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Aid in the Context of Conflict, Fragility, and the Climate Emergency Reality

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Aid in the Context of Conflict, Fragility, and the Climate Emergency Reality AID IN THE CONTEXT OF CONFLICT, FRAGILITY, AND THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY REALITY OF AID 2020/2021 REPORT Aid in the context of Conflict, Fragility, REALITY OF AID NETWORK and the Climate Emergency International Coordinating Committee (2020) Reality of Aid Report 2020/2021 Urantsooj Gumbosuren Chairperson Published in the Philippines in 2021 by IBON International Centre for Human Rights and Development – Mongolia IBON Center, 114 Timog Avenue, Room #1103, 11/F Floor of Peace Tower, Peace Avenue-54 Quezon City, 1103, Philippines 3rd Khoroo of Chingeltai District Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Tel: +976 11-325721, +976 11-319037 Copyright © 2021 by The Reality of Aid Email: [email protected] International Coordinating Committee www.chrd.org.mn Vitalice Meja Writer/Editor: Brian Tomlinson Reality of Aid Africa Managing Editor: Mark Moreno Pascual Wanandege Flats Appt 4D Cover Design: Mark Moreno Pascual Kirichiwa Road Kilimani Layout: Roneil Villegas P.O. Box 36851 -00200 Nairobi, Kenya Cover Photo: Rita Willaert Tel: +254 202345762 / 254 704355043 Email: [email protected] www.roaafrica.org Some rights reserved Sarah Isabelle Torres Reality of Aid Asia Pacific ISSN: 2783-0209 3/F IBON Center, 114 Timog Avenue Quezon City, 1103, Philippines Tel: +632 9277060 Telefax: +632 9276981 Email: [email protected] Henry Morales Representative Latin American CSO members Movimiento Tzuk-Kim Pop The Reality of Aid Network exists to promote national and Sector 5, Cantón Xecaracoj, Quetzaltenango international policies that contribute to new and effective Tel: +502 7927 0431 strategies for poverty eradication built on solidarity and equity. Email: [email protected] Established in 1993, the Reality of Aid is a collaborative, non-profit www.tzukimpop.org initiative, involving non-governmental organisations from North and South. It is in special consultative status with the United Nerea Craviotto Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Representing European Country CSO members European Network on Debt and Development (EURODAD) The Reality of Aid publishes regular, reliable reports on Rue d’Edinborough 18-26 international development cooperation and the extent to which 1050 Brussels, Belgium governments, North and South, address the extreme inequalities Tel: +322 8944645 of income and the structural, social and political injustices that Fax: + 322 7919809 entrench people in poverty. Email: [email protected] www.eurodad.org The network has been publishing reports and Reality Checks on aid and development cooperation since 1993. These reports Brian Tomlinson provide critical analysis of how governments address the issues Interim Representing non-European OECD CSO members of poverty and whether aid and development cooperation policies AidWatch Canada are put into practice. 4771 Black Rock Road, Waterville Nova Scotia, Canada, BOP 1V0 The Reality of Aid International Coordinating Committee is made Email: [email protected] up of regional representatives of all participating organisations. www.aidwatchcanada.ca Mark Moreno Pascual Global Secretariat Coordinator The Reality of Aid Report is published every two years. 3/F IBON Center, 114 Timog Avenue Quezon City 1103, Philippines The Reality of Aid Report 2020/2021 was published with the Tel: +632 9277060 support of: Telefax: +632 9276981 Email: [email protected] www.realityofaid.org CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...............................................................i Preface ..........................................................................iii Aid in the Time of a Global Pandemic: Confronting the challenges of fragility, poverty and climate change ......................1 Part 1: Reflections on Fragility, Conflict and the Triple Nexus Donor interests over effective development cooperation? USAID and the “triple nexus” approach in the Philippines ...............................35 A Region Embattled: Situating the Triple Nexus in the Asia Pacific Context ..........................................................47 Examining the Effectiveness of the Humanitarian, Development and Peace Nexus in the Lake Chad Region ...............................57 Engendering the Nexus: Mainstreaming Gender in the Triple Nexus, a Case Study from Mali. .71 Vision on Social Protection Systems and Social Security in Palestine ......................81 Fragility, the challenge of our century ................................................89 Part 2: Responding to a Climate Emergency Climate Change and Development Cooperation in South Asia. 97 The World Bank’s climate finance: Transformational change, or doubling down on neoliberal globalisation? ........................................107 Escazu Agreement: An Opportunity for the Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Face of Environmental Crises .........................115 E Part 3: Global Aid Trends The Future of Aid in the Time of Pandemic: What do global aid trends reveal? ...................................................123 Challenges for the Construction of South-South Cooperation by and for the People .............................................................191 International Cooperation for Educational Justice .....................................199 A worsening poverty landscape with Covid-19 ........................................211 Debt Relief and ODA ..............................................................219 A Pacific Compact .................................................................227 Aid Performance: Belgium called to do better ........................................235 Canada’s international assistance: underfunded feminist ambitions ....................................................243 Does the ‘Global EU Response’ to COVID-19 match the global expectations for the biggest bloc providing ODA? . .253 France: A key player in the future of aid, despite an inadequate response to the crisis?. 261 Increases in Japan’s ODA/GNI Ratio: Should we celebrate it? ............................................................269 Sweden: Drive for democracy, feminist foreign policy, climate and biodiversity remain key priorities in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic ............................................277 United Kingdom: COVID as catalyst: seismic shifts in UK aid .............................287 Glossary of Aid Terms .............................................................297 RoA Members Directory ...........................................................303 F ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Reality of Aid Report 2020/2021 is written necessarily reflect the views of the International by authors from civil society organizations Coordinating Committee, or of IBON worldwide whose research draws on International that published this Report. This knowledge and expertise from aid agencies, report was originally planned for publication in academia, community-based organisations 2020, but due to several unforeseen delays and and governments. We would like to thank challenges caused by the global pandemic and those who have generously contributed their its resulting crises, the Reality of Aid Network knowledge and advice. decided to publish it in 2021. Overall editorial control of the Reality of The International Coordinating Committee Aid 2020/2021 lies with the Reality of Aid was assisted by Brian Tomlinson as Writer and International Coordinating Committee, but Content Editor, and Mark Moreno Pascual as the views expressed in the reports do not Managing Editor. i PREFACE In recent years, the international aid regime the place of aid in responding to global crises. has been challenged with an age-old question How will donors address the widening and on how humanitarian action, development persisting state fragility and conflict in the and peace efforts intersect, and how each lives of people living in poverty? What role pillar affects one another – the so-called “triple will a deepening climate emergency play in nexus” approach which was enshrined in the these responses? How will current patterns 2019 Development Assistance Committee of development cooperation respond to (DAC) Recommendation on the Humanitarian- these crises in the face of the global health Development-Peace Nexus. The DAC Nexus pandemic? recommendation along with other relevant international agreements such as the Grand The 2020/2021 Reality of Aid Report sets out Bargain and the New Way of Working have put a narrative in support of a transformative considerable pressure on donor countries to shift in the international aid system taking demonstrably show a commitment to practice stock of persisting global crises as a clear the Nexus approach in overall development moment of opportunity for donor countries to planning and practice. demonstrate political will in eradicating poverty and reducing inequality in all its forms. The While there is great recognition among the report examines these cross-cutting issues international community on the value of in three major areas: 1) the Triple Nexus this approach in achieving the Sustainable approach; 2) the climate emergency; and 3) the Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, there global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. remains significant confusion over what the triple nexus means and how it can be This report has 21 contributions comprising translated in practical terms. The 2020/2021 8 country chapters, 9 thematic articles and Reality of Aid (ROA) Report attempts to a Global Aid Trends chapter. The political contribute to this discussion by focusing on overview synthesizes
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