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MANAGING MICRO ENTERPRISES BY WOMEN SELF HELP GROUPS: A STUDY IN DISTRICT OF () V.M. Rao1

Background

Late Shriram Ahirrao Memorial Trust, Dhule (Maharashtra) was started in 1986 with a view to find out root causes, treatment, and rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS victims. Area of operation of the trust is spread over Dhule, Nandurbar, and Nasik districts. The trust has qualified doctors and staff for treatment, and counseling and rehabilitation centres. It has tie up with local civil hospital who advices patients to be admitted in trust’s rehabilitation centres.

Treatment is provided to patients under close supervision and monitoring of district administration. It has implemented number of programmes in this direction. Trust has also been involved in organizing self-help groups, linking groups with banks, providing capacity building measures, and helping women to take up micro-enterprises.

Objective An attempt is made in this article to analyze working of women self-help groups (SHGs) organized by Late Shriram Ahirrao Memorial Trust and their impact on women beneficiaries.

Methodology Trust has organized 88 SHGs with a membership of 640 spread over 35 villages2. Analysis is based on 160 women members drawn from 22 groups located in Sindhkhed block (Dhule).

Multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select groups and respondents.

Data were collected through pre-tested schedules during January-March 2011 and simple

1 Professor and HoC, Centre for Research and Publications, Vaikunth Mehta National Institute of Cooperative Management, University Road, 411007, email: [email protected]

2 Though activities taken up by these groups varied substantially across space, there is no dormancy.

statistical tools were used for analysis. Based on the involvement of members in group’s activities, they were divided into ‘internally’ and ‘externally’ managed and comparisons are made accordingly.

Treatment to HIV/AIDS3 patients A baseline survey was done by the trust to combat HIV/AIDS on highway (NH 3). The entire baseline survey focused on identifying different spots on highway, where generally truckers rest and also seek entertainment. This was mainly done because at such points truckers not only look for food and rest, but also for commercial sex workers. Accordingly, data were collected and documented so that it could be used for future work. It was found that within a patch of 100 kilometers, 462 points, hotels, and dhabas (road side hotels) existed.

Maharashtra state AIDS control society, sanctioned a sexually transmitted infections clinic at village Songir (Mumbai- highway, N.H.3) in 1998, and at Awadhan on the same highway in 2003. These two centers have been providing clinical services at various dhabas, petrol pumps, etc. on the highway. Further, Trust has been arranging a flag march with "Chitra

Rath" (float presentation) displaying posters and other educative audio-visual literature regarding the HIV/AIDS during AIDS week. Besides above, the trust also organizes various training and awareness programmes on HIV/AIDS including workshops for private medical practitioners, representatives of village level organizations, women, college students, dhaba

3 Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a global health problem of unprecedented dimension. Unknown around thirty years ago, HIV/AIDS has already caused an estimated 25 million deaths worldwide and has generated profound demographic changes in the most heavily affected countries. There are two challenges facing almost entire affected nations. First is to address fundamental, health related, and social (gender inequality) and economic (poverty and income and asset inequality) factors which have created ideal conditions within which HIV can be transmitted. Second is to seek to create a national awareness of the risk that HIV/AIDS poses.

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workers, transport workers, like drivers, cleaners etc., mill workers in industrial areas, de- addiction, etc.

Keeping in view of its contribution, AVERT (Mumbai) has given financial support during

2003-06 for conducting a Community Care Center (CCC) for the effective follow-up program for HIV affected patents. Many village level functionaries like Community Based

Organizations (CBO), Non governmental Organizations (NGO), private medical practitioners etc. receive help in registration and treatment of patients in these centers, and in other STI clinics on highway.

Community care centres Affected persons are admitted for a period of 15 days in the CCC for treating potential diseases, providing nutrition, inculcating yoga, meditation, and several other mind therapies for leading a life with a positive mindset. Even relatives of affected persons are counseled by counselors for accepting the reality. The basic objective is to provide treatment for opportunistic infections, assisting people living with HIV aids to cope up with HIV/AIDS, ensuring better quality of life within the family and community, as well as providing psychosocial support to cope up with physical stress and mental agony.

Besides above, the trust is also involved in organizing women in to self help groups, arranging capacity building, linking SHGs with banks, imparting training on micro-enterprises, and marketing. An attempt is made in the following sections to analyze performance of SHGs organized by the trust and its impact on beneficiaries.

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Self help groups SHG is an informal group of 10-20 people from homogenous (in terms of socio-economic conditions and levels of living) class who come together voluntarily for addressing common problems. Members are encouraged to make voluntary thrift on a regular basis which is used to make small interest bearing loans. It crates an ethics that focuses on savings. The process helps in imbibing essentials of financial intermediation including prioritization of needs, setting terms, and conditions and keeping books of accounts. It also builds financial discipline and credit history which encourages banks to lend to them in certain multiplies of their own savings and without any demand for collateral security. Cultivating habit of regular savings and ability to access them when required through credit not only reduces vulnerability of livelihood base of poor and their dependence, it also enhances human development.

Working of SHGs An overview of selected SHGs is provided in Table 1. These groups, on an average, completed 4 and ½ years with a membership of 13/group. It was noticed that banks are located

10-12 kms. away from the villages and thus women are put to difficulty in approaching financial institutions. In general, women from ‘internally’ managed groups are well educated, recovery is more, involved in various community activities, took up micro enterprises on larger scale, leadership is rotated, regularity in meetings, maintained up-to-date books of accounts, pro-active, and involved themselves in social and cultural activities. Thus, women from internally managed groups are better of compared to their counter parts in externally managed groups.

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As indicated above, these members collected regular savings and used the same for internal lending. Purposes, amount, duration, rate of interest, etc. are decided by the members themselves. Depending upon the priority, women sanctioned loans for the neediest members without collateral security. Peer pressure acted as collateral. Loan (small and big), amounts sanctioned and per capital amount are provided in Table 2. Internally managed groups, on an average, sanctioned 126 small loans during the last 4 and ½ years and distributed Rs. 2.19 lakhs and 192 big loans amounting to Rs. 12.40 lakhs. In all, 318 loans comprising Rs. 14.58 lakhs were distributed. Each member, on an average, received 5.7 loans with a per capita loan amount of Rs. 26041. Loans varied between Rs. 1000-Rs. 24000. Externally managed groups, on the whole, sanctioned less number of loans with lower per capita loan amount.

Recovery performance during 2007-11 revealed excellent results in both the groups, though performance is much better in internally managed groups. It is to be mentioned here that the recovery performance in cooperative credit institutions is just over 40% while groups reported over 92%. On any standards, this is an important achievement of the groups.

Livelihood Livelihood means supporting one’s existence, especially financially or voluntarily. A person’s livelihood refers to means of securing necessaries of life. It has been defined by several scholars (Chamber, 1989, Redelift, 1990, Chamber and Convey, 1992, Long, 1997, Complain,

1998, Ellis, 2000, and Huq, 2000) as an adequate flow of resources (both cash and kind) to meet basic needs of the people, access to social institutions relating to kinship, family and neighborhood, village and gender bias free property rights required to support and sustain a given standard of living. This may involve information, cultural knowledge, social networks

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and legal rights as well as tools, land and other physical resources’. The livelihood systems are made up of very diverse elements which-taken together-constitute physical, economic, social and cultural universe where in the families live (as quoted in Hiremath, 2007).

Livelihood (a person’s economic activity) is important to SHGs. The loans that SHG members receive are intended to improve their livelihoods so that they can receive greater and steadier cash flows. In rural areas, livelihoods range from agriculture, animal husbandry, dairy, petty shops, vegetable vending, bangle shop, crockery, etc. Experience has shown that SHGs have had improved livelihoods to the extent of providing leveraging needed to start an enterprise.

The support of livelihoods is increasingly being seen as an important area related to micro finance. The need for livelihood support is critical to SHGs development as livelihoods are typically financed by loans that members receive from the SHG. Increase in income is an obvious indicator of improved livelihoods.

Utilization of loans has been taken as an indicator to measure impact on livelihoods.

Depending on quantum of amount borrowed, loans so availed were categorized as small and big. Food items, agriculture, education, social functions, journeys, health, dresses and recreation were included under small loans. They are more of consumption loans. On the other hand, big loans are investment loans. They included milch animals, agriculture, digging well, construction of cattle shed, construction of and repairs to house, purchase of auto, small business, etc. Small loans constituted, on the whole, 15% of the total loans while 85% of the loans were big loans (Tables 3 and 4).

Ideally, a borrower should avail small loans for consumption purpose in the beginning and graduate to bigger loans for production purpose. Interestingly, respondents in the study area

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followed the logic. Over 60% of the big loans were utilized for purchase of milch animals

(cows and buffaloes). There is a big market for milk in the area. Number of private traders from Dhule, as also Nandurbar operates in the region. They provide remunerative prices for milk on regular basis. Payment is made on the basis of quality (fat and SNF). These private traders also give advances for purchase of animals, and other agricultural purposes. As a result, members from various groups purchased cows and buffaloes. The only constraint is fodders

(both green and dry).

Grading of SHGs is done by NGOs, banks, and donor agencies. Each NGO has developed its own parameters and weightages for grading SHGs. Grading methodology developed by

Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad is made use of in the study (Table 5). Indicators like monthly meetings, attendance, book keeping, management of small and big loans and recovery were given weightage of 10 marks each while the rest were given 5 marks each. On the basis of marks obtained, groups having 75 marks and more were categorized as A grade, 60-74 marks has B grade, and groups obtained below 60 marks are put in C grade. As expected, internally managed groups obtained 77 marks out of

100 while externally managed groups received 58 marks. Thus, internally managed groups can be categorized as audit grade A, while externally managed groups belong to C grade. Success of the internally managed groups can be attributed to ownership and governance, economic viability, democratic and good management while members of the externally managed groups are in-active, passive and dependent on outsiders for day to day management.

Poor save, not out of surplus of income, but by cutting down some expenditure. Savings are an essential feature of all SHGs, creating pool of funds for loaning to members, and also serving

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as basis to attract additional funds from financial institutions. Several studies have shown that savings reduce vulnerability since they provide them with credit during periods when income is low. Such periods occur just before onset of monsoons and or crop failures. It is during these periods that they have to depend on moneylenders whose terms and conditions ensure that they are in perpetuating debt. Rural people generally do not have steady monthly incomes.

Based on the regularity in savings and the necessity, group members sanctioned internal loans for a variety of purposes (Table 6). It is clear from the table that majority of the member’s availed loans for purchase of milch animals followed by agriculture. There are not many variations in purpose-wise loans availed between internally and externally managed groups.

Priority, quantum of loan, duration of repayment, rate of interest, penalty for default, etc. are determined voluntarily by the group members. These norms are not only determined but also implemented; more so in internally managed groups. In terms of repayment too, members of the internally managed groups out performed their counter parts. Over 8% of the members are defaulters in externally managed groups (Table 7).

Members were asked to indicate the most important impact4 by SHGs (Table 8). In all, 14 factors were indicted by the respondents. Awareness about micro enterprises came out to be major impact among members of both categories. Awareness about training programmes is another advantage of joining groups. However, its importance is felt relatively more in

4 Swain and Verghese (2011) criticized recent works on measurement of impact of SHGs. The authors explained biases that result from such assessments. Using survey data, it was shown that such methodologies yield results that misstate. The authors proposed an alternative methodology, the pipeline method, to improve upon these studies. The results indicated that participation in SHGs has an impact on assets, livestock, income and salary. However, traditional approach is used keeping in view of its simplicity. 8

externally managed groups. Role in decision making and managerial abilities are the other important impacts mentioned by the women members. Marginal variations in relative importance can be noticed from the table. Moving independently, managing the group, importance of health, participation in democratic institutions, empowerment, self confidence, etc. were also mentioned as the impact of SHGs.

Profiles in empowerment An attempt is made to document few success stories and names were changed to conceal identity. Mrs. Rupali Rajendra Borse is from a poor family and joined Ambikamata Mahila

Bachat Gat, Chirne. Mrs. Rupali’s native place is about 100kms from Chirne. She has a brother and sister. Her father has a grocery shop and thus Rupali has business orientation. Her husband is a labour and has 0.5 acre barren land. They cultivated cotton during kharif season and earned an income of Rs. 500. During last 4 ½ years, she availed 5 loans from the group.

Her loan profile is provided in Table 9.

It is clear from the Table that people need several cycles of loan to overcome poverty and that some of these loans may be ‘non-productive’ in nature but are an essential part of the process to climb up the socio-economic ladder. Thus, if a leaking roof is not repaired the income earning produce stored under it will be destroyed; if a broken leg is not treated immediately, labourer may never be able to work productively again; if land pledged to a moneylender is not redeemed, land itself may be lost forever, if a social event is not appropriately celebrated, friends and relatives may become unavailable in time of need. The varieties of purposes for which loans are given by SHGs indicate that SHGs are able to meet this need.

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Initially, Mrs. Rupali availed loan during drought year for purchase of food grains which was promptly repaid on time. In the same year, she also took another loan for admitting her daughter in junior college. Subsequently, Mrs. Rupali purchased two buffaloes from loans availed from the group. At the moment she has 3 buffaloes, 2 heifers and a calf valued at Rs.

1.50 lakhs. As result, Rupali’s income has substantially improved. She is very happy to have been member of the group and also wanted another loan for construction of house. She has lot of confidence and communication skills improved substantially. Apart from taking up micro enterprises, these group members undertook tree plantation and organized international women’s day. They were also instrumental in eliminating, to some extent, smoking and drinking in the village.

Rajmata Mahila Bachat Gat, Chandgad is another successful SHG. It has eleven members, all belonging to below poverty line category and group lending has helped members take up a number of income generating activities. In addition to their own savings, SHG has taken loan of Rs. 25000 of which Rs. 15000 is loan and Rs. 10000 is subsidy from District Rural

Development Agency (DRDA). Members divided the amount equally and utilized for various purposes. Subsequently, loan amount with interest was repaid. Group also received Rs.

200000 loan of which Rs. 1.10 lakh was subsidy and Rs. 90000 was loan on 19.7.2009. Thus, each member got Rs. 18180. All the members, without fail, contributed from own savings and purchased buffaloes. Their repayment has been regular and most of them are paying even in advance.

Mrs. Chandan Magan Koli also purchased buffalo giving 7 liters a day. She has been getting around Rs. 2000 thrice a month (Rs. 6000/month). Major constraint faced by women is costly

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fodders (both green and dry), concentrates, water, veterinary facility, etc. On an average, they spend Rs. 150 in maintaining buffalo (Rs. 70 toward dry fodder, Rs. 50 towards concentrates, and remaining for green fodder). The group helped in increasing their incomes and social status. They have mobility and their communication skills have improved substantially.

Women have control over money earned and their views are respected both in the house and community.

Further, this group has raised its voice against alcoholism, dowry and child marriage. Looking beyond the needs of its own members, it has also organized veterinary camps where all villagers bought their animals for treatment. Its most important community contribution has been in resolving drinking water problems in the village. The group contributed Rs. 5000 from its own funds for repairing the old bore-well enabling villagers’ adequate drinking water supply.

Further, respondents felt that it is beneficial to have women in the decision-making forums, as this would facilitate representation of matters concerning them which otherwise are forgotten in the meetings. They develop motivation that can lead to a stronger personal identity and self worth. It gave members new opportunities for achieving self-growth, increasing self–esteem, contributing to the community and acquiring a sense of purpose. They were thrilled about their newly acquired powers. Women who had so far been hesitant and shy have slowly shed their inhibitions/reservations and stepped out of the four walls of their homes to acquire an individuality of their own. They developed a sense of self worth as they understood that self empowerment comes from within.

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To sum up, lending to women improved their status within family and community. Women have become more assertive and confident. They are more visible and better able to negotiate in public sphere and playing stronger roles in decision making. SHGs helped them to become economically, socially, and politically empowered. Active participation, flexibility in working, non-interference, congenial environment, and capacity building are important factors to success. On the whole, members are happy with working of groups.

Summary Success of the ‘internally’ managed groups is attributed to ownership and governance, economic viability, democratic and good management while members of ‘externally’ managed groups are in-active and passive. Trust has a major role in identification of active members, providing required training and motivation so as convert ‘externally’ managed groups into

‘internally’ managed ones. On the whole, SHGs succeeded in increasing incomes, perceptions, communication skills, self-esteem, and leadership qualities leading to empowerment. There is a need for organizing dairy cooperatives, giving emphasis on capacity building measures, and supply of inputs (green and dry fodders, concentrates, veterinary health care, etc) so as to benefit members on a larger scale and keep activity sustainable.

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References

Chamber, R. (1989), Editorial introduction: vulnerability, coping and policy, IDS Bulletin, 2 (2): 1-7.

Chamber, R. and G. Convey (1992), Substantial rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century, Discussion paper 296, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.

Complain, D. (1998), Preface: Livelihoods issues in root crop research and development in sustainable livelihood for rural households: Contribution from root crop agriculture, Los Banos, Laguna, UPWARD: 9-12.

Ellis, F. (2000), Rural livelihood diversity in developing countries, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Hiremath, B.N. (2007), The changing faces of rural livelihoods in India: Theme paper, presented at national civil society conference on ‘What it takes to eradicate poverty’ held at IRMA, Anand during December 4-6, 2007.

Huq, H. (2000), People’s perception: exploring contestation, counter-development, and rural livelihoods, cases from Muktinagar, Bangladesh, Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Long, N.S. (1997), Agency and constraint, perceptions and practices: a theoretical positions, in H. de Haan and N. Long (eds.) (1997), Image and realities of rural life: Wangeningen perspectives on rural transformations, Assen, Van Garcum, The Netherlands.

Redelift, M. (1990), The role of agriculture in sustainable development, in P. Lowe, T. Marsden and Whatmore (eds.) (1990), Technological change and the rural environment, David Fulton Publishers Ltd., London.

Swain, R. B. and A. Varghese (2011), Reassessing the impact of SHG participation with non- experimental approaches, Economic and Political Weekly, 46 (11): 50-57.

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Table 1: An overview of selected SHGs S. No. Item Internally Externally Overall managed managed (n = 22) (n = 8) (n = 14) 1 Age of the SHGs (months) 52 57 54.5 2 Members/group 12 14 13 3 Distance from bank (kms) 9 15 12 4 % literates in the group 67 35 51 5 Monthly savings (Rs) 67 85 76 6 SHGs having internal lending 100 100 100 (%) 7 Rate of interest (%/ annum) 24 36 30 8 Rate of recovery (%) 98.4 85.3 91.8 9 SHGs involved in community 75 43 59 activities (%) 10 SHGs involved in micro- 75 43 59 enterprises (%) 11 Rotation in leadership (%) Yes Some times Average 12 Regularity in meetings/savings 97 55 76 (%) 13 Up to date books of accounts 75 45 60 (%) 14 Singing songs after meeting 75 43 59 (%) Source: Field study

Table 2: Particulars on total loans by groups S.N. Item Internally Externally Overall managed managed (n = 22) (n = 8) (n = 14) 1 Small loans 126 115 241 2 Loan amount (Rs.) 218749 222444 441193 3 Big loans 192 163 355 4 Loan amount (Rs.) 1239581 1309555 2549136 5 Total loans 318 278 596

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6 Total loan amount (Rs.) 1458330 1531999 2990329 7 Per capital number of loans 5.7 2.67 3.73 8 Per capital total loan 26041 14730 18689 amount (Rs.) 9 Maximum loan received by 22,000 24,000 24,000 a member (Rs.) 10 Minimum loan received by 1000 1500 1000 a member (Rs.) Source: Field study

Table 3: Utilization (%) of small loan by members S.N. Purpose Internally Externally Overall managed managed (n = 22) (n = 8) (n = 14) 1 Food items 4.0 4.5 4.2 2 Agriculture 3.0 2.0 2.5 3 Education 2.2 2.5 2.3 4 Social functions 2.0 1.5 1.7 5 Journey 1.8 1.0 1.4 6 Health 0.0 2.0 1.0 7 Dresses 1.0 1.0 1.0 8 Recreation 1.0 0.0 0.5 Total 15.0 14.5 14.7 Source: Field study

Table 4: Utilization of (%) big loans by the members S.N. Purpose Internally Externally Overall managed managed (n = 22) (n = 8) (n = 14) 1 Milch animals 58.3 63.6 61.0 2 Agriculture 9.5 7.0 8.2 3 Construction of/repairs to 4.4 2.5 3.5 house 4 Digging well 3.0 3.4 3.2 5 Construction of cattle 2.0 2.0 2.0 shed 6 Gold 2.3 1.7 2.0 7 Auto 2.0 1.3 1.7 8 Health 1.5 1.0 1.2 9 Others 1.0 1.0 1.0 10 Small business 1.0 0.5 0.7 11 Motor cycle 0.0 1.5 0.7 Total 85.0 85.5 85.2 Source: Field study

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Table 5: Grading of selected SHGs

S.N. Item Marks Internally Externally Overall managed managed (n = 22) (n = 8) (n = 14) 1 Monthly meetings 10 7.5 5.0 6.2 2 Members attendance in 10 8.5 6.0 7.2 monthly meetings 3 Implementation of group 5 3.5 2.0 2.7 norms 4 Positioning of bookkeeper 5 2.0 1.0 1.5 5 Book keeping in SHG 10 7.5 4.5 6.0 6 Management of small loans 10 3.0 3.0 3.0 7 Management of big loans 10 10 10 10.0

8 Percentage of recovery 10 10 8.5 9.2 9 Difference between maximum, 5 3.5 3.0 3.0 minimum loan accessed by members 10 Leadership rotation 5 5.0 3.5 4.2 11 Group fund rotation ratio 5 4.0 3.0 3.5 12 SHG own fund development 5 3.5 2.5 3.0 13 SHG annual meetings 5 5.0 4.0 4.5 14 SHG members able to sign 5 3.5 2.0 2.8 Total marks 100 76.5 58 67 Source: Field study

Table 6: Purpose-wise (%) loans availed by members

S.N. Purpose Internally Externally Overall managed managed (n = 160) (n = 56) (n = 104) 1 Milch animals 64.2 60.2 62.2 2 Agriculture 12.3 9.7 11.0 3 Food items 6.7 8.5 7.6 4 Health 3.7 4.8 4.2 5 Gold 2.0 4.5 3.2 6 Small business 3.5 2.3 2.9 7 Motor cycle 1.9 4.0 2.9 8 Repairs to house 2.2 2.5 2.3 9 Education to children 2.0 1.5 1.8 10 Repayment of old loans 1.5 2.0 1.8 Total 100 100 100 Source: Field study

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Table 7: Repayment of loan by members

S.N. Time Internally Externally Overall managed managed (n = 160) (n = 56) (n = 104) 1 On time 25 47 72 (44.7) (45.2) (45.0) 2 In advance 28 34 62 (50.0) (32.7) (38.8) 3 Late 2 15 17 (3.5) (14.5) (10.6) 4 Defaulter 1 8 9 (1.8) (7.6) (5.6) Total 56 104 160 (100) (100) (100) (figures in parenthesis indicate percentage to total fund) Source: Field study

Table 8: Most important impact of groups on members

S.N. Aspect Internally Externally Overall managed managed (n = 160) (n = 56) (n = 104)

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1 Awareness about micro-enterprises 8 15 23 (14.3) (14.5) (14.5) 2 Awareness about training 6 16 22 programmes (10.7) (15.5) (13.8) 3 Role in decision making 5 12 17 (8.9) (11.6) (10.6) 4 Managerial abilities 7 9 16 (12.5) (8.6) (10.0) 5 Moving independently 3 9 12 (5.3) (8.6) (7.5) 6 Managing group 4 7 11 (7.1) (6.7) (6.8) 7 Importance of health 2 8 10 (3.6) (7.7) (6.3) 8 Participation in democratic 2 8 10 institutions (3.6) (7.7) (6.3) 9 Empowerment 4 4 8 (7.1) (3.8) (5.0) 10 Self confidence 4 4 8 (7.1) (3.8) (5.0) 11 Importance of girl child 2 6 8 (3.6) (5.7) (5.0) 12 Skill development 3 2 5 (5.3) (1.9) (3.1) 13 Creation of assets 4 3 7 (7.1) (2.8) (4.3) 14 Awareness about environment 2 1 3 (3.6) (0.9) (1.8) Total 56 104 160 (100) (100) (100) (figures in parenthesis indicate percentage to total fund) Source: Field study

Table 9: Loan profile of Mrs. Rupali Rajendra Borse S.N. Purpose Amount Interest (@ Status (Rs.) 2%/pm/Rs.100) 1 Food grains 1500 150 Fully repaid with interest 2 School fees 2000 480 Fully repaid with interest 3 Medical expenses 3500 840 Fully repaid with interest 4 Buffalo 15000 3600 Fully repaid with interest 5 Buffalo 20000 4800 Fully repaid with interest Total 42000 9870 Being repaid Source: Field study

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