my all-time favorite bald quarterbacks. Maybe I enjoyed reminiscing about Y.A. too much because I read right past an error in the article without noticing it, an error that has since given rise to a series of letter-to-the-editor corrections that may have simply confused the issue further. To remind everybody, what Rick wrote was "... the [Baltimore] Colts were one of four AAFC teams taken in by the NFL. The other teams from the defunct AAFC to merge with the NFL were the [Cleveland] Browns, New York Yankees and San Francisco 49ers." The question seems simple enough: which teams and how many of them from the old All-America Football Conference (1946-1949) were taken into the the National Football League in 1950? What Rick wrote was wrong. But also it was sort of right, as I will explain later. Eric Minde, a reader who knows his AAFC potatoes (as my sainted grandpa used to say}, jumped all over Rick. In Issue 4, Eric said: "... the article about Y.A. Tittle identifies the New York Yankees as an AAFC team that transferred to the NFL -- this is also wrong! The New York Yankees folded with the AAFC -- it was the Boston Yanks already in the NFL before the AAFC came into existence that became the New York Bulldogs, then later renamed the New York Yanks." This is right as far as it goes. -
VOL. 31, No. 1 2009
VOL. 31, No. 1 2009 PFRA-ternizing 2 PFRA Committees 3 Seasons in the Sun 4 Left Wingers 9 Horses, Trucks, and Rockets 12 Hanford Dixon 16 Under Friday Night Lights 18 2009 Necrology 21 Classifieds 24 THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 31, No. 1 (2009) 2 couldn’t get work illustrating the phone book’s PFRA-ternizing white pages.) ATTN: READERS OF OUR WEBSITE The player’s drawings are 3” X 4.5” with one, two, or sometimes four on a page. If you can We are looking for people to help with the receive an attachment in Microsoft Word, PFRA website. We have over 1,200 articles you’ll know how to increase or decrease the from thirty years of Coffin Corner. We would size of the drawing. You can have your like people to write a sentence or two on each favorite big enough to be a pin up or small as article. Something that we can add that is a postage stamp. more than just the title and the author. The intent of this project is to give readers a better understanding of the content of the article before they open the file. For example, in the very first issue of Coffin Corner, there is an article titled, “The First All-Star Game.” We would like to expand on the article. A description as follows would be beneficial to the reader, “Five years after the first recognized pro game, an All-Star team was selected and played the Pittsburgh champs.” If you are interested in helping with this project or have any comments on the PFRA website, please contact Ken Crippen at: [email protected] (215) 421-6994 * * * * FREE DRAWINGS! For thirty years, the illustrations for the Coffin Corner have been drawings, not photos.