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Bangladesh Is One of the Largest Muslim Countries in The angladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world. In spite of Miaji Baten Abdel political turmoil, frequent natural disasters and widespread corruption it has, in less than four decades after its birth as an independent state, Bgained visible success in human development – especially the education of women and girls, family planning and health, and microcredit to the poor. BDEL ATEN IAJI As a Muslim country it has strong patriarchal social norms and cultural legacies A B M that are predominantly derived from Hinduism. In general, most of the population is religious and devoted to a life of piety. On the one hand, the lives of women are affected by the prevailing patriarchy, religious practices, social and cultural norms. On the other hand, women are also influenced by the conscious interventions of the government, NGOs and microcredit institutions. In recent decades, the status of women has changed drastically from limited movement inside the four walls of the home to a dominant presence in the labour-market, small businesses, careers in media and private sectors, participation in local as well as national politics, and a greater role in household decisionmaking. The country has a long tradition of Sufi orders which hold reasonably sympathetic outlooks towards women. However, in recent years, Bangladesh has been deeply in Bangladesh Women Rural influenced by Deobandi-cum-Wahhabi Islam with Salafi ideology. This ideology has been propagated through countrywide qaomi madrassahs and Jamaat-e-Islami’s devotional activities that are combined with economic, theological, and moral RURAL WOMEN IN BANGLADESH support from Middle Eastern societies. Since the beginning of 1990s, religious THE LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN AND THE RELATIONSHIP militancy, in the name of the Puriterian movement with the slogan “return to the origin”, has increased drastically. This has resulted in countrywide terrorist BETWEEN NGOS AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS activities, demonstrations against development programmes by the Grameen Bank and other NGOs, misogynous activities including attacks on women and organizers involved with NGOs, and the denial of secular laws resulting in numerous attacks on public premises and holy shrines of Muslim saints. This study thus provides an analytical discussion on the status of rural women in Bangladesh focusing on the legal status, religious practices, and patriarchal social norms in a new era of economic freedom created by microcredit programmes and government policies. It also analyses the conflict and debate about women and development activities between NGOs and the Islamist groups. LUND STUDIES IN HISTORY OF RELIGIONS VOLUME 26 ISBN: 978-91-628-8052-1 ISSN: 1103-4882 26 Abdel Baten Miaji Rural Women in Bangladesh The Legal Status of Women and the Relationship between NGOs and Religious Groups i Abdel Baten Miaji Rural Women in Bangladesh The Legal Status of Women and the Relationship between NGOs and Religious Groups Lund Studies in History of Religions General Editor Tord Olsson Volume 26 iii Religionshistoriska avdelningen, CTR, Lunds universitet Lund iv © Abdel Baten Miaji 2010 Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund University ISBN: 978-91-628-8052-1 Lund 2010 v To my baba and to the sweetest memories of my dearly departed ma who, when she was with us, inspired me with invaluable principles in all aspects of life. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS How many roads must a man walk down Before you call him a man? Yes, ‘n’ how many seas must a white dove sail Before she sleeps in the sand? (…) The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the wind, The answer is blowin’ in the wind. — Blowin’ In The Wind—by Bob Dylan When I listened for the first time to the Bengali version of this famous song, I became fond of it and searched for the original version. I guess everybody is equally moved as I am by the words that have a universal expression of the struggle to reach a target. The endeavour of achieving a goal applies equally to everyone: the women in rural Bangladesh, to me and to anybody. This work is a small effort but many of my dearest and nearest have greatly helped me and without their close cooperation and help it would not have been possible for me to complete it. First of all, I like to express my gratitude to my family for their abundant support and inspiration: my father Hazi Sultan Miaji and my dear departed mother Zohra Miaji who died on 9 December 2003 in my presence, my sisters Noor Jahan, Amirun Nessa and Hazera Ali, and my brothers Mostafa Kamal and Rafiqul Islam. My young daughter Zahra and her mother Farhana have also given me enormous support and cooperation, especially my daughter who, with her childish games of ridhäst, “riding horse”, for example, habitually recharged me when I became jaded. I would like to express my profound thanks and gratitude to my first supervisor Professor Jan Hjärpe who, with his boundless knowledge on the Islamic world and pedagogic academic performance, guided me through all these years. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Dr. Leif Stenberg who has provided inspiration in all possible ways to enable me to complete this dissertation, repeatedly read my raw texts and finally made it all possible for me. I am similarly indebted to Dr. Ann Kull and Dr. Jonas Otterbeck, my colleagues and friends who have, since my coming to Lund, helped me enormously. My colleagues and friends at the Islamology seminars have made valuable comments and helped me personally and although the list is long I must mention a few of them: Dr. Alia Ahmad, Prof. Tord Olsson, Dr. Philip Halldén, Dr. Jonas Svensson, Ahmed Gholam, Simon Stjernholm, Dr. Torsten Janson, Dr. Mats Bergenhorn, Ask Gasi, Richard Lagervall, Anders Ackfeldt, Frida M. Önnerfors, Hege I. Markussen, Johan Cato, Dr. Kristina Myrvold, Armin Dannenberger, Åsa Trulsson, Arne Nykvist, Bo Karlsson, Peter Korlén, Sumana Ratnayaka and many others. I would also like to thank Ingvar Bolmsten, Marcus Lecaros, Leif Lindin, Kerstin Bjärming and Ann- Louise Svensson for supplying their institutional help whenever it was needed. viii My special thanks go to Dr. Staffan Lindberg for his advice and valuable comments on my final text. A big salute and gratitude from the deepest of my heart goes to M. A. Bari (AGRO) who aided me on the first step of this long journey with his expansive moral and practical support. During my fieldworks many friends and well-wishers have given me support, advice and their valuable time: my uncle EBL Senior Asst. Vice President cum Senior Manager Abdus Sattar, ex-Secretary Muhammad Faizullah, ex-Secretary M Sharifullah, Brg. (Retd.) Sharif Aziz, Kazi Sultan, BOU Asstt. Reg. Dir. TM Ahmed Hussain, Prof. Shafiullah Sarkar, Shamsuddin Ahmed, Prof. Giasudding Ahmed, Munshi Sukkur Ali, A. Awaal Master, ex-Asstt. Dir. A. Sattar, Agr. Officer Zahirul Islam, Asstt. Dir. Shahjahan Miah, PSC Official Sirajul Islam, Asstt. Dir. Mujibur Rahman Sarkar, Musharrof Hussain, ATM Neyamul Haq (Sawpon), M. Habibur Rahman (USA), Selim M. Jahangir (SP), Bashir Ahmed, Sarkar Musfequl Arefin, Hannan Miah, Solaiman Sarkar Mamun, Dilruba Yeasmin, Hafez Hussain, Hafez Humayun, Zillur R. Siddiqui, Rezaul Kabeer, Shaheen, Bayezid Dawla, Selim Sarkar, Azharul Islam, Jasim Sarkar, Hanif Miah, Abul Bashar, Abdul Gaffar, Nazrul Islam, Abdullah al-Mamun, Hasina Akter, Riazul Islam, Wahid Talukdar, Zakir Hussain, M. Faruq, Mohsin, Monsur Kamal, M. Yusuf, Lovely Begum and many others. Last but not least, many friends and families living in Sweden have come forward with their support and cooperation in many aspects. The Samuelsson family comprising of Sven, Yvonne, Gerd and Britta should be named with special gratitude having provided me with a homely environment far from my homeland and astounding me with their kindness. A few others, including their family members, should also be mentioned with due respect: Dr. Ali Khan, Lena Khan, Tayeb Husain, late Gunilla, SASNET Deputy Dir. Lars Eklund, Bubu Munshi, Asst. Prof. Mashiur Rahman, Omar Faruq, Forruque Ahmed, Zakir Hussain, Parvin bhabi, Sheruzzaman Khan, Monjurul Hassan, Hasib Talukder, Shafiqul Khan, Lars Olofsson, Farhad, Kochi, Ylva and Johansson family, Josefine and Jonason family, Dr. Farhad Ali Khan, Dr. M. Asaduzzaman, Shanta bhabi, Wahid Ashrati, M. Aminul Haque Piar, Nasrin bhabi, Jan Amirul Kramle, Shahjahan K. Chowdhury, Bulu apa, Kawser bhai, Taslim Uddin, Milladur Rahman, MAR Chowdhury, Atikur R. Chowdhury, Abud Darda, Naser Abu Faisal, Imtiaz Reza, Oli Ahad, Jamal Ahmed, Fatema bhabi, Naim U. Khan, Foqrul M. Alam, MD. Akramuzzaman, Eng. Shaheda Tahmina, Najmun Nahar, Gholam Rahman, Hamidur Rahman, Manik Miah, Nazma bhabi, Hassan Zahid, Shohrab H. Khan, Rafiqul Islam, M. Aminur Rahman, Mahmudul Hasan, Asif Basar, Rezaul Karim Jwell, Salim, M. Haque Bahar, M. Sarwar Chowdhury, Gunilla & Thas, Shahtab H. Prodhan, Alif Arman, Israt Jahan and many more. Abdel Baten Miaji Lund, March 2010 ix ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS AL Bangladesh Awami League ASK Ain O Shalish Kendra ADB Asian Development Bank ADAB Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh ASA Association for Social Advancement BCS Bangladesh Civil Services BIDS Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CSO Civil Society Organization CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Form of Discriminations against Women DC District Commissioner FCO Family Court Ordinance FNB Federation of the NGOs in Bangladesh GB Grameen
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