© the Editor(S) (If Applicable) and the Author(S) 2016 S. Mahroum

Index

A Aramex , 149 academic literature , 7 ASDA’s Burson-Masteller Arab Accel Partners , 96 Youth Survey (2014) , 209 adversity , 44–5 Assaf, Akram , 203 Amazon.com , 178, 186 Association of American Publishers , Amoros, Joseph , 189 178 angel investors , 92 Ataya, Mona , 203, 241 Angry Birds , 89, 241–2 Ataya, Rabea , 197, 201–3, 206, animated movie , 99 210, 212–13 cartoon series , 98 Atlassian in Sydney , 131, 215, iPhone game launch , 97 226 Playground learning concept , 98 Australia, as place for release in 2009, 95 entrepreneurs, 216–19 Angry Birds Space Encounter , 98 community surplus , 227 Anna Karenina Principle , 233 cost surplus , 227–8 Annus, Toivo, 48 dual headquarters , 222 anti-brand ideology , 107, 115 long-term view for growth and Arabic keyboards , 150 raise VC decision, Arab Spring impact , 147–8 adopting, 223–5

Note: Page number followed by ‘n’ refers to footnotes.

Atlassian in Sydney (cont.) Blair, Ryan , 162 recruiting and retaining talent , Blink.com , 219 225–6 Boekholt, Patries , 133 shifting, legal headquarters to Bolton, Roger , 9, 33–4 UK, 222–3 concept of place surplus , 127–8 vision , 220–1 bottom-up vs. top-down propellers, Website , 220 pre-conditions for , 33–7 Australia ‘brain drain’, Jordan , 145–6 economy , 216 Brell, Werner , 113–14 place for entrepreneurs , 216–19 business model for 24symbols , 183 start-up ecosystem , 217 tech companies , 219 Austria , 104–5 C entrepreneurship , 105–6 calibre-supporting conditions , 239 group taxation law, attractiveness Cambridge Science Park , 26–7 of , 105 Cambridge University-sponsored social welfare system , 239 Mott Committee , 27 Autio, Erkko , 240 Cannon-Brookes, Mike , 201, 215, 219 Carpe Diem , 110 B Cashman, Carlos , 73, 80, 82 Barrie, Matt , 224 CashU , 151 Bayt.com in Dubai , 154, 197–8, 240 Christidis, Omar , 147 case of , 209 Civil Aviation Authorities in Dubai Internet City (DIC) , Norway , 171 203–4, 211 clubbers , 103 employment opportunities , 198 Coca-Cola Co. , 112 in MENA region , 197 collaborative communities , 132–3 platform , 207 Communitech , 25 revenue , 213 comScore , 153 Website , 198, 208 ConstellationCK , 81 Berger, Gerhard , 112 ‘consumer surplus’, notion of, 9 Berlin , 63–4 history , 60–1 Berlin Music Commission , 67 D Bjerknes, Vilhelm , 165, 241 Daedeok Science Park, 29–30 black swan , 4–8 decentralisation of power , 21 fi rms selection , 12–14 decentralised P2P technology , 48 start-ups , 14–15 Denodo , 177 Index 247

Department of Defence and the entrepreneurial ecosystem in National Science Lahore , 75 Foundation , 24 Estonia de Vlamingh, Willem , 4 developments in , 46 Diamond, Jared , 37, 234 economy , 44 DIC . See Dubai Internet City Internet technology , 45 (DIC) programmers , 48, 50 dot.com , 219 Soviet communist-bloc states , 43 Draper, William , 50 telecommunications network , 46 Dubai , 198–201 eureka moment , 123 businesses community , 213 European Commission , 115 construction industry , 199 European Innovation Scoreboard Dubai Internet City (DIC) , (EIS), 120 203–5 European telecommunications entrepreneurs in , 212 companies, 46, 51 free zones , 199 European transportation , 135 Dubai Internet City (DIC) , European Union’s Innovation Union 203–5 Scorecard 2013 , 164 Dunkerbeck, Bjorn , 112 European VCs , 49 Dutch East India Company , 119 Expatcenter in Amsterdam (2008) , Dutch maritime transport sector , 134 130 Dutch venture capital market , 134 F Facebook advertising , 81 Farha, Dany , 203 E Farquhar, Scott , 215, 219 e-book, history of , 178 Fernandez, Albert, 181 economic geography , 7 15 ecosystem conditions , 234–5 economy fi nancial crisis , 207–8 Australia , 216 Finland , 91–3 Estonia , 44 gaming in , 90–1 education Finnish gaming industry , 89, 91 and information technology , 43 Finnish model , 92 in Jordan , 146 fi rst Arabic Internet service , Eielts, Michiel , 130 149–52 E-ink technology , 178 fi ve Cs , 34–5, 54–5, 128 EIS. See European Innovation classifi cation of , 34 Scoreboard (EIS) collective utility of , 36 248 Index fi ve Cs (cont.) Grønsund, Tor , 163 frequency of observations of GSM digital standard for second- relevant supporting generation mobile, 46 conditions, 235–6 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) , Flickr , 62 201 Florida, Richard , 8, 60, 241 countries, SMEs in , 206 freemium-based subscription model, Gurrea-Nozaleda, Luis Rivera , 185 adopting, 183 freemium revenue model , 51, 64 Friis, Janus , 47–50 H Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , 144 Hed, Mikael , 94, 97 G Hed, Niklas , 97 gaming industry , 89–91 Heijari, Ville , 98 Garlick, Larry , 202 Heinla, Ahti , 43 GCC. See Gulf Cooperation Hernandez, Juan Angel, 181 Council (GCC) Herrman, Jono , 218 ‘ Th e Genesis of Silicon Valley’ , 2 Hewlett-Packard corporation , 20–1 Geophysics Institute , 165, 168 Hidalgo, Justo , 182, 183, 187, Ghandour, Fadi , 144, 149, 154 190–1, 193 Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) Hockey, Joe , 216 2013–2014, 146 Hormigos, Borja , 182 Global Competitiveness Report Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park 2010–2011, 28 (HSIP) , 28–9 Global Entrepreneurship and hubs for technology Development Index , 74, entrepreneurship , 27 145, 164, 208, 216 Hulst, Herman , 132 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), 74, 164, 179 global fi nancial crisis , 207–8 I global gaming industry , 89–91 i-Amsterdam , 133 Global Innovation Index , 145, 216 idealised ‘framework condition’ Global Start-up Ecosystem Index , 189 models for technology hubs, Goddijn, Harold , 98, 136 20 GoNabit , 198 Iisalo, Jaakko , 94 Google , 226 IMD. See International Institute for Got Game conference , 132 Management Development Government Petroleum Fund , 163 (IMD) Greece-based Upstream Systems , 12 ImpactWeather Inc. , 170 Index 249

InfoFort , 202 Keeble, David , 33 information and communications Khan, Zafar , 75–76, 240–1 technology (ICT) , 218 collaboration leads to success , infrastructure, Amsterdam , 130 80–2 innovation-driven economy , 120 funding , 82–3 Innovative BMKB scheme , 120 game changer , 79–80 insider’s advantage , 48 story of , 76–9 Institute for Internet Development Khoury, Hussam , 5, 143, (ISDI) , 179 148–9 International Institute for King Abdullah II , 146, 148 Management Development Korea Advanced Institute of Science (IMD), 74 and Technology (KAIST) , Internet hub in Europe , 130 29–30 Investopedia, 66n1 Korea’s Daedeok Science Town , 29–30 Kyttanen, Janne , 131 J Jabbar Internet Group , 144 Järvilehto, Petri , 97 L Joltid , 48 Langaker, Erik , 169 Jordan , 144–5 Latin American investment banks , ‘brain drain’ , 145–6 188 businesses operating in , 148 Lawton-Smith, Helene , 33 ecosystem for technology start- lean start-up model , 221 ups in , 148 Lee, Mike , 131 education system in , 146 ‘liberated Estonian IT junkies’ , 43 VC funding environment in , Limouee, Sanaz , 81 153 Linux technology , 92 Jordanian-based Inter-Arab LivingSocial.com , 198 Management Fund , 205 Ljung, Alexander , 59, 61–3 logistics hub in Amsterdam , 129–30, 135 K London-based Doughty Hanson KAIST. See Korea Advanced Institute Technology Ventures , 66 of Science and Technology London SeedCamp competition in (KAIST) 2012 , 192 Kalvig, Siri , 6, 165–7 Longhi, Christian , 30 Kattel, Rainer , 44 low-cost online software model , 221 KaZaa , 48–9 Luengo, Angel , 191 250 Index

M markets in , 212 Macolino, Christian , 226 online shopping and e-commerce Madrid-based universities , 179 in , 151–2 Maktoob in Amman population , 210–11 Arabic content and online Private Equity Association , 144 community , 153 MITEFP. See Massachusetts Institute business model , 150 of Technology Enterprise CashU , 151 Forum Pakistan (MITEFP) launch fi rst Arabic-language Web mobile telephony system , 46 site , 143 Mohn, Henrik , 165 leverage place surplus and defi cit Monster Beverage Co. , 112 in , 154–7 MumzWorld , 198 local angel investors , 147 music hack days , 65 Yahoo!, 144, 152–4 MySQL technology , 92 Manna, Rasha , 148, 153–4 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Enterprise N Forum Pakistan (MITEFP) , Naish, Robby , 112 79, 80 Napster , 48 Mateschitz, Dietrich , 103, 104, Nassef, Ahmed , 153 113–14 Neogames , 91 richest person in Austria , 109 NEOTEC programme , 182 ‘sports entrepreneur’ , 109 the Netherlands ties within Austrian community , European transportation and 107 logistics hub , 135 media division, launching , 113–15 TeleAtlas , 124 Melissa Ran of New South 2010 Global Entrepreneurship Innovations (NSi) , 218 Monitor , 120 Mendix , 134 VC in , 138 Microsoft , 53–4 Nilsson, Keith , 152, 153 Middle East and North Africa Nokia , 92, 96, 99, 100 (MENA) region Nordic approach , 93 Bayt.com , 197 Nordic innovation system model , education , 146 95 employment opportunities in , Nordic Power Exchange , 168 211 Nordic social model , 164 geopolitical instability in , 200 Nordic system of collective Internet penetration rates in , 206 bargaining, 93 Internet users in , 143 Norway , 162–4 Index 251

Civil Aviation Authorities in , 171 Princess Sumaya University of entrepreneurial ecosystem , 162 Technology , 146 entrepreneurs in , 164 Project Gutenberg , 178 oil and gas sector , 164, 168 Psion , 136 system of state capitalism and Punjab , 75–6 social welfare , 162 Norwegian International Entrepreneurship R Conference in 2011, 162 Rannikko, Heikki , 240 Norwegian Meteorological Institute , R&D. See research and development 166, 167 (R&D) Numbeo Cost of Living Index 2014 , ‘Red Bull Gives You Wings’ slogan , 189 103 NYSE Euronext Amsterdam , 124 Red Bull GmbH , 103, 237 in extreme sports , 107 marketing miracles , 109–12 O media division, launching , Obrist, Markus , 110 113–15 online companies , 44 offi cial international advertising online digital channels , 90 agency , 103 Oracle , 205 target market , 103 organic models user categories , 103 Route 128 , 24–5 Red Bull Media House , 113 Silicon Valley model , 20–3 Reiten & Co. , 171 Triangle of Ontario , 25–6 Relude , 93–5 OrionCKB , 81, 83 Remedy , 90–1 Oxford’s Milton Park , 26 research and development (R&D) , 92 ongoing investments in , 207 P Ribbink, Alexander , 123 Paananen, Ilkka , 91 Richardson, Stuart , 224 Pauwels, Peter-Frans , 122, 123 RightNow-powered Web self-service Payne, Max , 90 system, 125 personal digital assistants (PDAs) , Rohdy, David , 112 122–3 Route 128 , 24–5 place defi cits , 49 Rovio in Espoo , 89, 93–8, 241–2 ‘place surplus’ , 33–4 business model , 98 concept of , 9 collaborated with Hollywood P2P technology , 49 studios, 97 252 Index

Rovio in Espoo (cont.) small and middle-sized enterprises creativity and calibre of the (SMEs) , 147, 206 product , 96 Smart Cargo Hub for Europe early years developments , 99–100 initiative , 130 SMEs. See small and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs) S Smith, Graeme , 226 Salzburg region , 105 S o fi zar , 73 Saxenian, AnnaLee , 2 calibre , 84 ‘scaling-up’ stage of growth , 96 consulting contracts , 78 Schroeder, Christopher M. , 2–3 convenience , 84–5 Schumpeter, Joseph , 105 cost , 83 search engine marketing (SEM) , 77 S o fi zar-ConstellationCK , 73 Seaware AB , 170 softer factors of place attributes , 8 SeedCamp , 186 Sony Discman , 178 SEEK.com.au , 216 Sophia Antipolis , 30–1 SEM. See search engine marketing SoundCloud , 59, 68–9, 241 (SEM) build applications for , 65–6 sense of security , 93 early days of , 62 Sidkap , 182 launching , 64–5 ‘Silicon Beach’ , 217 prototype services , 68–9 Silicon Valley , 19–20 ‘record’ button , 65 hub for technological Website , 65 entrepreneurship , 22–3 Souq.com , 152 Silicon Valley-based Applied Weather South Summit , 189 Technology, Inc. , 171 sovereign wealth fund , 163 Silicon Valley model , 20–3 Soviet-era Institute of Cybernetics , Silicon Valley Paradigm , 1 44 Silicon Valley VC fi rm Accel space jump , 107–8 Partners , 224 Spain Startup & Investor Summit , Skype in Tallinn , 43–4, 54–6 189 early-stage development of , 50 Spanish business school ESADE , eBay acquired , 52 180 founders , 47–9 Spanish economy , 188, 192 for iOS, Android and Windows Spanish education system , 180, 193 RT , 52 Spanish entrepreneurs in Madrid , management , 49 177 Microsoft’s purchase of , 53–4 Spanish society , 179 technology , 51 Spanish youth , 180 Index 253

Stam, Erik , 7 Tolstoy, Leo , 233 StartupAus , 217 TomTom in Amsterdam Start-up Genome and Telefonica continuing innovation , 125–6 Digital , 181 coping and leveraging strategies , stimulation drink , 111 135–7 Stockholm’s technology cluster , 62 genesis of , 121–2 StormGeo in Bergen , 6, 161, 167–8, high-tech start-ups derive place 241 surplus in, 129 funding growth and evolution of , collaborative networks , 132–3 167 emerging tech scene , 131–2 international expansion , 169 ICT infrastructure , 130 products and services , 170 place to live , 132 R&D , 168, 171 talent surplus/defi cit , 133–4 regular revenue stream , 167 transportation and logistics strategic partnership with DNV hub and proximity to Group , 169–70, 173 markets , 129–30 subsequent investments in , 169 venture capital defi cit , 134–5 Sulaiman, Omar , 204 place surplus in , 127–9 Sun Microsystems , 205 troubling times for , 126–7 Sweden vs. Russia , 91–3 TomTom Navigator , 123, 126 Swedish model of innovation , 93 Toukan, Samih , 5, 143, 148, 208 ‘double head offi ce’ , 150 fi rst Arabic e-mail service , 149 T traditional business model in global Talabat.com , 13 gaming industry , 90 Tallinn, Jaan , 54 traditional Nordic model of Tallinn Surplus , 54 consensus, 102 technology entrepreneurship, hubs Transparency Market Research for , 27 (TMR) , 90 Technopartner programme , 122 transportation in Amsterdam , technopreneurs , 55 129–30 Tele2 , 47–8 Triangle of Ontario , 25–6 TeleAtlas , 124–5, 137 Triangle of Toronto , 25 telecommunications industry, TV2 , 166, 173 deregulation of , 146 24symbols in Madrid , 177 telephony market , 49 e-book history , 196 Teo, Jonathan , 226 economy , 188 TMR. See Transparency Market freemium-based subscription Research (TMR) model, adopting, 183 254 Index

24symbols in Madrid (cont.) W government, role of , 188–90 Wahlforss, Eric , 59, 62, 68 sourcing risk capital , 181–2 Walther, Ingrid , 64 value added for publishers , “wannabe” investors , 238 184–8 WEBFLEET app , 136 Website’s e-recruitment services , 206 U WEF. See World Economic Forum UK’s National Weather Service , 172 (WEF) United Arab Emirates (UAE), 197, ‘word-of-mouth’ marketing , 109 208–9 work spaces , 132–3 growth model , 200 World Bank’s Doing Business data ICT sector , 204 (2012) , 106 legal system , 199 World Economic Forum (WEF) , Unity 3D platform , 132 74, 217 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Global Competitiveness Index 179 (GCI) 2013–2014 , 146, US-based fi le-sharing music system , 48 192, 209 US-based hedge fund Tiger Global Global Competitiveness Report Management (Tiger) , 152 2012–2014 , 106, 121 Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report , V 104–6 value added for publishers , 184–8 World Trade Organisation in 2000 , van Duff elen, Jeroen , 121, 133, 134 148 venture capital (VC) , 95–6 Chile , 13 defi cit , 134–5 Y factor , 23 Yahoo! , 152–4 Vesterbacka, Peter , 94, 102 YallaMotor , 198 vibrant start-up ecosystem in Australia, Yoovidhya, Chaleo , 109, 112 development of , 226 Vigreux, Corinne , 123, 126 Voice Codec , 50 Z Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) , 50 Zed , 186, 187, 192 wave, 51–2 Zennström, Niklas , 47–51