on behalf of Gentoo Homes
Cragdale Gardens Hetton-le-Hole Tyne and Wear archaeological desk-based assessment
report 5310 April 2020
Contents 1. Summary 1 2. Project background 2 3. Landuse, topography and geology 2 4. Site description 3 5. Historical and archaeological development 3 6. The potential archaeological resource 6 7. Impact assessment 6 8. Recommendations 7 9. Sources 7
Appendix: Historic Environment Record 9
Figures Figure 1: Site location and Historic Environment Record Figure 2: Site as existing Figure 3: Proposed development Figure 4: LiDAR data Figure 5: Extract from John Speed’s Map of Durham, 1611 Figure 6: Extract from Andrew Armstrong’s Map of Durham, 1768 Figure 7: Extract from Christopher Greenwood’s Map of Durham, 1820 Figure 8: Extract from the tithe map of Hetton-le-Hole, 1839 Figure 9: Extract from the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map, 1861 Figure 10: Extract from the 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map, 1898 Figure 11: Extract from the 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map, 1923 Figure 12: Extract from the 1970s edition Ordnance Survey map
© Archaeological Services Durham University 2020 Green Lane Durham DH1 3LA tel 0191 334 1121 fax 0191 334 1126 [email protected] www.dur.ac.uk/archaeological.services Cragdale Gardens ∙ Hetton-le-Hole ∙ Tyne & Wear ∙ desk-based assessment ∙ report 5310 ∙ April 2020
1. Summary The project 1.1 This report presents the results of an archaeological desk-based assessment, conducted in advance of a proposed development at Cragdale Gardens, Hetton-le- Hole, Tyne and Wear. The assessment included a search of pertinent documentary and cartographic records, records of archaeological interventions, and the Historic Environment Record.
1.2 The works were commissioned by Gentoo Homes and conducted by Archaeological Services Durham University.
The archaeological resource 1.3 There is no direct evidence for prehistoric or Roman activity within the study area, although there is some evidence for exploitation of the wider landscape in the period.
1.4 The proposed development area was located away from known medieval settlements and is likely to have been farmland during the medieval and post- medieval periods. Evidence relating to this in the form of cultivation remains and boundaries may survive on the site; this evidence would be of limited significance.
Impact assessment 1.5 The proposed development has the potential to impact upon any archaeological resource that may be present through groundworks, including the construction of foundations and associated services.
Recommendations 1.6 It is recommended that the potential for an archaeological resource to be present is evaluated through geophysical survey, the results of which may need to be supplemented by trial trenching.
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2. Project background Location (Figures 1 & 2) 2.1 The site is located at Cragdale Gardens, Hetton, Tyne and Wear (NGR centre: NZ 3482 4660). It is irregular in plan, and covers an area of approximately 3.05ha. Housing estates lie to the north and west, with a golf course and agricultural land to the south. A landscaped grass field containing a play park lies to the east, with residential properties beyond.
Development proposal (Figure 3) 2.2 A residential development with associated greenspace, services and access is proposed.
Objective 2.3 The objective of the scheme of works was to assess the nature, extent and potential significance of any surviving archaeological resource within the proposed development area, so that an informed decision may be made regarding the nature and scope of any further scheme of archaeological works that may be required in relation to the proposed development.
Methods statement 2.4 The works have been conducted in accordance with standard Archaeological Services’ procedures for assessments. The works included the study of pertinent cartographic and other historical sources, records of previous archaeological interventions, and sites listed in the Historic Environment Record (HER) within 1km of the proposed development area. HER references are given in brackets throughout the text of this report, and are listed in the Appendix.
Planning guidance 2.5 This assessment and its recommendations are a considered response to the proposed development in relation to Government policy, as it is set out in the National Planning Policy Framework.
Dates 2.6 This report was prepared for April 2020.
Personnel 2.7 Research was conducted and this report prepared by Catrin Jenkins, with graphics by Dr Helen Drinkall. The Project Manager was Daniel Still.
OASIS 2.8 Archaeological Services Durham University is registered with the Online AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS project (OASIS). The OASIS ID number for this project is archaeol3-392449.
3. Landuse, topography and geology Landuse 3.1 At the time of this assessment, the proposed development area comprised three pasture fields used as recreational land.
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Topography 3.2 The land of the proposed development area slopes from approximately 95m OD in the north to 100m OD in the south. The area is within Natural England’s Durham Magnesian Limestone Plateau (15) Natural Character Area. The area comprises s steep limestone escarpment to the west with a coast of limestone cliffs, headlands and bays to the east. The River Wear flows through the north of the area emptying into the sea at Sunderland, with the River Skerne draining into the Tees Lowlands to the south. The development of the area is influenced by industry, in particular coal mining and quarrying. Settlements vary from urban areas, ex-mining towns, traditional stone villages built around village greens on the plateau, and ‘New Towns’ (Natural England 2013).
Geology and soils 3.3 The solid geology of the proposed development area comprises Permian dolostone of the Raisby Formation, which is overlain by Devensian sand and gravel glaciofluvial deposits in the north and by Devensian diamiction till in the south, both formed in the Quaternary period (British Geological Survey 2020).
4. Site description 4.1 The site was examined remotely using Google Earth images (31/12/2001, 23/7/2008, 21/4/2015, 17/7/2017 & 27/5/2018), Street View (June 2009) and Bing maps. The remote examination of the site was undertaken on 22nd April 2020.
4.2 The proposed development area comprises three pasture fields divided by hedgerows with occasional trees. An overhead power line carried by pylons crosses the central field on an approximate north/south alignment. There are two sub- circular areas of scrub ground located towards the northern extent of the site in the central and eastern fields. Footpaths extend through the area running east/west and north/south. The east/west footpath is visible on the satellite imagery. The British Geological Survey (2020) records a water conduit extending through the site on a north-west/south-east orientation. The conduit extends to a water feature within the Elemore Golf Course to the south-east from a tributary of the Rainton Burn to the north-west.
LiDAR data (Figure 4) 4.3 The data records the boundaries within the proposed development; no additional archaeological features are visible.
5. Historical and archaeological development Previous archaeological works 5.1 No previous archaeological works have been identified within the proposed development area.
5.2 An assessment (HER 2019/43) was carried out on land at North Road, to the north of the proposed development area. Further assessment and geophysical survey (HER 2019/77) at the site recorded evidence of former cultivation.
5.3 An assessment (HER 2011/153) at Park House on Park View indicated potential medieval and post-medieval tenements. The following evaluation (HER 2014/25)
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confirmed the presence of boundaries relating to these tenements. Another evaluation (HER 2015/113) on Park View recorded nothing of archaeological significance.
5.4 Several other assessments are recorded in the study area, including at the Hetton Lyons Industrial Estate (HER 2008/61), Hetton Sports Centre (HER 2008/135), on Park View (HER 2011/87) and for the Hetton Village Atlas (HER 2015/18).
5.5 The historic character of Hetton is noted in the various building recording projects (HERs 2008/109, 2009/19, 2011/147, 2012/90 & 2019/46) undertaken.
5.6 Other works (HERs 2000/47, 2002/74, 2005/49 & 2018/104) in the study area recorded nothing of archaeological significance.
The prehistoric period (up to AD 70) 5.7 There is no recorded evidence for prehistoric occupation in the study area. In the wider area, evidence for activity has been recorded just beyond the eastern periphery of the study area at Great Eppleton, where Mesolithic flints and a Bronze Age barrow (HER 249) are recorded (Surtees 1816).
5.8 The paucity of evidence for prehistoric activity in the study area may reflect a lack of archaeological investigation. The land of the site has probably been farmland since the medieval period and therefore there is potential that a resource of this early date could survive, judging from the known exploitation of the wider landscape.
The Roman period (AD 70 to 5th century) 5.9 There is no evidence of Roman activity in the proposed development area or in the surrounding study area. Significant Roman occupation is recorded at fort of Concangis, c.8km to the west, at Chester-le-Street. The wider landscape would have been settled and managed in this period, with later prehistoric settlements likely to have continued in use.
The medieval period (5th century to 1540) 5.10 The Boldon Book of c.1183 records a manor of Hetton, although it is not certain whether the record refers to Hetton-le-Hole. The manor is mentioned in a document of 1349 in possession of the Brackenbury family and again in 1380 when parts of it belonged to the Laton family. The Latons’ manorial possessions descended to the Tylliols and the Musgraves and it has been suggested that this half of the manor equates with Hetton-le-Hole. The remaining parts of the manor would therefore have formed Hetton-le-Hill, with these suffixes acquired in the 16th century. The Hetton-le-Hole settlement (HER 262) probably developed in the mid-14th century, with the village focused on Front Street, Park View and the burn in Hetton Dean.
5.11 The medieval settlement at High Moorsley (HER 278) was to the south-west of the proposed development area. The village was recorded in the 12th century when land there was granted to the Prior and Convent of Durham.
5.12 The proposed development area was located some distance from the main foci of medieval settlement and may have been used for agricultural purposes in the period.
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The post-medieval period (1541 to 1899) 5.13 Hetton in the Hole is apparent on John Speed’s map of Durham of 1611 (Figure 5) which records the early post-medieval landscape. There is no detail provided for the proposed development area which lies to the south-west of Hetton and to the north-east of Moresley (High Moorsley).
5.14 In the late 17th century Hetton Hall and its estate was purchased by the Spearman family (HER 7706). In the 1730s it was sold to the Countess of Strathmore. The proposed development area is shown as part of this estate on later property maps. Andrew Armstrong’s map of 1768 (Figure 6) records the hall under the ownership of the Earl of Strathmore. The site is roughly located to the south of the Hetton settlement in undeveloped land, to the south-east of the road between Hetton and Moorsley. A plan of Thomas Lyon’s estate at Hetton of 1776 (not illustrated) records that enclosure had taken place by this date, with fields present across the site.
5.15 Christopher Greenwood’s map of Durham of 1820 (Figure 7) records the proposed development area in undeveloped land to the south-west of Hetton le Hole. In the wider area evidence for coal exploitation is indicated, with waggonways (HER 17105) and coal pits depicted. A farm to the south-west of the site is labelled ‘Cold Banks’ and referred to on later mapping as Coal Banks, perhaps reflecting mineral extraction. Coal mining had been taking place in the region on a small scale prior to the 19th century and technological advances had enabled this process to become more industrialised. After negotiations with landowners, including John Lyons, the Hetton Coal Company sunk the first mine of the Hetton Colliery (HER 2989) in 1821 (Collins, Rushworth & Wallace 2013). A plan of estates let to the Hetton Coal Company of 1824 (not illustrated) records the proposed development area within this land. In 1825 the Hetton Coal Company established another colliery, the Elemore Colliery (HER 3230), to the south of Hetton. The company had built a waggonway (HER 2848) in 1819 from their Hetton Colliery to the River Wear, designed by George Stephenson. The Elemore Colliery was served by another branch of the Stephenson waggonway built in 1825 (HER 3625), which included a self-acting incline, and was located to the east of the site.
5.16 Another colliery was opened between 1821 and 1825 by the North Hetton Colliery (HER 3224), 400m to the south-west of the proposed development area. The colliery was served by the Rainton and Seaham Railway (HER 3204-5). A small settlement developed around the colliery at Low Moorsley, approximately 60m south of the site. A school and chapels (HERs 16906-7) were built there, and there was also a quarry (HER 3223) and brickworks (HER 8622).
5.17 The tithe plan of Hetton-le-Hole of 1839 (Figure 8) shows the proposed development area spread across four fields (245-7 & 252). The two fields (245-6) on the eastern side of the site were in the possession of the honourable Maria Jane Bowes- Barrington and farmed by a Thomas Hardy. Both were arable fields, named Durham Way Field (246) and Meadow Field (245). The two fields in the western side of the site are unnamed and were in the possession of the executors of the late George Baker Esq. and John Burrell Esq. and farmed by Marton Hardy. The fields were both of grass.
5.18 The 1st edition Ordnance Survey map of 1861 (Figure 9) records no change of the field boundaries within the proposed development area. A bridleway is marked
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along the eastern edge of the site following the field boundary. The quarry to the south-west is marked as old and the farm is recorded as ‘Coal Bank’. Low Moorsley is detailed with housing, railways, limekilns and a quarry (HER 3223). There are several small ponds recorded in the fields to the west and north of the site, perhaps indicating old shafts. However, no evidence for former mining was found within the proposed development area (Coal Authority Interactive Map 2020).
5.19 The 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map of 1898 (Figure 10) records no alteration within the site, although two rows of terraced houses have been built directly to the west of the site, labelled as Coalbank Terrace. At Low Moorsley, a Primitive Methodist Chapel (HER 16907) has been built, which reflects the growing mining settlement. In the wider area, the Hetton settlement and collieries have developed with a brickworks (HER 8623) recorded at the Hetton Colliery.
The modern period (1900 to present) 5.20 Into the 20th century there is no change recorded within the proposed development area and all of the field boundaries remain unaltered. This can be seen on the 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map of 1923 (Figure 11). The map shows that further residential housing had been built at Hetton, encroaching on former farmland.
5.21 The proposed development area remained as farmland and is recorded on the 1970s edition Ordnance Survey map (Figure 12) with no alteration to the site or boundaries. The surrounding area has continued to develop with residential estates built along the northern boundary of the site.
The buildings 5.22 There are several Grade II listed buildings within the study area (Appendix). These are all located to the north-east of the site at Hetton le Hole and are unlikely to be affected by the proposed development.
Scheduled Ancient Monuments and other Designated Heritage Assets 5.23 There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments within the proposed development area, or the near vicinity.
6. The potential archaeological resource 6.1 There is no direct evidence for prehistoric or Roman activity within the study area, although there is some evidence for exploitation of the wider landscape in the period.
6.2 The proposed development area was located away from known medieval settlements and is likely to have been farmland during the medieval and post- medieval periods. Evidence relating to this in the form of cultivation remains and boundaries may survive within the site boundary; this evidence would be of limited significance.
7. Impact assessment 7.1 The proposed development has the potential to impact upon any archaeological resource that may be present through groundworks, including the construction of foundations and associated services.
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8. Recommendations 8.1 It is recommended that the potential for an archaeological resource to be present is evaluated through geophysical survey, the results of which may need to be supplemented by trial trenching.
9. Sources Cartographic sources Speed, J, Map of the bishopricke and citie of Durham, 1611 Armstrong, A, Map of the county palatine of Durham, 1768 Greenwood, C, Map of the county palatine of Durham, 1820 Thomas Lyon’s estate map, 1824 Ordnance Survey 1st edition, 6" Durham sheet XX, 1861 Ordnance Survey 2nd edition, 6" Durham sheet XX.NE & XX.SE, 1898 Ordnance Survey 3rd edition, 6" Durham sheet XX, 1923 Ordnance Survey 1970s edition
Other sources Collins, P, Rushworth, A, & Wallace, D, 2013 The Hetton Village Atlas: The Landscape, History and Environment of Hetton-Le-Hole and Neighbouring Communities. Hetton Local and Natural History Society Natural England, 2013 National Character Area profile: 15. Durham Magnesian Limestone Plateau Petts, D, & Gerrard, C, 2006 Shared Visions: The North-East Regional Research Framework for the Historic Environment. Durham Surtees, R, 1816 History of Durham. Vol. 1 part 2
Palace Green Library Special Collections [Durham University] DDR/EA/TTH/1/127 31 January 1840, Hetton-le-Hole township (Houghton-le-Spring parish), Agreement with plan dated 1839, scale 4 chains. John Laverick, Durham
Websites http://mapapps2.bgs.ac.uk/coalauthority/home.html www.bgs.ac.uk www.naturalengland.gov.uk http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/ http://www.british-history.ac.uk http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk http://www.magic.gov.uk http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list http://ads.ahds.ac.uk http://www.pastscape.org.uk/ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk https://houseprices.io/lab/lidar/map http://www.twsitelines.info http://www.dmm.org.uk http://www.dur.ac.uk/picturesinprint/ http://maps.nls.uk
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Aerial photographs and LiDAR data Satellite images were viewed on-line at Google Earth. LiDAR data for the area was also consulted using https://houseprices.io/lab/lidar/map.
Geotechnical works No records of geotechnical works within the proposed development area were identified for this assessment.
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Appendix: Historic Environment Record The tables include sites recorded within the vicinity of the proposed development area (within an approximate radius of 1km from the site).
Historic Environment Record and designated heritage assets (PRN = Public Record Number, Designation - LB=Listed building) PRN Designation Description Grade Date 262 Hetton-le-Hole village medieval 278 High Moorsley village medieval 1758 LB 1025440 Blacksmiths II 18th century 2848 Hetton Company's Railway 19th century 2987 Hetton Tunnel 19th century 2988 Hetton Le Hole, Refuse 19th century 2989 Hetton Colliery 19th century 2990 Colliery Quarry, Hetton 19th century 2991 Hetton Le Hole, Lime Kiln 19th century 2994 N.E.R, Durham and Sunderland Branch 19th century (South) 3204 Rainton waggonway branch to Low 19th century Moorsley (LT87E) 3205 Rainton and Seaham Railway, North 19th century Hetton Branch 3210 Hetton Le Hole, Bleach Green 19th century 3211 Hetton engine 19th century 3220 Stobley Moor, Brick Field 19th century 3221 Pemberton's Quarry 19th century 3222 Hetton Le Hole, Quarry 19th century 3223 Low Moorsley Quarry 19th century 3224 North Hetton Colliery 19th century 3230 Elemore Colliery 19th century 3282 Hetton Hall, Ice House 19th century 3625 Hetton Company Railway, Elemore 19th century Branch 5186 LB 1025438 Hetton, tomb of Nicholas Wood II 19th century 7005 delisted Church of St. Nicholas II 20th century 7006 LB1299967 St Nicholas House 19th century 7007 LB 1354976 Laburnham House II 19th century 7009 LB 1354977 Hetton House II 18th century 7706 Hetton Hall post-medieval 8622 Low Moorsley, brickworks 19th century 8623 Hetton Lyons Colliery, brickworks 19th century 11268 Aged Miners Homes 20th century 11269 Town Hall clock 20th century 11270 war memorial 20th century 13263 air raid shelter 20th century 15410 Masonic Hall 20th century 16328 National and Barrington School - NGR 19th century not known 16330 Wesleyan Methodist Chapel - NGR not 19th century known 16331 post office 19th century 16332 Easington Lane Village 19th century 16508 walled garden 19th century 16906 Wesleyan Chapel 19th century 16907 Primitive Methodist Chapel 19th century 17105 Rainton waggonway to Stubley Moor 18th century Pit (LT86E) 17114 The Quay - house 18th century 17115 Girls School 19th century 17116 The Old Fox 19th century
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PRN Designation Description Grade Date 17117 Social club 19th century 17118 former early miners cottages 19th century 17128 Saw mills 19th century 17129 St. Nicholas Church grave yard 19th century 17130 bowling green 20th century 17132 lake OS1 19th century 17140 Imperial Theatre 20th century 17141 Standard theatre 19th century 17143 The Lock Up 19th century 17159 Hetton Moor House 19th century 17285 Hetton Lyons Primary 20th century 1025441 Primative Methodist Church II
Previous archaeological interventions PRN Description 2000/47 Watching brief: Office Place 2002/74 Watching brief: Eppleton Miners 2005/149 Watching brief: St Nicholas 2005/149 Watching brief: St Nicholas 2008/61 Assessment: Hall Rail 2008/109 Building recording: Hetton Lyons 2008/135 Assessment: Hetton Baths 2009/19 Building recording: St Nicholas 2011/87 Assessment: Park View 2011/147 Building recording: Hetton House 2011/153 Assessment: Park House 2012/90 Building recording: Wesleyan School 2014/25 Evaluation: Park House 2015/18 Assessment: Hetton Atlas 2015/113 Evaluation: Hetton House 2018/104 Evaluation: The Cottage 2019/43 Assessment: Land North of Hetton R 2019/46 Building recording: Hetton Moor House 2019/77 Geophysical survey & assessment: North Road
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Figure 1: Site location and Historic Environment Record
Reproduced from Explorer 308 1:25 000 by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. © Crown copyright 2015. All rights reserved. Licence number AL100002176
2019/43 2019/77 3282 2011/87 16508 2008/1351025441 17105 2002/74 7706 11269-7016331 7006-716328 2988 171327009 2018/104 13263 17141 17117-8 7005 5186 15410 2011/153 2009/19 3205 1633017114-6 17128-30 2012/90 2000/47 2848 2015/113 3220 3210 2994 2014/25 1758 17140 2987 2011/147 8623 47 17143 3211 2989 11268 17285 2008/61
2008/109 2990-1 3204-5
8622 3222 3221
2019/46 3223-4 17159 16906-7 3625 46
3230
2015/18
34 35 36
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HER site event scale 1:15 000 for A4 plot Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the prior permission of Gentoo Homes
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Figure 2: Site as existing
0 75m scale 1:1500 for A4 plot
site boundary
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347 348 349 Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the prior permission of Gentoo Homes
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Figure 3: Proposed development
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347 348 349 on behalf of Gentoo Homes
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Figure 4: LiDAR data
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Figure 5: Extract from John Speed's Map of Durham, 1611
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Figure 6: Extract from Andrew Armstrong's Map of Durham, 1768
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Figure 7: Extract from Christopher Greenwood's Map of Durham, 1820
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Figure 8: Extract from the tithe map of Hetton-le-Hole, 1839
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Figure 9: Extract from the first edition Ordnance Survey map, 1861
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Figure 10: Extract from the second edition Ordnance Survey map, 1898
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Figure 11: Extract from the 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map, 1923
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Figure 12: Extract from the 1970s edition Ordnance Survey map
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site boundary