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A Review of Grouper {Epinephelus Spp.} and Seabass {Lates Calcarifer! Culture in Thailand

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A Review of Grouper {Epinephelus Spp.} and Seabass {Lates Calcarifer! Culture in Thailand A Review of Grouper {Epinephelus spp.} and Seabass {Lates calcarifer! Culture In Thailand NtwesRuangpanl and RenusYashh'o National lnstIute ot Coastal Aquaculure Songkhla, Thaland Abstract Seabass Lates calcarifer! and grouper Epinephelusspp.! arethe economicallyhigh-value food fishes in Thailand. Seabasshave beenreared in pondsfor more than 60 yearsand groupershave been cultured in cagesfor about20 years. There are two systemsof marinefish culture in Thailand;cage cultureand pond culture. Cageculture is morepopular than pond culture. Theselling price for grouperis higherthan seabass with live grouperselling for $9.01-11.76/kgand seabass selling for $5.10-5.29/kg. The culture methods, nu trition and diseasesof these two fishes are reviewed in this paper. introduction ranging from 12-30ppt. Grouper cageculture is conductedin the coastalprovinces of south- The estuarinegrouper Epinephelusmalabaricus ern and eastern Thailand i.e., Satun, Krabi, Blochand Schneider!is commonly cultured in Trang, Phangnga, Rayong and Chanthaburi! Thailand. In its natural habitat, the fish is found Ruangpanitet al. 1986!. Themajority of grou- in coastaland marine waters,especially along per seedstock is obtained from the wild due to coral reefs. This fish is easily reared, grows unreliable and limited seedstock production quickly to a large size and provides white, ten- and nursery techniques Chen et al. 1977; der meat, It is currently being consideredfor Sakaresand Sukbantaung 1985; Ruangpanit et commercial production, but until the industry al. 19&8!, becomes reliable, local Thai farmers will remain the primary suppliers. Market demands for Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch!, in Thai called grouper are high, and its meat is favored by pla-kapong khaw, is an economicallyimportant Asian consumers,especially in Hong Kong, food fish in Thailand and has many favorable Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. characteristics for coastal aquaculture. Seabass The market price for grouper is higher than is a euryhaline fish that tolerates changes from seabass.The price for live fish weighing 1.2-1.5 freshwaterto seawaterat salinitiesup to 35ppt. kg is $9.41-10.59each or $7.09-8.24/kg. Live Therefore, it is a suitable fish for aquaculture in fish weighing 500-1,000g cost $5.89-6.67/kg. estuaries,river mouths, inner bays and man- Dead fish at the marketable sizesof 500-800g grove areaswhere salinity conditions are unsta- sell for $3.92-4.13/kg Ruangpanit 1993!.June ble. Seabassis a fast-growing fish that attains 1994information shows that the price for live marketable size within one year or less, when fish weighing 1.2-1.3kg and 500-1,000g has culture conditions are suitable. For many increasedto $13.73-20,78/perfish and $7.84- years, seabasshave been cultured in ponds and 9.&0/kg. cages in the same geographic regions as grou- per i.e., Chachoengsao, Rayong, Nakhon Si Most hsh farmersculture grouper in net cages Thamorat, Songkhla, Pattani, Narathiwat, that are placed in coastal waters in salinities Krabi, Phangnga, Trang and Satun provinces!. Seabasshas a lower market value than grouper, " 25.5baht i US$ @4! but it is still higher than many other freshwater 168 Rvan anN and Yashfro species. The price of live fish weighing 5C6-KO Table 47. Suitable water quality parameters g is$4.7'l/kg; deadfish of the samesize sell for for culturing grouper and seabass.tTookwinas $2.51-2.75/kg. Fish weighing more than 1 kg 1989!. command the lowest prices. S1te Se1ect1an Selecting a suitable site is one of the most im- portant factors in successful grouper and seabass culture. Selection criteria are as follows Tookwinas and Charearnrid 1988!: The water must be clean and clear, and salinity should range from 20-32ppt for grouper, Seabasscan be cultured in the sameconditions as grouper or in river mouths where salinity gradually hung in the natural grouper nursery grounds changesto brackish and even freshwa- along Songkhla and Patanee from October to ter during some parts of the year, For March. Grouper fingerlings hide in the traps, cage culture, water depth should be at and every two to three hours, fishermen lift the least 3 m and the tidal fluctuation traps to collect the fish with a scoop net. Fry should allow the water depth to be at collected by this method are small, about 1-2,5 least 2 m during low spring tides; cm. The fish are then transported to a middle Culture sites should be located in bays, man or broker who sells them to farmers or inlets, sheltered coves and inland seas, international export markets. It is necessaryto which are protected from wind, waves nurse these fry until they reach 7-10 crn, after and currents; which they can be transferred to cages for grow out. The site should be far from water pol- lution sources i.e., domestic, indus- The second grouper fry collection method im- trial and agricultural wastes and other plements a wooden or bamboo frame trap that environmental hazards!; is covered with a 0.5-mm net and set in coastal waters near mangrove areas. Larger wild fry, Water circulation should be suHicient .5-10 cm!, which are suitable for growing out, to improve poor water quality by are usually collected in these traps all year washing away organic waste materi- round; however, the peak collection season is als that often accumulate under net from May to December in the Andaman Sea cages. Minimum water quality pa- Tookwinas 1989!. Fish farmers must collect or rameters for fish culture are shown in buy grouper fry every day until they have Table 47. enough stock to culture. Before stoclang, the fry should be dipped in a 100-250ppm formalin solution for one hour to disinfect for ec- Seed Su 1 toparasites. Most grouper seedstock is obtained from the In 1994, seabassseedstock for growout came wild because hatchery production is still lim- from coastal area hatcheries in Thailand. The ited and unstable. There are two methods of seedstock are reared to 2-2.5 cm in concrete collecting grouper fry. The first method uses tanks and then transferredto ponds or nylon shelters constructed of dried twigs, which are Review of Grou er clnd Seabasa Culture in Ihc3lland 369 net cagesfor the nurserystage until they are Table 48. The composition of ingredients for 7.5-10cm. About two monthslater, the fish are 1 kg of juvenile grouper diet fRuangpanit transferredto growoutponds or cages. 1993!. Grov er Nurse Methods Beforebeing released to the growoutponds or cages,wild and hatchery-rearedgrouper fry .0-2.5 cm! shouldbe nurseduntil theyreach 7.5-10cm, The nursery stageis done in both cementtanks and nylon net cages,but the cost is much cheaper in nylon net cagesbecause there are no tank construction costs or manual body weight. Formulateddiet ingredientsfor waterexchange efforts. Therefore, grouper fry grouper juveniles are shown in Table 48. are usually nursed in nylon net cages. Net Grouper fry can also be nursed in 2- to 5-ton cages are made of nylon nets that attach to capacitycement tanks in water 0.50cm deep. wooden, galvanized iron or bamboo frames Clean 15-30 ppt seawater is used to nurse the and kept afloat with styrofoam or plastic car- fry, and the water is aeratedthroughout the boys. The sizeof cageis 1 x2 x1 mwith a mesh nurseryperiod. Grouperfry arestocked at 500- size of 0.5 crn. 800fry/m . Food and feedingtn tanksis the Stockingdensity is approximately1,000 fry per samein net cages,and water exchangeis 50- cage,and grading must be done at least once a 100%per day. The bottom must be siphoned week during the nursery period to minimize daily to removeorganic waste and excessfood cannibalism. Graded fish are then stocked ac- from the tanks. The fry are nursedin tanksfor cordingto sizein oneof the threenursery net 40-50days until they are 6.5-7.5cm in length. cages. This method has increased the survival Survival is 61.67% Table 49!, Thesesize finger- rate of nursery-stagegrouper to over 75%.The lingscan be transferredto growoutcages and fry arestocked in nurserycages for abouttwo raised to market size. monthsbefore being transferredto growout cages. Seabass Nurse Methods During the larval and nursery stages,grouper Hatchery fry, 2.5-3.0cm long, are nursed in fry eat live feeds. To wean the fry onto a finely earthenponds, cement tanks or nylonnet cages minced fish or mysid shrimp meatdiet, the fish untilthey reach 7.5-'l0 crn. Then they are trans- are hand fed in the morningwhen they are ferredto cages for growoutto marketablesizes hungry. The idea is that the smell of the fish or Tables50 and 51!. The nurserymethods for shrimp meatwill attract the fry to the feed, On seabassin cementtanks and nylon net cagesis thefirst day,only a fewfish will beginfeeding thesame as for grouperfry. Theamount of feed on the fresh fish diet. However, within threeto varieswith size and ageof the fish Table52!. five days, the fish will become accustomed to the feed and can then be fed fresh fish or a Earthen pond seabassnurseries are concen- formulated diet. About 2-4% of the total diet is trated in the centralpart of Thailand,especially supplementedwith "premix,"which provides in ChachoengsaoProvince where there are both both vitamins and minerals.The supplementis freshwater and brackish water resources. This mixed well and left to sit for ~ minutes province has many salt farms, so it is suitable beforefeeding. The fish arefed twicea day,in for producing adult brine shrimp Artemia!, the morningand afternoon,at 8-10%of their which is the best feed for nursingjuvenile seabass.Freshwater fleas Moina sp.!, which 170 RLran nN and Yashiro Table 49. Growth, survival and production of nursery-stage juvenile grouper fpinephe/us sp.! in 2 x 4 x 0.5-cm cement tanks Ruangpanit et al.
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