Transfer of Innovative Technologies 3 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

FOUNDER INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture TRANSFER Certificate of the State Registration КВ № 23029-12869Р dated 27.12.2017 OF INNOVATIVE ISSN 2617-0264

DOI: 10.31493/tit1812 TECHNOLOGIES

Published twice a year Founded in December 2017

Publication of original works and authoritative reviews of innovative technologies in construction, architecture, and other fields of science and technology. New solutions and methods for measuring, predicting and studying the properties of 2018 materials, structures, technological processes. Different aspects of design, production and operation of industrial, civil- ian objects, infrastructure. Problems of energy, ecology, Vol 1(2) computer and information technologies

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF SUBJECT EDITORS

М. Sukach Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., KNUCA T. Panchenko (Architecture, Infrastructure) Dr. of Architec- ture, Prof., KNUCA DEPUTY EDITOR V. Bashenov (Engineering, Construction) Full member

М. Senchenko Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., SRI The Ivan NAPS of Ukraine, Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., KNUCA Fedorov Book Chamber of Ukraine О. Trofymchuk (Information Technology) Corr.-member of NASU, Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., NAS Institute EDITORIAL BOARD of Telecommunications and the Global Information Space of Ukraine V. Haidaichuk Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., KNUCA V. Guliaiev Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., National Transport INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD University V. Holubets Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., National Forestry W. Auzinger PhD, Ass.Prof., Vienna University of Tech- University of Ukraine nology (Austria) V. Grinchenko Full member of NASU, Dr.Tech.Sc., V. Bogdanov PhD, Snr.Res.Ass., Serenidad Consulting Prof., NAS Institute of Hydromechanics Pty, Sidney (Australia) of Ukraine G. Bryntse PhD, Ass.Prof., SERO, European Renewable M. Jakovlev Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., NAA Institute for Energy Federation, Borlange (Sweden) Modern Art Problems of Ukraine C. Drebenstedt Dr.hab., Prof., Technical University S. Klymenko Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., NAS V.Bakul Bergakademie, Freiberg (Germany) Institute of superhard materials of V. Feldgun PhD, Snr.Res.Ass., Israel Institute of Ukraine of Technology, Haifa Area (Israel) V. Kubenko Full member of NASU, Dr.Phys.-Math. A. Marczuk Dr.hab., Prof., University of Life Science in Sc., Prof., NAS S.Tymoshenko Institute Lublin (Poland) of Mechanics of Ukraine V. Mashkov Dr.Tech.Sc., Ass.Prof., University P. Kulikov Dr.Econ.Sc., Prof., KNUCA J.Evangelista Purkyne in Usti-nad-Labem L. Lobanov Full member of NASU, Dr.Tech.Sc., (Czech Republic) Prof., NAS E.Paton Institute of Electric U. Naeem PhD, Snr.Lect., University of East London Welding of Ukraine (England) А. Ragulya Corr.-member of NASU, Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., NAS I.Frantsevych Institute of Materials Science Problems of Ukraine V. Ploskiy Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., KNUCA The journal is included in the List of scientific professional R. Rohatynskiy Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., Ternopil Ivan Puluy editions of Ukraine in accordance with the Order of the National Technical University Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine V. Romanov Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., NAS V.Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of Ukraine V. Samoilenko Dr.Phys.-Math.Sc., Prof., Taras Shev- Approved by Academic Council of Kyiv National chenko National University of Kyiv University of Construction and Architecture V.Tomashevskiy Dr.Phys.-Math.Sc., Prof., NTU of December 14, 2018, protocol No.19 Ukraine, Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute K. Zabolotnyi Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof., SHEI National Languages of the publications English, Ukrainian Mining University

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Content

Architecture, Infrastructure

Tamara Panchenko, Mykhailo Sukach, Andriy Golub…………………..……………………………………… 3 Sustainable Tourism Development in Ukraine Развитие экологического туризма в Украине

Liudmila Bachinska...... 21 Decorative-formative and spatial organization of representative architecture 1930s − early 1950s as a reflection of the state-ideological goal Декоративно-формообразующая и пространственная организация представительской архитек- туры 1930-х – начала 1950-х годов как отображение государственно-идеологической цели

Olga Рetrunya…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32 The meanings and techniques of lighting in the car service Значение и приемы освещения в автосервисе

Engineering, Construction

Михаил Сукач………….….………………………………………………………………………………………… 40 Теоретические основы расчета скобовидных пластинчатых рессор The theoretical basis for calculating the bracketed leaf springs

Dmytro Mishchuk………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 51 Development of the mathematical model a single stage pulse hydraulic drive Разработка математической модели однокаскадного импульсного гидропривода

Information Technology

Vira Molchanova……………….……………………………………………………………………………………… 58 The methods of homotopic skeletonization of bit-mapped drawings of parts of sea transport Методика гомотопной скелетизации растровых чертежей деталей морского транспорта

Vladislav Bogdanov………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 68 Impact a circular cylinder with a flat on an elastic layer Удар кругового цилиндра c лыской по упругому слою

Валерій Гавриленко, Анатолій Обшта, Богдан Шувар…………………………………………………. 75 Декомпозиція операторних рівнянь на основі агрегаційно-ітеративного підходу Decomposition of operator equations based on aggregation-iterative approach

Victoria Kondratenko………………………………………………………………………………………………… 82

Physiological model of one materialized human thought Физиологическая модель одной из материализованных мыслей человека

Guidelines for Authors……..……………………………………………………………………………..………… 89 Publication requirements Application (Forms 1 − 4) Agreement (Form 5)

Architecture, Infrastructure

Sustainable Tourism Development in Ukraine

Tamara Panchenko1, Mykhailo Sukach2, Andriy Golub3

Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture Povitroflotsky avenue 31, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0001-6341-230X [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-4073 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-1459

Received on 22.06.2018, accepted after revision on 10.10.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0101

Abstract. The publication is a contribution within the framework of the United Nations De- velopment Programmed project UKR/95/003 «In- troduction of Sustainable Development Principles Tamara Panchenko into Governmental Institutions». The objective of Head of the Landscape architecture Department this project is to introduce sustainable development Dr. of Architecture, Prof. principles into the policies, programmed and planning activities of major Governmental institutions in Ukraine in accordance with: a) the priorities of the Government; b) the resolutions reached at international conferences in which Ukraine partici- Mykhailo Sukach pated; c) the international conventions or agree- Professor of the Construction ments to which Ukraine is a signatory. machines Department Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof. The project which is implemented with UNDP resources, it is designed to stimulate a high-level policy dialogue on sustainable development issues in Ukraine and broaden participation in such a dialogue amongst Government institutions, as well as Andriy Golub to disseminate the knowledge and tools necessary Associate professor of the Land- for the preliminary integration of sustainable de- scape architecture Department velopment principles into the policy and strategy PhD of Architecture of the Government of Ukraine. The primary focus for ecological tourism in Ukraine is on recreational activity, however it is limited by the need to meet environmental protec- Development under the Cabinet of Ministers of tion demands. The legislative preconditions for Ukraine. ecotourism organization are stated in the laws "On Key words: types of tourism, natural and the natural reserve fund of Ukraine" (1992), "On historico-cultural resources, territorial organization tourism" (1995), and “On resorts" (2000) [1, 2, 3]. of ecotourism. This publication was prepared with the assistance of the National Commission on Sustainable

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 3 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

INTRODUCTION cal and green (on landscape territories), rural and agrotourism (in rural areas) [4]. The strategy for forming an optimal living Large tourist-zones were created in environment in Ukraine foresees that urbaniza- Ukraine, such as "Namysto-Slavutich" along tion in the future will seek to maintain an eco- the Dnieper river, "Yaremcha-Vorohta" in the logical balance with the maximum preserva- Carpathians, "Great Yalta" on the Black Sea tion of the natural environment. shore, as well as tourist centres that are func- Recreational landscapes (forest, sea, moun- tioning in historical cities such as Kyiv, Lviv, tain), sanitary resources (mineral waters and Kamyanets-Podolsky and others. Lately, com- medical clays) and territories and objects of plexes of ecological (green) tourism are being the natural reserve fund (biosphere reserves, created and developed in places of preserved national natural and regional landscape parks, biodiversity. parks − monuments of horticultural art), which The objects of the interest of the people in provide a proper basis for development of rec- the sphere of ecotourism are the sea and moun- reation opportunities for the population as well tains, rivers and lakes, forests and steppe eco- as organization of tourism system, constitute a systems, as well as the flora and fauna that in- considerable part of the natural potential in habit these areas. Ukraine. Ecotourism is a part of a whole system of Following current international trends con- tourism in Ukraine; ecotourism is carried out centrated on the transfer of the standards of especially on landscape − recreational territo- urban life as well as recreational activities into ries and within the boundaries of the natural the rural and natural areas, and thus bringing reserve fund [1]. one closer to nature, Ukraine is seeing the development of new processes within the coun- Recreational Resources Potential try, such as ecological tourism development, adjustment of country dwelling for family va- Ukraine is one of the largest European cation, development of country cottage and states with a geopolitical position in the centre garden villages, etc [8 − 10]. of Europe (Fig.l). It has unique natural recrea- The present situation and outlook for the tional resources that are very favorable for in- development of ecotourism in Ukraine, and its ternational tourism development [5]. functional and regional peculiarities in the The area of potential recreational territories context of general tourism development in in Ukraine comprises 12,8% of the country's Ukraine are presented in this article. area and is divided accordingly to the natural peculiarities of the regions (Fig.2). The present THE CURRENT STATUS AND state and perspectives of natural recreational OUTLOOK FOR DEVELOPMENT resource utilization in the boundaries of OF TOURISM IN UKRAINE Ukraine as a whole and it's oblasts, are shown in the diagrams (Fig.3, 4). Types of tourism The health-improving resources are unique, since more than 500 mineral water and clay The legal basis for the development of tour- deposits have been found. Beaches comprise ism in Ukraine is set forth within the law "On 47% of the sea shore territory of the Black Sea tourism", in which it is stated, that "tourism is and Azov Sea [5]. a temporary departure of a person from the This natural potential needs to be protected, place of his permanent residence with health- reserved and rationally used because it forms improving, educational or professional pur- the basis of sustainable development of health- poses" [2]. resorts, recreational zones, tourism. There are many varieties of tourism in In Ukraine a special resolution of the gov- Ukraine − cultural and educational (in histori- ernment confirmed over 240 resort settle- cal places); health-improving and sports (at ments, which are situated in the boundaries of sea, in forest and mountain regions), ecologi-

4 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

Fig.1. Ukraine on the territory of Europe

Fig.2. Ukraine’s recreational potential

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 5 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

Fig.3. Recreational territories structure distribution among regions. Recreational territories area, thousand ha: a − altogether; b − developed territories. Oblast groups: 1 − Donetsk, Lugansk; 2 − Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya, Kirovograd; 3 − Poltava, Sumy, Kharkiv; 4 − Kiyv, Cherkassy; 5 − Volyn, Zhytomir.Rivno, Chernygiv; 6 − Vinnytsya, Ternopil, Khmelitski; 7 − Mykolayiv, Odessa, Kherson, Crimea autonomous republic; 8 − Zakarpatya, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsy

Fig.4. Recreational territories of Ukraine

stage use structure. Fig.5. Recreational facilities according to oblasts Recreational territories area, %: development dynamics. 1 − 1 stage (until the year 2006); Capaciusness of recreational health and tourist 2 − II stage (until 2016); establishments, th. people/places: 3 − III stage (2026); 1 − present situation; 4 − reserve of recreational territories; 2 − perspective (until 2026) 5 − used territories

7 recreational regions [6]. These regions in- In the section of functional specialization clude the sea shore of the Autonomous Repub- health-improving facilities (sanatoriums, holi- lic of Crimea, the Black Sea shore and the day hotels, prophilactoriums) comprise 23,6%, Azov Sea shore, the mountainous and foothill recreational (houses and centers, children regions of the Carpathians and in other locali- health-improving facilities) − 66,3%, tourist ties. Among these settlements there are 27 facilities − (hotels, tourist centers, motels- health resort cities and 214 villages which campings) − 10,1% [8]. The capacity and the have a special status for the development of prognosis for the stage development within the recreational and tourist functions. framework of recreational facilities (health- According to statistical data the general ca- improving, tourism) are shown in the diagram pacity of permanent recreational, health- (Fig.5). improving and tourist facilities comprises more then 800 thousand beds.

6 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

Natural Reserve Fund The structure and volume of the natural- The network of the natural reserve fund reserve fund objects of Ukraine are shown in comprise 8032 territories and objects, with an diagram (Fig.8). overall area of 3922 thousand hectares, which As far as natural reserves, zakaznyks, and comprise 6,49% of the Ukraine's territory. The nature-monuments are concerned, they can be situation plan of the main objects of the natu- used only for ecological, educational work and ral-reserve fund are shown in Fig.6, and their tours. At the same time, the possibility for share in each region − in Fig.7. wider use of the reserves and nature- National natural parks, regional landscape monuments territories for commercial ecotour- parks and biosphere reserves play a very im- ism has been looked into. For this the corre- portant role for the ecotourism organization in sponding economic mechanism to guarantee Ukraine (Table 1). It is in the location of these self-financing measures to preserve biological natural sites that recreational activity takes diversity is being created. In Table 1 you can place, and is one of the foreseen areas of direc- see the most preserved and attractive for eco- tion for the future development of these facili- tourism and specially guarded nature sites. ties. Ukraine has actively joined the complex de- Biosphere reserves comprise 6,42% of the velopment of international ecotourism process. structure territory of the nature reserve fund, Through this connection, the formation of in- national natural parks – 30,99%, regional land- terstate natural reserves within the country's scape parks - 19,34%. Artificially created ob- territory is very important. Largetracts of land jects and parks and monuments of horticultural "Stuzitsa" (14665 ha) became a part of the first art are also part of the nature- reserve fund, Central European trilateral interstate territory although their share is less than 1%. − biosphere reserve "Eastern Carpathian" [11].

Fig.6. Natural reserve fund of Ukraine

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 7 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

Fig.7. Reserve level on the territory of oblasts

Table 1. Biosphere reserves and national nature parks of Ukraine

Nature-reserve establishments Nature-reserve territories Quantity of flora and fauna Year of Name Area (ha) creation species, entered in the Red Book of Ukraine Flora and Whole Fauna Microbiota Biospherical reserves Askania-Nova 1985 33307 22 41 Black Sea 1985 89129 24 69 Carpathian 1993 57880 92 74 Danube 1998 46403 8 61 National nature parks Carpathian 1980 50495 78 18 Shatsky 1983 48977 32 33 "Sinevir" 1989 40400 40 11 Azovo-Sivashsky 1993 57400 7 18 "Vizshnitsky" 1995 7928 31 19 "Podilski Tovtry" 1996 261316 60 79 "Sviati Hory" 1997 40589 48 50 Yavorivsky 1998 7108 27 Skolivski Beskydy 1999 35261

8 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

− is not covered by official statistics. Accord- ing to sociological data this portion comprises up to 8% of the entire number of tourists. The economic components of its development are a part of tourism economics on the whole. The given data attest to the great reserves in tourism development and economic profits of the development of tourism, which promotes the quality of life and raises the standards of living, contributes to the creation of new jobs, Fig.8. Natural reserve fund structure: and ensures that the environmental protection 1 − natural reserves; measures are self-sustaining. The development 2 - bios phere reserves; 3 − national natural of tourism in Ukraine stimulates the develop- parks; 4 − zakaznyks; ment of other sectors such as transport and 5 − botanical and zoological gardens, dendroparks, parks − monuments of horti communication, the production of building culture, natural monuments; materials and biologically cleans food prod- 6 − regional landscape parks; ucts, souvenir production, which provides for 7 − reserve territories the country's rise of an economic level [7, 18- 21]. From the Polish side Beschadsky national park and landscape parks − Tsisniansko- PECULIARITIES OF ECOLOGICAL Vetlinski and "Sleep Valley" are included in TOURISM ORGANISATION the territory; and from the Czech side - region of guarded landscape "Eastern Carpathian". Typology of objects of ecological Similar biosphere reserve "Dunaiski Plavni" is tourism being created. There is a proposal to create such interstate biosphere reserves, as: Polish- Ecological tourism (ecotourism) in Ukraine Ukrainian "Western Polissia", Russian- has developed within the territory of the nat- Ukrainian "Briansk and Starogutsk forests" ural reserve, in the boundaries of which people etc. Those objects might in perspective be the can take long-term or short-term vacations, most popular for developing a transnational acquaint with the flora and fauna. Ecological ecotourism system [17]. tours and environmental education may be carried out. At the same time a special environ- Tourism as economic category mental protection regime is ensured. To the categories of the national reserve fund of Ukraine, a country with a transitioning Ukraine, where ecological tourism can be de- economy, has a goal to achieve a level of prof- veloped, belong: national natural parks (Carpa- itability and competitiveness within the tour- thian, Shatsky, Sinevirsky, Azov-Sivashsky ism industry since it is an important branch of and others), regional landscape parks (Dnister its economy. Canyon, Kinburn Split, Dikansky and others), So far profits from tourism within country's and biosphere reserves (Carpathian, Askaniya economy are low. Revenues from tourism in Nova, Black Sea, Danube) [11]. gross domestic product equate to about 1%. Green tourism has a lot in common with Ukraine's share in international tourist ex- ecological tourism. It is being organized with- change is about 0,06%. In total volume of in the territory of natural landscapes with the gross tourism revenues Ukraine's share is only provision of amenities, where conditions exist 0,13%. for short-term vacations (from 5 − 10 hr to 1 − The contingent of ecotourism supporters − 2 days), vacation on the beaches, etc. The are- those, who are fond of speleotourism, foot and as where green tourism may take place, are: horse excursions, hiking, water entertainment forestparks, hydroparks, dendroparks, botani-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 9 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure cal gardens and other landscape complexes Ecological tourism development which can be situated in rural areas as well as resources in urban areas. Resources for the organization of green tourism exist in all Ukraine's regions, Nature resources. In Ukraine there are in particular -green lines on the riverbanks of three main categories of natural reserve areas, the Dnieper, Desna, Danube, Southern Boug which may directly become the basis of eco- and on a number of small rivers, lakes, reser- tourism development: national nature parks, voirs. regional landscape parks and biosphere pre- Another variety of ecological tourism is ru- serves. ral tourism, which is oriented on the use of ru- According to the UNESCO "Man and Bio- ral settlements for a long term, as well as for a sphere" program 4 biosphere preserves have short-term vacation in the conditions of eco- been created in Ukraine. One of their goals is logically clean landscape. Traditional for connecting nature preservation, tourist- Ukraine, dacha villages, which have since lost vacation and economic activities. The most their agricultural function, are also part of famous is "Askania-Nova" preservation (built country tourism. Of great importance for rural in 1874) in Kherson region. Except standard tourism development are ethnic peculiarities, steppe sections and rare animal species that are the ethnographic characteristics of Ukraine's guarded in preservation there is a dendropark population's life, the existence of folk trades and zoo, which are very attractive for tourists. and folk architectural and the historic monuments (in particular - palace-park facilities of XYIII − XIX centuries). Similar to ecological tourism is also agrotourism on the agricultural arable land, where the conditions for producing the agricultural products exist, as well as for vacation and the voluntary involvement the population in some kinds of jobs (harvesting fruits, vegeta- bles and berries, looking after domestic animals). There are a lot of agrorecreational villages in Ukraine, gardening associations villages, agroparks, also farms and farmsteads suitable Forty seven national nature parks were cre- for vacation (farm tourism). Low-income fam- ated in Ukraine. The first park was created in ilies prefer to go on vacation to rural areas, 1980 − Carpathian National Nature Park, the where they are provided with ecologically biggest in Europe tourist-vacation region. This clean produce and inexpensive housing, get and other national nature parks − Shatsky, acquainted with ancient customs and involve Sinevir compared to international national children in practical agricultural work, folk parks not only are very "young", but also so trades and rituals [4]. far are not well equipped. In the vicinities of An interesting example is a project for tour- these parks there are working tourist- ists called "The Big Tavria Ring". It is a route recreational facilities, working tourism sites in the Crimea, by which planners envisage the and infrastructure, while additional service in- creation of farms and farmsteads to fulfill frastructure development is needed [11]. double functions for tourists and agro-food. It Among nature preservation territories of has been proposed to develop on tourist routes Ukraine which can be the most practically uti- mini-hotels, small factories for agricultural lized for ecological tourism development an produce processing, to construct horse farms important role belongs to 69 regional land- for tourism needs. scape parks and 58 dendroparks. Regional landscape parks are in formation stage, and

10 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

dendroparks, such as "Sofiivka" in Uman, Territorial organization of ecotourism "Olexandria" in Bila Tserkva, Trostianets in Chernihiv region and others are magnificent Among the first national natural parks cre- examples of Ukraine's landscape architecture ated in Ukraine are the Carpathian Park in (there are more then 100 of those in Ukraine), 1980 (area 50,5 th. ha) and Shatsky Park in and a substantial part of which is in rural areas 1983 (area 48,9 th. ha). The main unique fea- [12, 13]. ture of these national natural parks is the use Historico-cultural resources. In Ukraine and adaptation of the existing recreational fund important tourist attractions are: historical and infrastructure, in the framework of a func- monuments, archeological monuments, ethno- tionally new object without constructive graphic and cultural facilities, and museums. changes. At the present moment these and oth- There are also trades − hunting and fishing, er national parks are only limited to the popu- handicrafts − weaving and ceramics, folk ar- larization of nature by means of excursions, chitecture and folklore, which attract tourists. regional studies and other ecotourist functions. The spirit of the people, which is preserved in Rational territorial organizations and high lev- Ukrainian rituals and customs (for example, el of amenities in national parks, biosphere re- holidays "Christmas", "Shrove/tide", "Easter", serves and regional landscape parks would be "Green holidays" etc.) is extremely important a favorable basis for ecotourism development. in education of children and younger genera- The Ukrainian legislature is regulating the tion and attraction of tourist, including foreign. creation of functional zones in national parks: There are scansenes − museums of folk ar- reserve, regulated recreation, stationary recrea- chitecture and life under the open sky in Kyiv, tion, regulated economic activity [1]. Uzhgorod, Pereyaslav-Khmelnitski. Creation Besides allocating new tourist and recrea- of such natural ethnographic museums, which tional facilities or use of existing ones, an im- depict the ethnic specific features of certain portant measure is the creation of "landscape- regions of Ukraine is a proposed direction for route corridors", "exposition zones", "ecologi- ecotourism development. cal roads", "tourist land" (for fishing, berry-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 11 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure mushroom gathering, hunting, skiing). Equip- tourism complex functioning is being ment for special views and barbecue places, prognosed. building of ecologically safe roads is also fore- A similar project of creating an internation- seen. al ecotourism complex on the shore of the One of the examples of ecotourism com- Zhabrianska Bay of the Black Sea at the border with Romania was proposed by the Minis- try of ecological safety and urban building SRPI. The unique natural resources of this region are the Danube delta, the Sasic salt lake, Zhebrianskaya split. In the Danube biosphere reserve, unique flora and fauna are preserved. The Danube delta − a unity of islands − and the aquatoria are part of the water-marsh land of international importance. An attractive site for tourists is the Vilkovo village with numerous channels − the so-called "Ukrainian Venice". A wonderful waterlink by the Danube gives an opportunity of acquaint- ance with this phenomenon of nature for tourists from many countries and with the analogy with the above mentioned project considerable plex formation is the idea of the South scien- economic profits can be obtained here. tific center of the National Academy of Sci- ences of Ukraine and tourist-commercial com- Ecotourism development organizational pany "Euginia Travel LTD" (Odessa). It has measures been suggested to locate the ecotourism complex 50 km from Odessa in the zone of the Ecotourism in Ukraine is in the making. "Tyligulsky" regional landscape park on the Certain facilities exist in different regions of grounds of cooperative land (10 th. ha), where Ukraine − tourist hotels, tourist centers, mo- the zakazniks are located − ornithological, bo- tels, camping grounds, which accept and pro- tanical and zoological; environment − dry vide services to groups or individuals, who en- steppe with a unique microclimate, which is gage in their favorite vacation activities (fish- characteristic of only this part of Ukraine. The ing, hunting, yacht sailing, skiing, horseback Tyligulsky landscape evokes great interest in riding, berry, mushroom, herb collection; different categories of the population: tourists, speleo-tourism, alpinism, etc.). Special eco- sportsmen, scientists, and businessmen. There tourism marketing and commercial services are beautiful views here, diversity of the flora are yet to be developed. and fauna, thrilling hunting and fishing. One of the first steps towards the estab- The territorial organization of the ecotour- lishment of demands concerning ecotourism ism complex foresees the creation of a zoo organization in Ukraine was the holding in "Steppe safari", contemporary farms, 1996 by the World Bank and Ministry of Eco- deltaplanerism club, exotic recreational set- logical Safety of Ukraine an International sem- tlements, equipment of places of interest tour- inar on the "biobusiness", where the problems ism (crab and lobster catching, hunting, horse of "ecobusiness" and development of "ecotour- riding, troikas riding). Several hundred jobs ism business-plans" were discussed. The or- will be provided for the servicing of tourists, ganizational preconditions for ecotourism de- rebirth of crafts and growing of ecologically velopment were the following: attractiveness clean products. On the account of the volume of landscape resources for ecotourism; the ex- of services to local and foreign tourists, a high istence of accommodations to receive tourists level of economic effectiveness of this eco- and servicing facilities; presence of specialists

12 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

-tour guides, instructors, translators, who can The most attractive zones for ecotourism provide ecological tours and individual securi- are natural parks: "Carpathian", which em- ty. All these questions must be taken into con- braces mountain heights and river basins; sideration in the business-plan of the ecotour- "Sinevir", with the largest in the Carpathian ism complex organization, when expenses and Sinevir lake − the so-called "sea eye", income are established, investment sources, "Vyzhnitsky", which takes up great areas of price prognosis and risk description, taxes, forests, etc [12]. commercial − informational program, etc. The natural aspects of the Carpathian region Thus, valuable landscape complexes in are wildly used for the organization of eco- Ukraine will be not only "high standards of na- logical mountain tourism. The large areas of ture", but also become profitable commercial Swidovets, Marmaros with the Goverla moun- ecotourism enterprises, which will be able to tain (2061 m), Beskidy, Svaliava landscapes, provide for the preservation and restoration of carts caves − are very interesting ecotourism nature by its own means. sites. The mountain relief and favorable climate attract tourists and sport participants, ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT who are interested in winter sports, such as IN THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE skiing, and the developed network of rivers for those who are into boat sailing. According to the recreational regioning of The Carpathian flora has over 1100 types of Ukraine, there are 7 regions on its territory: plants. The picturesque "Narcissus valley", Carpathian, Transdniester, Dnieper, Trans- where the only European wild thicket of nar- donetsky, Transazov, Black Sea, Crimean (see cissus is being protected, as well as the vegeta- Fig.2). tion of the alpine zone attract a great number of tourists [16]. The Carpathian recreational region The animal inhabitants of the Carpathian region are also significant. There are more The Carpathian region is are one of the than 220 species of ground spine animals, most interesting ecotourism regions of birds, snakes, amphibian. Here you can find Ukraine, with continental-European climate, bear, lynx, deer, golden eagle, black stork, and landscape diversity, rich flora and fauna and a trout. great number of natural resort objects.

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 13 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

The Carpathian region is rich in natural, beam, lime-tree; and among the fauna − elk, historic and ethnic monuments, and original wild boar, and muskrat which are widely folklore. A developed recreational infrastruc- spread. ture, with a network of walking routs for eco- The region is rich in natural, historic, cul- logical tourism was created here. Besides the tural and architectural monuments, especially existing shelters, tourist grounds, hotels, the in Ternopil, Khotin, Galich, Zhovkva cities. In construction of private facilities for servicing the city of Kamyanets-Podilsky a historic- tourists are also being developed here, includ- cultural reserve was created − "Old City". ing mini-hotels, family vacation homes, and These natural and cultural reserves of the national cuisine restaurants. Transdniester promote the development of The Carpathian region is situated on the ecological and other types of tourism - educa- crossroads between Western and Eastern Eu- tional, scientific, speleotourism etc. The tourist rope, highlighting the country's important infrastructure has been developed in this re- place in international tourism development on gion. There are tourist bureaus and hotels in the basis of creating international nature re- the cities of Kamyanets-Podilsky, Chernivtsy, serve sites for Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, and Ternopil, Khmelnitsky, as well as interesting Slovakia. tourist routs. On the frontier territories of the region eco- Transdniester recreational region tourism can be developed as part of international natural reserve territories of Ukraine and The Transdniester unites a considerable ter- Moldova. ritory of the western part of Ukraine at the Dniester river basin. The Podil height, has a The Dnipro recreational region favorable climate − a mild winter and warm summer. The territories by the Dnipro river basin On the region's territory a considerable have favorable climate conditions, a variety of number of environmental protection objects recreational resources and a network of areas are concentrated. The most significant among under environmental protection. Ecological these are the natural reserves "Roztochchya"; and other types of tourism have been devel- "Medobort", which border with the Carpathian oped here as well including "the nostalgic" for region, national natural parks "Shatsky" and the untouched Ukrainian nature. "Podil Tovtry" and the western part of the re- In the Transdnieper a national system of gional landscape park "Pripyat-Stohid". tourist tour routs was created − "Namysto Among the significant ecotourism objects are Slavuticha". In this region such natural re- also the Dniester reservoir, Tovtry-cliffs can- serves are situated as Kanivsky and yons, caves and grotto's. Among the forest flo- Dniprovsko-Orilsky; and partially the Black ra of the different regions are beech, horn- Sea biosphere reserve. Other ecotourism sites incldue historical-architectural reserves such as "Chigirin" and "Hortytsya"; dendroparks − "Sofiivka", "Trostyanetsky", "Olexandriya". The region is known for its vegetation diversity − forest, marsh and steppe areas. In the hunting farms, hunting of elk, deer, and wild boar is organized and fishing of pik, sheat-fish and other has been developed. The monuments of historic-cultural heritage, that relate to the Kyiv Rus period (IX − XII) and development of Ukrainian statehood (XYII − XYIII), are important. Among them are historic-cultural reserve "Kievo-Pechersky"; archeo-

14 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

steppe, forest and marsh areas with a lot of plant varieties, and fauna numbering over 400 animal species. Natural-recreational resources, and the presence of historic-cultural monuments of heritage (XYI-XIX sent.) favor the development of ecological, cognitive and educational tourism types in this region. A developed tourism infrastructure was created here that includes tourist agencies, a network of tourist facilities, especially in Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Lugansk, Poltava, and transport con- logical monuments of the Trypillya, ancient, nections Scythian culture, remarkable historical cities: In this highly industrialized region a large Kyiv, Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky, Chernigiv, international business community is active, Odessa. thus conditions could be created for business- A tourist infrastructure has been created in tourism, as well as ecotourism, with the goal the region: transport connections were devel- of providing the working conditions and vaca- oped, and there is a network of tourist agen- tion opportunities for people. cies, tourist centers, and hotels. The majority of them are concentrated in the regional cen- The Transazov recreational region ters of the area. In the capital of Ukraine, Ky- iv, there are first class hotels, which are This region takes up the territory along the adapted to foreign tourists (3 − 4 stars) − shores of the Sivash. The Azov Sea has con- "Kyivskaya Rus", "Dnipro", "Lybid" and oth- siderable health − resorts, recreational re- ers. sources and environmental protection objects, among which the most siginificant are: the bi- Transdonetsk recreational region osphere reserve − «Askaniya Nova», natural reserves-Ukrainian Steppe and Lugansky, This region is situated in the forest-steppe Azov-Sivash national natural park, natural region, has a developed network of river and monuments − Granite cliffs, Stone tomb, etc. water services and a considerable number of The flora of these places is unique. The to- areas under environmental protection. pography includes sea sands, lakes and estu- In Transdonechina the following sites are aries, marshes and meadows. Among the fau- located: the national natural park − "Sviati na, the birds are wonderfully unique to the ar- Gory"; "Ukrainski Stepovy" natural reserve ea. In the migration period, mountain stork, and others. The vegetation in this region cover vulture and other birds can be found here.

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 15 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

Some types of ornitofauna of the Transazov conditions for the development of ecological are included in the Red Book of Ukraine and and other types of tourism. The region has a the European Red list; water- marsh territories developed tourism infrastructure: a modem transport network, and a considerable number of tourist agencies and hotels − «Zaporizh- zhya» in Zaporizhzhya; «Parus» in Berdyansk and others. The Transazov region is a part of a single tourist-recreational system of the Black and Azov Seas, the development perspectives of which are laid in «The sea shore zone tourism development Program» (1996), prepared by the Ministry of ecological safety under the assistance of the World Ecological Fund [21].

The Black Sea recreational region

The territory of the southern part of Ukraine is known for its unique complex of natural resources, has broad access to the Black and Azov Sea basins and the majority of Ukrainian rivers − the Danube, the Dniester, the Dnipro, the South Bough. Because of exceptional natural conditions (warm sea with sand beaches, medicinal resources), this region is highly developed for vacation and treatment at health resorts, becoming particularly attractive to international tourism. There are a couple of hundred environmental protection objects in the region, the most well known among them are: the Black Sea and the Danube biosphere reserves. The flora and fauna have specific features intrinsic in the Black Sea steppe and Eastern − European forest geobotanical provinces. Rich vegetation and the diversity of animals (roe deer, elk, wild boar), birds (falcon, pheasant, great bus- tard), fish (anchovy, sturgeon, gray mullet) contribute to the quality of the area. There are unique natural monuments in the region- the Odessa catacombs, cliffs, historical and cultural monuments, including the State archeological reserve ancient "Olviya". The tourist infrastructure has been developed well, and there is a powerful transport (according to the Ramsar convention) are of potential, a network of tourist establishments, international importance [15]. especially in the administrative centers of the The uniqueness of nature, the presence of region. In Odessa there is a sea port and a tour- historical, cultural and architectural monu- ist center of international importance; in ments (XVII − XIX cent.), create favourable Mykolayiv and Kherson there is tourist centers

16 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure and hotels, the most comfortable among them monuments and natural reserve objects. being "Southern Boug", "Ochakiv" and others. The Yalta Mountain-Forest, Crimean, Karadakh and other natural reserves, which are unique in their natural value, are situated in the Crimea. There have been proposals raised for creating a national natural park called "Chatyr- Dag". The Crimea mountains, specifically mountains Roman-Kosh (1545m) and Ai-Petri (1334m), the steep cliffs in the region, the Great Canyon, the Baydaro-Kostropilsky wall, and Chatyrdag slopes offer great opportunities for ecological, mountain tourism, cliffhanging, speleotourism, and gliding in Crimea. Other unique places for such outdoor recreation opportunities include the caves and cave cities The Danube delta, second largest in Europe, (where ancient people used to dwell), and is a natural body of water of global signifi- many landscape resources such as 1000 year cance. The rare, natural richness and particular old yew tree and beech forests. There are also quality of this locality create unique conditions a lot of water marsh territories, ornithological for scientific work, amateur fishing and hunt- zakaznyks in Crimea. In sea-shore territories, ing, ecological education of the population and the Kerch strait in particular, there exist trout ecotourism development in the system of the and clam cultivation farms [22]. international Danube shipping route. The most attractive for ecotourism conditions exist where there is a combination of dif- The Crimea recreational region ferent natural peculiarities: eloquent mountain relief forms, Mediterranean flora, southern The Crimea is the most famous for its natu- fauna, historical-cultural monuments. Among ral recreational potential not only among such cities are Yalta, Gurzuf, Noviy Svit, Ukrainian regions, but also among the coun- Bahchisarai and others. tries of the Mediterranean and Black seas. This In the region's borders excursion for tourists peninsula has a combination of unique recrea- have been developed, and appropriate infra- tional resources: the sea, the mountains, structure has been created in cities and villag- beaches, picturesque landscapes, historical es, situated along the shore. Tourist routes

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 17 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

have been organized, equipped with walk paths and viewpoints, and include places for practicing speleotourism. In the region of the CONCLUSIONS Uzun-Sirt Mountain gliding has been developed as a sport [23]. 1. The analysis of ecotourism development A network of tourist facilities exists in in Ukraine shows that the presence of great Simpheropol − the capital of the Crimean Au- natural opportunities, which haven't been fully tonomous Republic, Yalta, Sevastopol, used. Due to the current difficult economic sit- Bahchisarai and other cities. For foreign tour- uation in Ukraine, the development of a na- ists can stay in world standard hotels such as − tional tourism system focused on eco- "Yalta", "Oreanda", "Palace". recreation and health-resorts is presently in a Recently necessary conditions for the for- state of stagnation. mation of the national natural park "Turida" 2. The main tasks which are necessary for have been created. For the development of the development of an ecotourism industry are: ethnic and historic- cultural tourism in the • restructuring of the existing recreational, borders of this national park, the development sanitary and tourist fund according to social of the "Great Tavriya Ring" is planned with needs of the population and market economy the aim of the rebirth of cultural traditions in conditions: places of the Crimean national minorities' resi- • construction of new establishments, which dence. answer world standards, for the development According to the Convention on Black Sea of the national tourism system and integration protection from pollution (1992) and Ministry into international tourist structures; Declaration on Black Sea protection (1993) the • provision of vacation conditions of socially- Crimea, Black Sea and Transazov are regions sensitive categories of the population, espe- of special ecological status and international cially those, who were exposed to radiation attention. They represent the recreation of re- from the Chernobyl accident; source potential, biological diversity of their • creation of legislative conditions for the de- unique ecosystems, as well as integrate the ra- velopment of ecotourism, which will promote tional use of the natural − cultural resources of the rational use and protection of landscape re- the shore line for all types of tourism. sources.

18 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

3. The prognosis for tourism, recreation, health − resort system development determines REFERENCES the main directions of solving the above mentioned problems during 3 stages: I stage (2001 1. Law of Ukraine, On the nature reserve fund of − 2006) − the growth of the given branch fund Ukraine, 2004. Collection of legislative acts of is projected to be 1,2 times; II stage (2006 − Ukraine on protection of natural environment. Chernivtsi, Zelena Bukovyna, Vol.10, 26-39 (in 2016) − 1,5-2 times; III stage (2016 − 2026) − Ukrainian). 2,1…3 times. These are the periods of imple- 2. Law of Ukraine, On tourism, 1995. Kyiv, menting investment programs, modernization Golos of Ukraine, No.2014 (in Ukrainian). to the world standard levels of the existing 3. Law of Ukraine, On resorts, 2004. Collection tourism infrastructure and ecotourism devel- of legislative acts of Ukraine on protection of opment − internationally acclaimed phenome- natural environment. Chernivtsi, Zelena non of the XXI century. Bukovyna, Vol.10, 283-290 (in Ukrainian). 4. The priority directions of ecotourism de- 4. Panchenko T.F., 2009. Tourist Environment: velopment in Ukraine are: architecture, nature, infrastructure. Kyiv, Log- • normative-legal provisions in this sphere, in os, 176 (in Ukrainian). particular, concerning the preservation and use 5. Territory Planning Scheme, 2006. Coastal Zone of Black and Azov Seas for Application of biodiversity, ecological entrepreneurship, in Donetska, Zaporizka, Khersonska, Odeska, international ecotourist activity; Mykolaivska Oblasts and the AR Crimea. Kyiv, • improvement of ecotourism territorial organ- DniproMisto, 230 (in Ukrainian). ization on the basis of international ecological 6. Resolution, 1997. On amending the list of set- existence of landscape complexes and quality tlements attributed to resorts, No.1391. Kyiv, assessment; Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, 6 (in Ukraini- • solving the questions of financial and tax pri- an). orities concerning the use and protection of 7. Town-planning. Reference book for the de- natural reserve areas, which fulfill ecotourism signer, 2006. Second Edition (ed. T.F.Pan- functions; chenko). Kyiv, UkrArchBudInform, 192 (in • norm development of ecological nature use, Ukrainian). 8. Composition, contents, procedure of develop- economical mechanisms of balanced ecotour- ment, coordination and adoption of territory ism development, models of integrated man- planning schemes (DBN B.1.1-6:2007), 2007. agement in the conditions of departmental Kyiv, UkrArchBudInform, 9 (in Ukrainian). management of ecotourism objects; 9. Law of Ukraine. Оn the national formation • creation and implementation of ecotourism program of the Ukraine ecological network development projects, broadening through 2000 − 2015 years, 2000. Vidomosti Verkhov- mass media of ecotourism organization ad- noi Rady Ukrainy, No.47 (in Ukrainian). vantages. 10. Law of Ukraine. On the Basic Principles 5. International cooperation will play an (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of important role in the development of ecotour- Ukraine for the period up to 2020, 2011. ism and problem solving in Ukraine. This co- Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, No.26 (in Ukrainian). operation is carried out in different programs 11. Golub A.A., 2017. Ecological and urban plan- in the regions of the Carpathians, the Black ning foundations of national parks formation. and Azov Sea shores, with assistance of the Abstract of a Thesis on Achieving of Degree of UN, the World Bank and other international Doctor Philosophy in Architecture, Spec. organizations. The further activation of this 18.00.04 Urban planning and landscape archi- cooperation and the development of external tecture. Kyiv, 21 (in Ukrainian). economic activity with a unique natural- 12. Rudenko L.G., Marunyak Ye.O., Golubtsov cultural potential are designed to play a signif- O.G., 2014. Landscape Planning in Ukraine icant role in the international tourism system. (ed. L.G.Rudenko). Kyiv, Referant, 144 (in Ukrainian). 13. Methodical recommendations for recreational activities within the territories and objects of

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 19 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

the nature reserve fund, 2009 (ed. G.V.Par- Развитие экологического туризма chuk). Kyiv, 22 (in Ukrainian). в Украине 14. National Parks − National Heritage: Translated from English, 2008. EJournal USA (Ed. R. Тамара Панченко, Михаил Сукач, Gakkebi), Washington: Bureau of International Андрей Голуб Information Programs of the US Department of State, Vol.13, 55 (in Ukrainian). Аннотация. Публикация является вкладом в 15. Methodical recommendations for recreational рамках проекта Программы развития Органи- activities within the territories and objects of зации Объединенных Наций UKR/95/003 «Вне- the nature reserve fund, 2009. (ed. G.V. дрение принципов устойчивого развития в го- Parchuk). Kyiv, 22 (in Ukrainian). сударственные учреждения». Целью этого про- 16. Ustinova I.I., 2016. The Methodological Foun- екта является внедрение принципов устойчиво- dations of Sustainable Development of Ecolog- го развития в политику, программы и меро- ical and City-Planning Systems. Abstract of a приятия по планированию деятельности круп- Thesis on Achieving of Degree of Doctor in ных правительственных учреждений в Украине Architectural Sciences, Spec. 18.00.01 Theory в соответствии с: а) приоритетами Правитель- of Architecture, Restoration of Architectural ства; б) резолюциями, принятыми на междуна- Monuments. Kyiv, 46 (in Ukrainian). родных конференциях, в которых участвовала 17. Shulyk V.V., 2008. Methodological Founda- Украина; с) международными конвенциями или tions of recreational systems formation in соглашениями, участником которых является Ukraine. Abstract of a Thesis on Achieving of Украина. Degree of Doctor in Architectural Sciences, Проект осуществленный с использованием Spec. 18.00.01 Theory of Architecture, Restora- ресурсов ПРООН, призван стимулировать по- tion of Architectural Monuments. Kyiv, 36 (in литический диалог высокого уровня по вопро- Ukrainian). сам устойчивого развития в Украине и расши- 18. Alderman C. L., 1992. The Economics and the рять участие в таком диалоге между государст- Role of Privately Owned Lands Used for Na- венными учреждениями, а также распростра- ture Tourism, Education and Conservation. Ca- нять знания и инструменты, необходимые для racas, Venezuela: the IV-th World Congress on предварительной интеграции принципов устой- National Parks and Protected Areas. чивого развития в политике и стратегии Прави- 19. Beaumont, Narelle K., 1993. Social Carrying тельства Украины. Главное внимание в данной Capacity of Green Island and Implications for публикации уделено проблеме устойчивого Tourism/Recreation Planning and Management. развития туризма в Украине и экотуризма в ча- Unpublished B. A. thesis, Department of Geog- стности, учитывая требования охраны природы raphy, James Cook University, Townsville, и Законов Украины «О природно-заповедном Australia. фонде», «О туризме» и «О курортах». 20. Buckley, Ralf and John Pannell, 1990. Envi- Эта публикация была подготовлена при со- ronmental Impacts of Tourism and Recreation действии Национальной комиссии по устойчи- in National Parks and Conservation Reserves. вому развитию при Кабинете Министров Ук- The Journal of Tourism Studies 1(1): 24-32. раины. 21. World Resources Institute, World Conservation Ключевые слова: типология туризма, при- Union and United Nations Environment Pro- родные и историко-культурные ресурсы, терри- gramme, 1992. Global Biodiversity Strategy. ториальная организация экотуризма. Gland, Switzerland. 22. Skopen M.M., Sukach M.K., Budja O.P. etc., 2016. Information systems and technologies in the hotel-restaurant and tourist business: a textbook. Kyiv, Vyd-vo Lira-K, 764 (in Ukrainian). 23. Ustinova I.I., 2017. Fractality of concentric structures in space of ecologic-urban planning systems. Kyiv, KNUCA. Underwater Technol- ogies, Vol.07, 87-95.

20 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 3-20 Architecture, Infrastructure

Decorative-formative and spatial organization of representative architecture 1930s − early 1950s as a reflection of the state-ideological goal

Liudmila Bachinska

Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture 31, pros. Povitroflotsky, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0002-6942-5627

Received on 30.05.2018, accepted after revision on 19.07.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0102

Abstract. During the first half of the social history ХХ century of European countries and the

Soviet Union as a reaction to world events: the Liudmila Bachinska First World War, the revolutionary outbreaks in Professor of the Fundamentals of many European countries, the political, economic architecture and architectural de- and cultural crisis, the disappointment of various sign Department segments of the population in the existing political PhD, Ass. Prof. regimes − in the European countries were born national-socialist parties that in some states formed totalitarian political regimes on the basis of a single party headed by a leader. From the side of state taking into account the property status of the own- power, the replacement of the system of govern- er, and artificial, adopted in the USSR, on the basis ment led to the need for the formation of the urban of the rise of the social role of the worker as a so- environment as a carrier of a new state ideology, cial hegemonic, led to the embodiment to the ar- from the side of society there was a birth of a new chitecture a different state-ideological goal: in Eu- social consciousness, which inevitably reflected in ropean countries − the ideal of strength, power, new directions of development of culture and ar- order, national superiority over other peoples; in chitecture the Soviet Union − equality, reliability of the pro- During the 1930s, the Soviet Union, both theo- tection of the state, a bright future in the life of the retically and practically, consolidated itself in posi- people. tions of totalitarianism of the authorities with cor- Keywords: European states, Soviet Union, ar- responding changes in architecture. Due to the chitecture, political regime, totalitarianism, state common features in the system of governance, Eu- symbols, form and style in architecture. ropean states and the USSR certainly had common directions in architecture − axial symmetry, which THE INTRODUCTION as an architectural means always proclaims the order in the state, the large scale of buildings − a The first half of the twentieth century, be- sign of strength and invincibility, composition ginning in the 1920s, marked the emergence of based on the subordination of parts as a whole, totalitarian regimes in European life as a reac- reflecting the need for praise of power. But the tion to the political upheavals that took place differences in social stratification, which is natural in a number of countries after the First World in European countries, created on the basis of War.

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 21 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure

The First World War caused a great politi- THE METHODS OF THE RESEARCH cal, economic and cultural crisis, rejecting the established norms, values, moral restrictions The methods of research of the problem and especially the imagination of the value of under consideration are a comparative analysis human life [21]. After its completion, a revolu- of the historical architectural heritage that tionary wave swept through Europe, which in emerged during the 1920s and early 1950s in 1917-1921 captured Russia, Spain, Finland, European countries and the USSR during the Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy and other existence of totalitarian regimes, and the caus- European countries [22]. As a result, repre- al link between the political regime and archi- sentatives of the monopoly capital, the agrari- tecture. an aristocracy, employees and part of the workers took the view that it was impossible to THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION secure a solution to the crisis through bour- geois-parliamentary institutions [14] and nec- What distinguished the Soviet political sys- essary to establish a rigid, authoritarian power. tem from European political regimes? First, That is why, in a number of European coun- the idea of democracy in the form of local tries, the formation of reactionary parties and councils of people's deputies (the authorities the change of political regimes took place, and from below, from the people − upwards) was in Spain, Italy, Portugal and Germany a sys- absorbed by the party system, formed on the tem of government was formed based on a principle "on the contrary", as a command sys- one-party system headed by a leader. Repre- tem (from the helmsman to the people). There- sentatives of these political forces called them- fore, in the process of perfection, it turned into selves National Socialists or fascists1. a conglomerate in which the legislative branch For these countries, it was characterized by of power became a puppet and completely de- the presence of rigorous control on the part of pendent on the main party component of the the elite of power to all sides of life − an econ- system of government [2-4]. Second, there was omy where private property and market rela- no private property in the USSR. Land and tions were maintained, a policy of categorical other natural resources, all means of produc- non-perception of other political forces and tion belonged to the state, were at the disposal movements, a culture in which various forms and under the strict control of the authorities. was reflected the idea of creating a public con- Thirdly, public consciousness was formed in sciousness on the basis of the feeling of the the spirit of patriotism, love for national cul- exclusivity of the nation, and therefore its pri- ture, faith in the bright future, which would ority right to decide the fate of other peoples. determine the party leadership (which meant the transfer of responsibility for its own fate to THE PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH the representatives of the authorities) and friendly relations with other peoples. The pub- It is need to make comparison of the archi- lic consciousness forming the direction of the tectural heritage of European countries and the development of culture was a consequence of USSR that in the first half of the twentieth the embodiment of the state-ideological es- century belonged to states with totalitarian po- sence of social life to thinking of the society, litical regimes, to establish the main tenden- which was programmed by the leadership of cies in their architecture − the common fea- the state [6]. tures and differences − and to find out the rea- The means of architecture that are under the sons for their appearance. influence of state ideology, the specifics of the economic system, the formed psychology of 1 The name "fascism" comes from the Latin. "Fasces" − society and social consciousness, forms an ar- "fascia", a handful of rods with an ax of a lictor (guard- tificial environment of human being, which, on ian of consuls in ancient Rome). the one hand, reflects socio-political processes, on the other, creates an environment that edu-

22 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure cates a person in a certain the corresponding was supplemented by the Reichsandler - the direction. Under totalitarian systems, both state symbol in the form of an eagle holding a sides are pushing for a person stronger in the wreath with a swastika in the middle - an east- direction desired by the ruling power, limiting ern symbol of death (see Fig.1, h), sculptures its freedom is felt stronger than in a democrat- of the eagle (see Fig.1, e), his head (see Fig. 1, ic political system. k), the eye (the lamps in the largest to date Thus, the first half of the twentieth century Tempelhof airport, see Fig.1, m), the bull (see was marked both in Europe and in the Soviet Fig.1, g), the man (see Fig.1, f, i). For all the Union by the creation of totalitarian regimes, buildings was characterized by monumentali- which were clearly reflected in the formation ty, axial symmetry of object-spatial structure, of the architectural environment. So whether strict color and extraordinary ambitious archi- the common features in the political-economic tectural design − huge dimensions, the destina- system, political events and the development tion for the masses of people. German archi- of the culture of European states and the USSR tects − supporters of the new government − influenced onto architecture, its form and have clearly created a new direction in archi- style? Have any cardinal differences been ob- tecture, using the new trends of the early twen- served? When were they, what caused their tieth century − functionalism - and investing in appearance? Where did the causal link be- it a new great-power content through time- tween the political-economic system and ar- tested vertical divisions, present in classical chitecture look? architectural forms, almost Egyptian simplicity In Fig.1 there were given some examples of and conciseness of monumental forms. German architecture in the times of totalitari- The German ambitious plans to create the anism. The Berlin Reconstruction Program − world capital were not fully implemented due transforming it into the capital of the world − to lack of funds in the country that occupied was provided of the creation of two mutually the territory of neighboring countries. perpendicular axes, along which the main The period of the establishment of the total- buildings of the German Empire were to be itarian regime in Italy was a turning point in located (see Fig.1, a). Thus, according to A. which, as always, in art and architecture, two Speer's project, the North-South axis had to main tasks of creativity arose − the search for combine the railway station and the Hall of the a new image and new means of expressive- People with 18,000 members present at a ness. It was on them that Italian artists and ar- height of 320 meters with a vault of 315 me- chitects concentrated on finding solutions to ters in diameter (see Fig.1, b-c). In the interval the problem of creating an actual new form between them it was necessary to place the that would meet the requirements of the time largest triumphal arch in the world in height of and require the development of new profes- 117 meters and a width of 170 meters [15]. sional techniques [16]. But Hitler's main toy, according to the testi- The Italian architecture of the totalitarian mony of historian-analyst D. Khmelnitsky period of rule was based on the historical ar- [24], was the railway, which he planned to chitectural heritage of ancient Rome (Fig.2). build in the form of four-track tracks with a Even the name of the political regime was cre- track width of 3 meters, first to Munich, and ated with the use of ancient symbols (see Note then to Spain, St. Petersburg and Donetsk, to 1). Ancient forms, built on the widespread use India and Afghanistan. On these new tracks, of arches, orders, sculptures, were transformed 1,200-meter long trains had to be traversed into lapidary forms: from the arcade only the with 41-meter long two-story wagons contours of the caverns were left (see Fig.2, j, equipped with bathrooms, hairdressers, cine- n, o, q), from the order − thin or massive py- mas and an anti-aircraft platform. lons (see Fig.2, e, f), gracefully processed Rationalistic German architecture with fea- sculptures turned into clumsy figures with a tures of functionalist simplicity and neoclassi- primitive expression of the face as symbols of cal tendencies in the form of square pylons simple brute force (Fig.2, j, k, l), instead of

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 23 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure Architecture of Germany 1930s - 1940s

а b c

d e f

g h j

i k l m

n o p і

Fig. 1. Examples of German architecture 1930 − 40: a - Welthauptstadt Germania (Germany Capital of the World), Berlin, layout, arch. A. Speer; b-c - Hall of the people on 180 thousand, Berlin, layout, arch. A. Speer, outlook, interior; d - The main tribune of Zeppelinplatsu for parades in the congresses of the NSDAP, Nuremberg; e-h - Reihssportfeld, Olympiastadion, Charlottenburg, Berlin, 1934-36; "House of German Sport", arch. V. Marh; sculpture "Runners Relay", courtyard with sculptures of bulls; Reichsadler; human sculpture; i - Imperial Ministry of Aviation, Berlin, 1936, architect. E. Zagabile; j-m - New Terminal Airport Tempelhof, Berlin, arch. E. Zagabile, 1934: fragments of the outlook, lamps; n - The Reich Chancery, Berlin, 1939, photo - Bundesarchiv, Germany; o - Ferbelliner Place, Berlin; p - Exhibition pavilion "Messe Berlin", arch. R. Hermish, 1937, during the filming of the film "Operation Valkyrie". All photos except "1, n" − [email protected] [15].

24 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure The architecture of Italy 1920s - 1940s

а b c d

e f g

h i j

к l m

n o p q і і

Fig.2. Examples of Italian architecture 1920-40: a - sidewalk tile with licker ax and fascia; b-competition project at the Vittorio Palace, arch. Di Renzi, 1933; c - the building of the Financial Service in Bolza- no; d - fountain with fascia and colic, Littoria-Latina; i - Municipality of Palermo; f - Invalid buildings, m. Ravenna; g - Saragos Gate, Bologna; h - the church, the city of Sabaudia, the province of La- zio; i - Congress Palace, 1954; j - Espo-sizione Universale Roma (EUR), Palace of Italian Civiliza- tion, arch. J. Gwernin, 1943; k - sculpture in EUR; l - the stadium in Rome; m - avenue in Rome, laid out through the ancient forums; n - Pomezia in the province of Lazio; o - building on o. Rhodes; p - Bank of Rome, Milan, 1941; q - a house in Basilikata. All photos - https://lord- k.livejournal.com/199376.html [1, 10] Transfer of Innovative Technologies 25 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure perfect forms the friezes became unusually cordance of the plan, the architectonics of the massive (Fig.2, b, c). In all the projects of the building, which brightly and precisely helped reconstruction of the city of Rome in the 1920- to focus the viewer's attention and emphasized 1940's there was a shameful attitude not only the value of a single symbol. The simplicity of to the development of the historical Italian her- the formation of European functionalism, itage [8, 19], but also to the preservation of which was combined with the symmetry of the urban ensembles of the historical centre (Fig.2, architectural-spatial composition and the neo- m), to the formed coastline, which led to the classical manifestations of the warrant, the destruction of important architectural monu- great-power symbols and monumental forms, ments and historically formed environ- as well as expensive materials, created a spe- ments.But researcher S. Lipgart saw that there cial direction of the open-mindedness of the were the other side of the relationship between state-ideological content of architecture. By professionals and the customer to the heritage such means, the architecture articulated out- in the reconstruction of the city of Rome in the side clearly demonstrative and ideological ref- 1930s, it was the perception of historical build- erence to an absolutely indisputable order in ings as spectacular theatrical scenery, where the state, based on conquering the authorities, new buildings did not diminish the meaning of carrying the order to other peoples and decid- the olds and did not hide among them [20]. ing their fate at the discretion of this power. Yes, there was no gigantism in Italian fascist D. Reynolds, who considered the specifics architecture, it was quite a measure of human of the historical movement of the Soviet Un- scale [1, 10]. ion, argued that Stalin had formed the second For the architecture of Portugal and Spain, revolution since October 1917, at that time the period of totalitarianism was also charac- "from above", which was supposed to trans- terized by the simplicity of forming, the large form both society and the economy. Its main scale of architectural objects − the symbols of objects were gigantic projects of industrial the new government, the widespread construc- complexes, justified by ideological reasons. tion of representative architectural buildings The victory of totalitarianism contributed to (Fig.3). the emergence of an official company against So, an overview of the architectural and ur- "cosmopolitanism", whose purpose was to ban heritage has shown that for all European eliminate all kinds of internationalist tenden- countries, where reactionary regimes were es- cies [9]. Therefore, the Soviet Union entered tablished, the following was typical: the path of rebirth and creative rethinking of giantomania in the size of objects that were the classical heritage, as were defined by lead- prestigious for the authorities and the state; ing party documents. Before the war, the Sovi- style building based on national, ancient tradi- et Union embarked on a path of rebirth and tions; purism, asceticism, lapidary and, at the creative rethinking of the classical heritage. same time, simplicity and monumental forms; With drew from the tendencies of the spread of axial symmetry of city-building ensembles; constructivist industrial forms in the urban en- moderate, but accurate, in the main places of vironment, Soviet architecture moved through use of state symbols; application of additional the formation of the Russian empire. decorative symbols emphasizing the connec- Thanks to the desire to glorify the existing sys- tion with the ancient past: figures of a physi- tem of government at that time, the USSR cally strong man, a bull, horses, more often in chose the classic principles in architecture: the the form of sculptures, less often - bas-relief; classical perimeter building of quarters and the monotonous interpretation of the wall - with- symmetrical structure of the facades were out cavities or with identical cutouts, which revived; the mandatory formation of the main served as a monumental background for a sep- city center on the basis of the axis of sym- arate sculpture, emphasizing its symbolic metry and the main buildings with towers and meaning. The rationalism of architectural spikes in completion, with many state forms was manifested in the purity and con-

26 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure Architecture of Portugal 1930s - 1950s

d а

Architecture of Spain 1940s - 1950s

e f

h g

Fig. 3. Examples of Portuguese and Spanish architecture: a - pl. Areéiro, m. Lisbon, arch. C. de Silva, 1930s; b - the statue of Christ in the city of Almada, 1949-1959; c - Palace of Justice, Porto, 1940s; d - the statue of Themis in front of the Palace of Justice; e - Memoir to killed in the Civil War, Valley of the dead, 1940s; f - Triumphal arch, arch. M.L. Otero, P.V. Santefliou, 1950-1956; g - Headquarters of the Air Forces, Madrid; h - Spain House, Madrid, arch. J. Otammendi, 1953. All photos - https://birdinflight.com/ru/mir/20170522-architecture-european-dictators-2.html [19]

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 27 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure Architecture of the Soviet Union 1930s - the beginning of the 1950s

а b c

e f

Architecture of Soviet Ukraine 1930s - the beginning of the 1950s 1930-ті – початок 1950-х років

h i j k

Fig. 4. Examples of Soviet Architecture: RSFSR, Moscow: a - All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (AAE), sculpture "Worker and Collective Farmer", sculptor V. Mukhina; b - residential house, Chervonosilskaya st., arch. I. Rozhin, A. Khryakov, 1937; c - residential building, Mokhovaya st., arch. I. Zholtovsky, 1934; d - AAE, pavilion of Georgia, arch. A. Kurdiani, G. Lezhava; i - Beijing Hotel, arch. D.Chechulin, 1949-1955, f - element of completion, g - frieze over the entrance; Ukraini- an SSR, Kyiv, Khreshchatyk st.: h - residential complex number 23, 25, 27; i-j is the central part of the building No. 25 and its completion; k-l - the end of the dwelling house number 23 and decorative design of the bay window and balcony [17]

28 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure symbols, which looked like an explicit selec- erty status, in the USSR − on an artificially tion of decorative forms and details. Among constructed system with workers − the class the examples of the Soviet legacy of the so- that has no property − above. called "Stalinist" period in Fig. 4, b, is a photo 2. The political regimes of all the countries of a residential building located in Moscow on under review were organized on the basis of a the street Chervonosilskaya, whose facade ar- system of government with a one-party system chitecture dated back to the then German ar- and a leader at the head. chitecture (see Fig.1, e, j, o). 3. The public consciousness of the peoples In the postwar period, Stalin's skyscrapers, was formed in the spirit of faithfulness to the "absolute absurdity, such figurines" were con- authorities; therefore, in culture and architec- structed in the words of D. Khmelnitsky [24]. ture, the manifestations of the state-ideological State symbols that had to remind of the role of goal of countries with totalitarian political re- the Soviet state in the life of the people and to gimes were clearly reflected - the need to glo- demonstrate the differences between Soviet rify forces, power and invincibility of power. architecture and the architecture of the Russian The architectural heritage of European states Empire, began to appear anywhere. The unlim- significantly differed from that of the USSR ited number of that symbolism simply shouted by the fact that European states frankly pro- about the ideological purpose, but at the same claimed the ambition of their own political time it reduced its value. In addition to such programs, and the Soviet state, having an arti- obsessive use of symbolism, the psychological ficially constructed social structure, with the effect was enhanced by other decorative ele- help of architectural means created an idyll of ments that performed an additional auxiliary peacefulness and a bright future for the people. function. It is a variety of symbols of fertility, labor, a bright future that awaits the people in REFERENCES the form of justice, equality, peaceful life, and well-being. The combination of a heavy order 1. Architecture of fascist Italy. Empire. Ending, with a richly decorated facade created in the 2007. Livejournal Writes lord_k (lord_k). architecture of a fairy tale about a strong, reli- 2007-09-21 (in Russian). https://lord- able, mighty state, which promised protection k.livejournal.com/199376.html. and happiness to its people. An unlikely archi- 2. Bachynska L.G., 2017. Influence of the politi- tectural form and style that did not correspond cal regime of the USSR in the 1920-1940-ies to real situations (repressions in the country years on the architecture and urban develop- and arms race among the states) formed a dec- ment of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Multidiscipli- orative screen that covered the real state- nary Scientific Edition Proceedings of the In- ideological content of the formed urban envi- ternational Scientific Conference Modern ronment. Methodology of Science and Education (Sep- tember 18, 2017). Warsaw, RS Global, THE CONCLUSIONS S.z.O.O., Research and Scientific Group, Vol.01, 15-20. 3. Bachinskaya, L.G., 2016. Urban planning as a 1. Consequently, the architectural and urban reflection of socio-economic and political con- heritage of European countries and the Soviet ditions. Regional policy: historical origins, leg- Union was formed at the time of the islative regulation and practical implementa- totalitarianization of political regimes. But Eu- tion. Kiev-Ternopil. Vol.II. The materials of the ropean countries differed from the USSR by Second international scientific-practical confer- maintaining private property at the same time ence (December 14-15 2016). Kyiv, KNUCA, as the strict control of the state, the Soviet Economic thought. In two part. Part 2, 280 (in economic system provided for the full owner- Ukrainian). ship of land and all means of production to the 4. Bachinskaya L.G., 2016. The architecture of state. In European countries, social stratifica- the housing of Ukraine of the middle of XX - tion was formed naturally on the basis of prop- beginning of XXI centuries: historical and ana-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 29 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure

lytical essay: a tutorial. Kyiv, KNUCA, 292 (in 0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B Ukrainian). D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D1%85%D 5. Bachinskaya L.G., 2004. The architecture of 0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82. the housing. The problems of theory and prac- 17. Moscow/Photos/Gallery/Soviet architecture in tice of structure formation. Kyiv, Gramota, 408 30 years (late 1930 − 1940) (in Russian). (in Ukrainian-Russian). http://mosday.ru/photos/gallery.php?file=193x- 6. Bachynska Liudmyla, 2017. The development 194x_moscow_architecture&size=9&alt=11&r of the architectural object is under the influence ows=all. of social history. Underwater Technologies, 18. Rubinstein S.L., 1999. Fundamentals of Gen- Vol.06, 89-99. eral psychology. Saint-Petersburg, Publishing 7. Bunin A.V., Savarenskaya T.F., 1979. The House Piter (Series Masters of psychology), history of urban art. In two volumes. Moscow: 720 (in Russian). Stroyizdat. Vol.1, 495 (in Russian). 19. Semyon Shirochin, 2017. It is ordered to 8. Bunin A.V., Savarenskaya T.F., 1979. The build: Architecture of dictators of Europe (May history of urban art. In two volumes. Moscow: 23, 2017) (in Russian). https://birdinflight. Stroyizdat. Volume two, 412 (in Russian). com/ru/mir/20170522-architecture-european- 9. David Reynolds, 2017. A stormy century of dictators-2.html. revolutions in Russia: from Lenin to Putin. 20. Lipgart S., 2011. Continuous reconstruction of Acute corners of history. New Statesman, Unit- historical ensembles in the 1930s. Event ed Kingdom. RIA Novosti (10.24.2017, Alexey Monumentalita and Modernita, 2011 (in Rus- Kudenko) (in Russian). https://inosmi.ru/ sian). Capital http://kapitel-spb.ru/article/% history/20171024/240598110.html. D1%81-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0% 10. Exhibition, which was not, 2007. Writes B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%BF%D lord_k (lord_k). 2007-08-12 (in Russian). 1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81 http://lord-k.livejournal.com/152461.html. %D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0% 11. Gabrichevsky A.G., 1993. Theory and history BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D1%80%D0%B5%D of architecture: Selected works. Edited by A. A. 0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82 Puchkov. Kyiv, The editorial Board of the jour- %D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86/. nal Samvatas, 302 (in Russian). 21. The emergence of fascism in the early 20th 12. Hrushka Emanuel, 1963. The development of century, 1922-1939 (in Russian). http://vmrake. urban planning. Bratislava. Publishing house of ru/istoriya/83-mir-v-nachale-20-veka-perioda- the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 650 (in Rus- vojn-1914-1949-gg/4995-vozniknovenie- sian). fashizma-v-nachale-20-veka-1922-1939.html. 13. Ikonnikov A.V., 2006. Space and form in ar- 22. The emergence of fascism in Europe in the chitecture and urban planning. Moscow, 1920s, XX century (in Russian). Komkniga, 352 (in Russian). http://na5ballov.pro/ist_evr/353-vozniknovenie- 14. Irina Gurina, 2014. Features of fascism in fashizma-v-evrope-v-1920-e-gg-xx-v.html. Germany, Italy and Spain in the twentieth cen- 23. The experience of the human personality: Es- tury. April 8, 2014 (in Russian). says in philosophical anthropology, 2000. Lviv, https://www.iguana.ws/osobennosti-fashizma- SVICHADO, 388 (in Ukrainian). germanii-italii-ispanii-v-dvadcatom-veke-3723. 24. Yuri Veksler, 2016. The architects are Hitler 15. Nazi Berlin: as in the 1930s, the capital of the and Stalin (30 May, 2016) (in Russian). Third Reich tried to turn into the main city of https://www.svoboda.org/a/27765862.html. the planet. LAST NEWS Architecture Durries, Abroad (in Russian). https://realt.onliner.by/2013/09/20/hitlerkaput. Декоративно-формообразующая и простран- 16. Gybina M.M., 2013. Search for the national ственная организация предста-вительской character of Italian architecture of the second архитектуры 1930-х – начала 1950-х годов half of the 20's − 30's of the twentieth century. как отображение государственно- Event, Monumentalia and Modernita, Capital идеологической цели (in Russian). http://kapitel-spb.ru/article/%D 0%BC-%D0%BC-%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0% Людмила Бачинская B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF% D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0% Аннотация. В течение первой половины ХХ BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D столетия социальной истории европейских

30 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure

стран и Советского Союза в ряде европейских Имея общие черты в системе правления, ев- стран зародились национал-социалистические ропейские страны и СССР сформировали об- партии, которые в нескольких государствах щие направления в архитектуре – осевую сим- создали тоталитарные однопартийные полити- метрию, что как архитектурный метод свиде- ческие режимы во главе с вождем. Эти события тельствует о порядке в государстве, большой произошли как реакция на мировые события − масштаб сооружений – признак мощи и непо- первую мировую войну, революционные бедимости, композицию на основе подчинен- всплески во многих европейских странах, по- ности частей целому, которая отображает необ- литический, экономический и культурный кри- ходимость прославления власти. Но отличия в зисы, разочарование разных слоев населения в социальной стратификации – естественной в существовавших политических режимах. Со европейских странах, созданной на основе уче- стороны государственной власти замена систе- та имущественного положения владельца, и мы правления приводит к необходимости фор- искусственной, принятой в СССР, на основе мирования архитектуры городской среды как возвышения социальной роли рабочего как об- носителя новой государственной идеологии, со щественного гегемона – привели ко внедрению стороны социума происходит рождение иного в архитектуру разной государственно- общественного сознания, что неминуемо отра- идеологической цели: в европейских странах – жается в новых направлениях развития культу- идеала силы, мощи, порядка, национального ры и архитектуры. превосходства над другими народами; в Совет- Советский Союз в течение 1930-х годов и ском Союзе – равенства, надежности защиты теоретически, и практически укрепился на по- государством, светлого будущего в жизни на- зициях тоталитаризации власти с соответст- рода. вующими изменениями в архитектуре. Ключевые слова: европейские государ- ства, Советский Союз, архитектура, политичес- л кий режим, тоталитаризм, государственные символы, форма и стиль в архитектуре.

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 31 2018 Vol 1(2), 21-31 Architecture, Infrastructure

The meanings and techniques of lighting in the car service

Olga Рetrunya

Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture Povitroflotsky avenue 31, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037 [email protected], orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3983-4494

Received on 06.09.2018, accepted after revision on 19.10.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0103

Abstract. The notion of a harmonious light environment involves the execution of a variety of sos-free functions. First of all, it is the creation of comfortable living conditions for people, which is Olga Рetrunya, to ensure the safety of traffic and pedestrians and Assistant of the Urban the holistic perception of city accounting in the construction Department Ass. Prof. dark period of time. The provision of light comfort in the evening and at night is achieved on the basis of rationally selected quantitative and qualitative characteristics of artificial lighting, which are regu- facades of buildings with general flood lighting lated by the norms. should provide visibility of its decorative and plas- Use of territories under the car-care center is tic elements. The main requirement for the system used by special measures for engineering im- of light ensembles of the city is-taking into account provement. This makes it possible to create a high the visual perception of a person of the illuminated level of general and artistic and aesthetic percep- object in space. tion of the objects of the city's car service. Keywords: light, light gray deposit, objects and Quality lightning is profitable. Since, the good elements of the pavement, criteria of influence, lightning of the city reduces the number of injuries measures for the engineering improvement of the in an accident. The level of personal safety current- city, objects of car service. ly depends on the quality of lighting of courtyards, footpaths and playgrounds. Information to enrich or change the emotional INTRODUCTION comfort of a person is possible with the help of the right color. The basis of the formation of architec- Light is a powerful tool that allows you to tural and urban light space play of colors of the discover the beauty of the world and empha- light are solved by multiple tasks: there is a light size the cultural and architectural value of the floral environment, take into account the stakes city. and the transfer of the color from artificial light Lighting equipment and technology must sources at night. It is not allowed color bright meet the requirements of energy saving, which "separation", bright" failure", excessive brightness, provides for the optimization of constructive which violates the unity of the composition. The and energy parameters [2, 5]. It is important to quality of light delivery depends on the spectral consider not individual objects or areas, and composition of the light source, which determines its light transmission. the whole complex of lighting systems areas, Lighting techniques are aimed at identifying the spaces, architectural and landscape objects in characteristics and effects of lighting. Lighting of general.

32 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 32-39 Architecture, Infrastructure

MATERIALS AND METHODS Social life. Good lighting has a positive impact on such aspects of the social life of the The aim of the work is to identify the main city as trade, tourism, sports; creates a favora- criteria of influence on the lighting system of ble psychological climate; has a biological im- the modern city. Identify the types of modern pact on the human body; is the basis for a artificial lighting. To study the process of more open and active lifestyle. lighting design for auto-salons and ways of To create the concept of a comfortable light their implementation. environment of the city, a number of other fac- The main criteria for the impact on the sys- tors are needed: the scale of the city, its func- tem of lighting the territory of the modern tional zones; public centers; features of land- month include: visibility-provides normal con- scaping; the system of highways and mainte- ditions of visibility for drivers and pedestrians nance. For each city characteristics of typical and the required level of quantitative and qual- its lighting concept, which brings together ex- itative parameters of lighting, characterized by ternal, architectural, accessory, advertising the current norms. types of lighting [2, 4, 7]. Security. Traffic safety in transport is en- There are the following types of permanent sured by the normal functioning of all compo- lighting systems: nents of this complex "man − vehicle − envi- - for street lighting (providing lighting nec- ronment". essary for the safety of traffic and pedestrians); Meanwhile, the lack of reliability of the el- - for architectural and artistic development ements of this system (low discipline of traffic (creation of light architecture of the city in the participants, poor technical condition of vehi- evening with the identification of the most cles and roads) is the cause of road accidents valuable architectural, historical and artistic and transport accidents [1, 2, 6]. Quality light- buildings, structures, monuments, fountains, ning is profitable. Since, the good lightning of etc., as well as entire complexes); the city reduces the number of injuries in an - for advertising lighting (information the accident. The level of personal safety currently population of trade, household and cultural depends on the quality of lighting of court- news, window dressing mA-shops, kiosks, yards, footpaths and playgrounds. etc.); Economics. The factor of decision-making. - for light signals (indicators pedestrians The ability to create a quality lighting device driving directions, locations, stops, crossings, at minimal cost. In practice, in the process of etc.) [3, 4, 8]. operation and repair of cheap lighting can re- Information to enrich or change the emo- quire significant costs, compared to expensive. tional comfort of a person is possible with the Therefore the characteristic of comfort of the help of the right color. The basis of the for- light environment of the city is carried out by mation of architectural and urban light space the most economic way in the presence of the play of colors of the light are solved by multi- choice of technical means for its providing. ple tasks: there is a light floral environment, Aesthetics. Modern society requires the take into account the stakes and the transfer of lighting not only to perform the color from artificial light sources at night. functional tasks, but also compliance with It is not allowed color bright "separation", modern requirements of a harmonious world bright" failure", excessive brightness, which environment. There is a variety of outdoor violates the unity of the composition. The lighting facilities of the city (streets, squares, quality of light delivery depends on the spec- open spaces, gas stations, service stations, tral composition of the light source, which de- transport interchanges, facades, etc.). Aesthet- termines its light transmission [2, 6]. ics should be combined with the real possibili- Modern artificial lighting is divided into ties of society, contribute to the formation of types: decorative, architectural (total flood, lo- visual comfort and visual and artistic specifici- cal-gradient (fragmentary) lighting of the fa- ty in the city. çade, hidden, projection (facades that glow),

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 33 2018 Vol 1(2), 32-39 Architecture, Infrastructure silhouette, contour, upper (multiple, ordinary STARTING POSITION light, lighting the top), landscape (step-by-step URBAN-ECO-PHYSICAL PARALLELS lighting, marking, sliding, flood, shading), lighting schedule, illumination (the light show, Lighting techniques (selection of lighting performance, temporary story, multimedia pro- equipment, their placement and possible ways jects, laser scenography), static and dynamic of transformation, relationship, etc.) are aimed color. at identifying the characteristics and effects of Architectural lighting is a direction of light- lighting. Lighting of facades of buildings with ing design, engaged in artistic illumination of general flood lighting should provide visibility facades of buildings. By means of correctly of its decorative and plastic elements. This is executed architectural illumination it is possi- achieved through a combination between the ble to emphasize art features of the building, lighting and shadow zones (Fig.1). It is rec- distinct elements (bas-reliefs, columns, win- ommended to illuminate small diameter vol- dows, platbands), etc., to give it a beautiful es- umes with spotlights at a long distance. To thetic look at night, to make dominating identify the nature of multi-faceted objects among other surrounding objects [8, 9]. Before lighting sources should be placed asymmetri- architectural lighting, there are a number of cally. There are three main ways of illumina- requirements: a variety of possible lighting ef- tion of buildings and structures: local; lighting fects; ease of maintenance and operation of ar- fill type; hidden architectural illumination of chitectural lights; electrical safety and protec- buildings. tion of equipment from the effects of natural 1. Local illumination-illumination of the conditions; orientation; efficiency. most interesting and bright parts of the struc- There are certain types of lighting: normal- ture. This effect is achieved by fixing special ized (daily), emergency, periodic and festive. spotlights on the facade. The choice of the type of lighting depends on 2. General filling of the facade with light. It the urban situation, the nature of the object, its is used to illuminate historical architectural purpose, especially the placement of lighting structures or on the facades of buildings. Pow- equipment, the creative design of the architect erful spotlights illuminate the object in the se- [2, 10]. lected color scheme. 3. Hidden architectural lighting. With the help of a light source creates its own pattern,

Fig.1. Lighting of the façade of the car service by way of creating a light contrast be tween the evening appearance of the given controversy and the surrounding landscape

34 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 32-39 Architecture, Infrastructure which makes it possible to both emphasize and of light ensembles of different scales. At the change the appearance of the architectural same time, the light scale is a part of the archi- forms of the building. Choosing one of the tectural space, forming a single light architec- listed methods of illumination it is necessary tural composition. The interaction of artificial to consider features of architecture of the light and architectural composition takes care building and its color scale. in the following areas − space, volume, plastic Contour illumination is used during the hol- and color. All this creates a light space, light- idays when illuminating the squares and streets forms, light-plastic and light-color. The main of the city with mass illumination of buildings, requirement for the system of light ensembles monuments, bridges and fountains. In the of the city is-taking into account the visual building sometimes emit more bright light perception of a person of the illuminated ob- some interesting and spectacular part of it. ject in space [1, 15, 16]. This contributes to the creation of light con- This approach makes it possible to illumi- trast within it, enhances the overall impression nate the city, highlighting the main highways of the evening view of the building and the and the most important places, facilities and surrounding landscape (Fig.4) [6, 12]. structures. Highways and streets stand out in cities in a special system, opposite the pedes- RESULTS AND EXPLANATIONS trian − with clear spatial boundaries, special requirement trunk systems for s for the quantity The problem of placement of light compo- and quality of light and light information sition of the city is associated with the creation (Figs.2, 3). All types of lighting systems work

b b Fig.2. An example of the lighting of a transport Fig.3. Examples of interior illumination of magistral (а), illustration of the street (b) autolights (a − pendant lamps such as dome or bel, b − trunk systems for linear luminaires)

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 35 2018 Vol 1(2), 32-39 Architecture, Infrastructure in cooperation with each other, taking into ac- impossibil count the brightness of road surfaces of streets, squares and sidewalks, the brightness of show- cases, light advertisements and lamps, as well as illuminated monuments and fountains, the degree of proximity that occurs in the field of view of a person. This takes into account the requirements of energy saving, operation, management of lighting systems according to the infrastructure of the modern city [6, 8, 13]. Highways and streets stand out in the cities in a special system, opposite the pedestrian- with clear spatial boundaries, special requirements for the quantity and quality of light and light information. Energy efficiency of lighting is influenced by the following factors: technological: avail- ability of lamps, control systems, types of installation that can be used to reduce the power consumption of lighting systems compared to Fig.4. Lighting of the façade of the car ser- conventional practice. vice by way of creating a light con- - Economic: different methods of assessing trast between the evening appearance the cost of the lighting system. The cost of the of the given controversy and the sur- lighting system can be defined as the sum of rounding landscape capital costs and operating costs).

- Value: money, ecology, design. - Perception: psychological evaluation of lighting. Level of visibility and visual comfort. Social status, health and appearance. - Waiting: user's predictions about good lighting for each specific case [2, 14, 16]. Architectural lighting of the facades of car showrooms is also important as well as inter- nal lighting. It helps to attract the attention of many people and emphasize the features of the building. Due to the sizes, types, optics, LEDs, as well as a wide range of lighting control, lamps-based LEDs can be used for general Fig.5. Lighting of glass facades inside line flood lighting (lighting of small architectural lanterns on the example Motor Show forms, contour illumination) and to create me- "Eurosib Mazda" dia facades of dynamic lighting, etc (Figs.4, 5). Such lamps have certain characteristics: ef- ity of safe orientation in space; the lack of eye- ficiency, sustainability, to external influences catching points, or vice versa, unnecessary at- and mechanical vibration loads; the minimum traction of attention; the use of finishing mate- level of light pollution; the possibility of creat- rials and their colors (which are poorly con- ing light paintings due to the possibility of sistent with ambient lighting or even absorp- light control [1, 17, 19]. tion of light), pale or aged in cool tones color- Poorly adapted lighting conditions can in- ing the surrounding surfaces; failure to take include: the monotony of space; the to account energy consumption, excessive

36 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 32-39 Architecture, Infrastructure heat; high cost and inconvenience of mainte- CONCLUSIONS nance; lamp design that does not fit into the situation, etc. [18, 20]. All this violates the in- 1. In today's world, thanks to the emer- tegrity of the architectural design of the city. gence of new technologies in the field of light- Therefore, to create a harmonious comfort- ing, you can decorate the exterior of buildings able light urban environment complex combi- as a whole, facades or parts of them; allocate nation of different lighting techniques and certain buildings and their architectural fea- types of social functions, inscribed in the in- tures in the darkness of the night; provide a re- frastructure of the modern city is important fined look. (Fig.6).

b Fig.6. The option of lighting the car dealership Nissan brand: a − аn example of lighting the avosalona brand Nissan in red, b − horizontal zone on the main facade, where the logo of the car dealership is lit white in color

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 37 2018 Vol 1(2), 32-39 Architecture, Infrastructure

2. Properly designed lighting showrooms sections on the road network of Kyiv. Under- allow you to convey to the buyer the color of water technology, Vol.04, 100 ((in Ukraine). the corresponding car, as well as its appear- 14. Osietrin M., Bondar O., 2016. Urban planing ance and increase sales. experience in the implementation of the final 3. The process of designing lighting for principle of the organization of traffic on the approaches to bridges. Underwater technolo- showrooms and their implementation is very gies, Vol. 03, 82 (in Ukrainian). specific since it requires the possession of cer- 15. Petrunya O.M., 2017. Ways of Considering tain knowledge and skills in the design of this Traditions when Forming the System of direction. Maintenance in Ukraine. Underwater technologies, Vol. 07, 57-63 (in Ukrainian). REFERENCES 16. DBN V. 2.5 – 8 – 2006, 2006. Natural and artificial lighting. Engineering equipment of build- 1. Mykolaivska I.A., 2006. Public welfare ings and structures. Kyiv, Ministry of Construc- ofterritory. Moscow, Academy, 272 (in Rus- tion, 96 (in Ukrainian). sian). 17. JAGAN V. 2006. Illumination of ob- 2. Yargina S.N., Kositsky Ya.V., Vladimirov V. jects/translation from Polish. Lviv, EcoInform, V., 1986. Fundamentals of the theory of urban 42 (in Ukrainian). http://stroifaq.com planning. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 325 (in Rus- 18. Shymko V.T., 2006. Architecturall-design en- sian). gineering. Moscow, Art-architecture, 384 (in 3. SNiP 11-4-79б, 1980. Natural and artificial Russian). lighting. Entered since January 1, Moscow, 48 19. Husev N. M., Makarevich V. G., 1973. Light (in Russian). architecture. Moscow, Stroiizdat, 137-106 (in 4. CH II-4-79, 1991. Natural and artificial Russian). lighting. Norms of design. Moscow, Lighting, 20. Keler V., Luckhardt V., 1961. Light in archi- 1-31 (in Russian). tecture. Moscow, Gosstroiizdat, 182 (in Rus- 5. Ponomarev I.P., 1989. Engineering improve- sian). ment of urban areas. Kyiv, UMK higher education, 124 (in Ukrainian). 6. Volotskoi N.V., Dadonov M.S., Mykolaic Значение и приемы освещения L.D., 1981. Lighting of open spaces. Lenin- в автосервисе grad, Energoizdat, 232 (in Russian). 7. Osietrin M.M., Petrunya O.M., 2003. Analy- Ольга Петруня sis of peculiarities of location and operation of service stations in Kyiv (on the example of Аннотация. Понятие гармоничная световая Solomianskyi district). Urban planning and ter- среда включает выполнение разнообразных со- ritorial planning. Scientific and technical collec- циальных функций. В первую очередь – это tion Kyiv national University of construction создание комфортных условий проживания че- and architecture. Iss.19, 263 (in Ukraine). ловека, что заключается в обеспечении безо- 8. Matiash S., 1990. Man in town: Sociology Es- пасности движения транспорта и пешеходов и says. Kyiv, Politizdat, 223 (in Ukraine). целостного восприятия образа города в темное 9. DBN 360-92*, 1993. City building. Planning время суток. Обеспечение светового комфорта and construction of urban and rural settlements, достигается с помощью использования рацио- Kyiv, Ukrarhnudinform, 107 (in Ukraine). нально выбранных количественных и качест- 10. Yudin V.A., Samoilov D.S, 1975. City венных характеристик искусственного освеще- transport, Moscow, Stroyizdat, 287 (in Rus- ния, которое регламентируется нормами. sian). Использование территорий под автосервис 11. Sigiev A. V., 1972. Vehicles and city planning, проводится с помощью определенных меро- Moscow, Stroyizdat, 22 (in Russian). приятий по инженерному благоустройству. Это 12. Markov O. D. 1998. Organization of AV ser- дает возможность создавать на высоком уровне vice centers, Lviv, Oriiana Nova, 529 (in общее и художественно-эстетическое воспри- Ukraine. ятие объектов автосервиса города. Качествен- 13. Osietrin M., Dvorko O., 2016. A model for as- ное освещение выгодно. Так как, при хорошем sessing the effectiveness of unregulated inter освещении снижается количество травм при ДТП. Уровень собственной безопасности на

38 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 32-39 Architecture, Infrastructure

данный период времени зависит от качества ос- вещения дворов, пешеходных дорожек и дет- ский площадок. Информационно украсить или изменить комфортное пространство вокруг человека можно с помощью правильно подобранного цвета. Формирование архитектурной и градо- строительной световой среды выполняется иг- рой цвета. Таким образом решаются многочис- ленные задачи: создается световое окружение, учитывается цвет и передача цвета от искусст- венных источников света в ночное время. При этом не допускается цветовой яркий «отрыв», яркий «провал», безмерная яркость, которая нарушает единство композиции. Качество по- дачи света зависит спектрального состава ис- точника света, который определяет его свето- передачу. Приемы освещения направлены на выявления характерных особенностей та эф- фектов освещения. Освещение фасадов зданий общим заливным светом должно обеспечивать видимость его декоративно-пластичных эле- ментов. Это достигается путем соединения ме- жду собой осветительных зон и теней. Главным требованием к системе световых ансамблей го- рода является – использование зрительного восприятия человеком определенного объекта освещения в пространстве. Ключевые слова: свет, световая среда, объ- екты и элементы благоустройства, факторы влияния, мероприятия по инженерному благо- устройству города, объекты автосервиса.

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 39 2018 Vol 1(2), 32-39 Engineering, Construction

Теоретические основы расчета скобовидных пластинчатых рессор

Михаил Сукач

Киевский национальный университет строительства и архитектуры Воздухофлотский проспект 31, Киев, Украина, 03037 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-4073

Получено 01.09.2018, принято после просмотра 09.10.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0201

Аннотация. Даны теоретические основы расчета на прочность скобовидной пластинча-

той рессоры. Она представляет собой упругую пластину, концы которой отклонены от ее Михаил Сукач средней части в одну и ту же сторону и выпол- Профессор кафедры нены в виде консолей, снабженных приспособ- строительных машин лениями для шарнирного крепления. Средняя д.т.н., проф. часть пластины расположена параллельно ли- нии действия нагрузки. Пластина выполнена с переменным по длине сечением, при этом в каждом сечении ось, относительно которой участки, занимающие всю протяженность по- момент инерции сечения максимален, перпен- лок, если последние специально выполнены дикулярна плоскости изгиба рессоры. Запатен- криволинейными. Поскольку кривизна таких тованная рессора спроектирована как «балка участков велика, то их расчет выполнятся с равного сопротивления». учетом особенностей изменения напряженного Приведенные расчетные схемы и основные состояния в кривых брусьях. уравнения напряженного состояния скобовид- Даны рекомендации для выбора допускае- ной пластинчатой рессоры не обусловлены мых напряжений при проектировочном и пове- какой-либо определенной формы ее поперечно- рочном расчете скобовидной пластинчатой го сечения. Рассмотрены напряженное состоя- рессоры на прочность и наибольших эквива- ние скобовидной пластинчатой рессоры прямо- лентных напряжений, определенных в наиболее угольного поперечного сечения с прямой ней- опасных сечениях устройства. Они должны тральной осью в ненагруженном состоянии. быть сопоставлены с напряжениями, допускае- Методика проектировочного и поверочного мыми для данного расчетного режима. При расчетов приведена для различных профилей ее этом рассматриваются случаи двукратного ста- поперечного сечения. Расчет относится к сред- тического испытания на максимальную нагруз- ней части рессоры и полкам, непосредственно ку и многократного (циклического) динамиче- примыкающим к упругому устройству для ского нагружения при изменении знака напря- шарнирного соединения рессоры со смежной с жения в рессоре. нею деталью конструкции. Ключевые слова: скобовидная пластинча- Рассмотрен случай, при котором нейтраль- тая рессора, напряженное состояние, упругая ная линия рессоры в первоначальном состоя- пластина, изгибающий момент, криволинейный нии имеет большую или меньшую кривизну. участок, полки. Это − участки перехода от полок к полотну или

40 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

Напряженное состояние скобовидной пластинчатой рессоры NP cosφ, (2)

Конструктивные отличия скобовидной - касательная сила пластинчатой ресоры (СПР) заключаются том, что она состоит из упругой пластины, QP sinφ, (3) концы которой отклонены от ее средней части в одну и ту же сторону и выполнены где местный прогиб нейтральной линии в виде консолей, снабженных приспособ- полотна лениями для шарнирного крепления, а средняя часть расположена параллельно линии действия нагрузки [1 − 3]. Пластина y  dy; выполнена с переменным по длине сечени- dy dS sinφ , ем и при этом в каждом сечении ось, отно- сительно которой момент инерции сечения элементарный участок нейтральной линии максимален, перпендикулярна плоскости полотна изгиба рессоры. На Рис.1 изображена расчетная схема dS ρ, dy СПР с консольными концами (полками), m отклоненными от средней части под углом, близким к прямому [4, 5]. Две силы P , одна из которых является внешней нагруз- кой, а другая − равной и противоположной ей реакцией, приложены в центрах шарни- ров, присоединяющих СПР к смежным с нею деталям. Векторы этих сил действуют по одной линии, параллельной нейтральной линии средней части (полотна) СПР в ненагру- женном состоянии. На Рис.1 ненагружен- ное состояние СПР изображено основными линиями, а нагруженное − тонкими линия- ми, утрированно показывающими взаимное расположение нейтральных линий упруго деформированных полотна и полок СПР.

Линия действия AD11 расчетной нагрузки P и всех промежуточных нагрузок совпа- дает с межшарнирной линией AD нена- груженной СПР. В некотором поперечном сечении рессо- ры m , наклоненном под углом φ к ее симметрии, будут действовать (без учета момента трения в шарнирах) следующие силовые факторы: - изгибающий момент

Рис.1. Расчетная схема скобовидной пла- M P( t cosφ y ), (1) zm 1 стинчатой ресоры Fig. 1. Calculation scheme of the bracketed - нормальная сила leaf spring

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 41 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

Если рассматриваемая рессора является где φ1 − угол поворота крайних сечений "рессорой равного сопротивления", то во полотна СПР; ρ − радиус кривизны упру- m всех ее сечениях, при полном использова- гой линии в сечении m . нии несущей способности материала, мак-

При ρm  ρ=const. симальное эквивалентное напряжение

1 σ [σ] const, (9) эквIV ydρsinφ φ ρ(cosφ cosφ1 ). (4)  где [σ] − допускаемое нормальное напря- Наибольший поперечный прогиб полот- жение. на СПР Предварительные исследования показа- ли [6, 7], что для конструкций, представ-

yfmaxρ(1 cosφ 1 ). (5) ляющий практический интерес, основной составляющей эквивалентного напряжения Из теории изгиба известно (2), что в лю- является максимальное нормальное напря- бом сечении изогнутого бруса жение от изгиба M σ. zm (10) 1 M м W  zm , (6) zm ρmEI zm

Очевидно, напряжение σm может быть

где I zm − момент инерции поперечного се- постоянным по длине рессоры только при чения бруса, относительно главной цен- условии

тральной оси, перпендикулярной плоскости M zm изгиба.  const. (11) Wzm Если момент инерций сечения будет изменяться по длине рессоры так, что пра- При этом, поскольку момент M zm нарас- вая часть уравнения (6) останется пос- тает от крайних сечений к середине рессо- тоянной, то неизменным будет и радиус ры, то соответственно должен увеличивать- кривизны упругой линии ся и момент сопротивления ее сечений W . zm ρ =ρ=const, Приведенные выше выражения не обу- m словливают какой-либо определенной фор- мы поперечного сечения рессоры, однако то есть упругая линия будет дугой окруж- одновременное соблюдение условий (8) и ности. (9) требует, чтобы во всех ее сечениях со- При этом очевидно блюдалось соотношение

L I ρ. (7) zm (12) φ  const. 1 Wzm

где L − полудлина пролета рессоры. Максимальный изгибающий момент, В этом случае, с учетом (7), возникающий в сечении на оси симметрии рессоры, при φ0 M φ zm 1 const. (8) EI L M P[ l cosφ +ρ(1 cosφ )]. (13) zm z0 11

42 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

Кроме изгибающего момента в этом же щей преимущественно на сжатие, по тех- сечении действует нормальная сила нологическим соображениям представляет- ся более целесообразным, чтобы толщина полосы , из которой изготавливается рес- NP0  . сора, сохранялась постоянной, а, следова- Нормальное напряжение сжатия в этом тельно, от крайних сечений полотна к его сечении середине высота сечения h должна увели- P чиваться [8, 9]. σ, (14) Естественно, при этом не может быть N0 F0 обеспечено строгое постоянство отношения (12), поскольку при h  const

где F0 − площадь поперечного сечения рес- Ih соры при φ 0. zm const. Максимальное эквивалентное напряже- Wzm 2 ние не должно превышать допускаемого Весь вопрос в том, насколько перемен- эк ность высоты сечения h нарушает условие σ0 = σMN σ σ , (15) 00 совместности выражений (8) и (9) при ре-

шении практических инженерных задач. где величина σ зависит как от материала Обозначив высоту прямоугольного сече- СПР, так и от режима нагружения, на кото- ния полотна h0 на оси симметрии СПР (при рый рассчитывается рессора. φ0 ) и найдем величину максимального

Напряженное состояние СПР изгибного напряжения в этом сечении при прямоугольного сечения постоянной толщине b (Рис.1)

6Pl [ cosφ ρ(1 cosφ )] С точки зрения упрощения технологии σ. 11 (16) M0 2 производства скобовидных пластинчатых bh0 рессор, наибольший практический интерес представляет анализ напряженного состоя- С учетом выражений (14) и (15) найдем, ния и разработка методики проек- что при полном использовании несущей тировочного и поверочного расчета СПР, способности материала рессоры экви- имеющих прямоугольное поперечное сече- валентное напряжение в среднем сечении ние. полотна СПР Выше было показано, что СПР, имею- щая прямоугольные поперечные сечения, эк Pl6[ cosφ11 ρ(1 cosφ )] должна быть выполнена так, чтобы изгиб σ0  σ . (17) bh h происходил в плоскости ее наибольшей 00 жесткости, т.е. в большинстве рабочих се- чений рессоры высота h должна быть Для решения уравнения (17) находим больше, чем толщина b (см. Рис.1). величину ρ из выражения (6) Учитывая увеличение изгибающего мо- мента от крайних сечений полотна СПР к Ebh3 ее середине вследствие нарастания прогиба ρ  0 . (18) 12M y , из условия (11) можно заключить, что, z0 для обеспечения постоянства изгибных на- пряжений вдоль полотна СПР, размеры и В соответствии с уравнением (13), h ее сечений должны изменяться одновре- менно или порознь. Для рессоры, работаю-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 43 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

Ebh3 ρ  0 , (19) 12P [ρ (ρ t)cosφ1 ]

а с учетом (7) это уравнение приводиться к виду

12P L2 Ll 32[ (1 cosφ11 )  cosφ ]  1  0. (20) Ebh0φφ 1 1

При поверочном расчете СПР, поскольку рессора уже спроектирована, а возможно и изготовлена, всегда известны материал рес- соры и его модуль упругости E , а также геометрические размеры b , h , l , L . По- 0 Рис.2. Расчетная схема полки рессоры этому первым шагом поверочного расчета Fig. 2. Calculation scheme of spring shelf является определение из уравнения (20) φ угла 1 по заданной расчетной нагрузке P . - нормальная сила Тригонометрическое уравнение (20) ре- шается обычно методом итерации и не вы- NPuk  sinφ;1 (22) зывает затруднений.

После определения величины φ1 , из - поперечная сила формулы (7) находят ρ и затем по уравне-

нию (17) вычисляют исходное эквивалент- QPuk  cosφ.1 (23) ное напряжение в среднем сечении полотна эк В наиболее удаленных от нейтральной СПР σ0 и сопоставляют его с допускае- оси волокнах в расчетных сечениях B и C мым напряжением [σ]. 1 1 корневых участков полок рессоры возни- Напряжение в крайнем расчетном сече- кают напряжения: нии полотна СПР при X  0 (см. Рис.1) - от изгиба определяется величиной напряжений в кор-

невом расчетном сечении полки (при 6Pl cosφ y  0). 1 σ;M  2 (24) Напряженное состояние полок СПР оп- bhuk ределяется приложенной к ним нагрузкой и их геометрическими размерами. На Рис.2 - от растяжения изображена рабочая часть полки, непосред- ственно примыкающая к устройству для Psin φ σ. 1 (25) шарнирного соединения СПР со смежной с N bh нею деталью конструкции. uk

В граничных сечениях B1 и C1 корневых Наибольшее касательное напряжение частей полок рессоры (см. Рис.1), примы- кающих к ее полотну, действуют (без учета Pcosφ1 момента трения в шарнире) следующие τ 1,5 (26) bh силовые факторы, Рис.2: uk - изгибающий момент возникает на нейтральной оси сечения, но при этом напряжение от изгиба σ =0. Muk  Pl cosφ;1 (21) M

44 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

Наибольшее суммарное нормальное на- - перемещения от поворота полки, δ1 , пряжение - перемещения от прогиба полки, δ2 и

P 61 - перемещения δ3 за счет уменьшения σuk   ( cosφ11  sinφ ) , (2.27) bhuk h uk длины хорды по сравнению с начальным пролетом BC 2 L .

где h − высота крайнего расчетного сече- uk δ l sinφ . (33) ния полки. 11

Поскольку в крайнем расчетном сечении полотна СПР ( x  0 ), расположенном в рас- Перемещение δ2 зависит от закона изме- сматриваемом случае под прямым углом к нения высоты сечений полки и кривизны ее корневому расчетному сечению полки, нейтральной линии. Если нейтральная ли- нормальная сила NP cosφ , а поперечная ния полки прямая или близка к прямой, а 11 высота сечений полки изменяется по пара- сила QP sinφ , то эквивалентное напря- 1 болическому закону, как у балки равного жение в крайних волокнах этого сечения, сопротивления изгибу, то, согласно [10], имеющего высоту h , определяется по фор- (Рис.3) муле

эк Plcosφ61  σ1   1   σ . (29) bh11 h

В крайних волокнах некоторого сечения, расположенного под углом φ к плоскости симметрии рессоры (см. Рис.1) возникают напряжения

6Pl cosφ ρ(cosφ - cosφ ) Рис.3. Профиль полки «равного сопротив- σ; 11 (30) Mφ bh2 ления» Fig. 3. Profile of the "equal resistance" shelf Pcosφ σ.Nφ  (31) bh 2Pl 32 cos φ δ; 1 (34) 2 3EI Прочность рессоры в этом сечении про- uk

веряется по формуле sinφ1 δ31LL  ρsinφ  1  . (35) φ 6l cosφ11 ρ(cosφ cosφ ) 1 эк P  σ.φ  h (32) bh Суммарная продольная деформация СПР cosφ  2(δ +δ +δ ). Очевидно, что закон изменения 1 2 3 (36) hh (φ) должен быть при этом известен. Поперечный прогиб СПР Продольная деформация СПР является

удвоенной суммой трех перемещений точек A и D ее шарниров вдоль линии действия f ρ(1 cosφ1 ), (37) внешней силы и вызванной ею реакции: или

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 45 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

L f (1 cosφ1 ). (38) φ1

Напряженное состояние криволинейных участков СПР

Уравнения, выведенные выше, позволя- ют выполнить расчет на прочность участ- ков рессоры, нейтральная ось которых в ненагруженном состоянии прямая. Однако, наряду с такими участками, в СПР обычно имеются участки, нейтральная линия кото- рых и в первоначальном состоянии имеет большую или меньшую кривизну. Это − участки перехода от полок к полотну или

участки, занимающие всю протяженность полок, если последние специально выпол- Рис.4. Расчетная схема криволинейного нены криволинейными. участка рессоры Если кривизна таких участков велика, то Fig. 4. Calculation scheme of the curved их расчет следует выполнять с учетом осо- spring section бенностей изменения напряженного состоя-

ния в кривых брусьях [11]. Mh Напряженное состояние криволинейного 2 σ.2  (41) участка СПР, на протяжении которого вы- FeR2 сота сечения h остается постоянной, может быть определено по известным формулам Здесь M − изгибающий момент в рас- (2), выведенным для случая чистого изгиба сматриваемом сечении участка; F − пло- с корректировкой на влияние нормальной щадь поперечного сечения, силы N и поперечной силы Q , дейст- h h вующих в каждом сечении участка. he; he; В таком участке (Рис.4) нейтральный 1 2 2 2 слой (н.с.) концентрично смещается к оси h h RR; RR. кривизны относительно слоя, проходящего 1 2 2 2 через центры тяжести сечений, на радиаль- ное расстояние Если в сечении криволинейного участка 2 hh2 4  СПР кроме изгибающего момента действу- e 1, (39) ет и нормальная сила, то при определении 12RR 15 2  напряженного состояния этого участка где R − радиус линии центров тяжести се- учитывают напряжения от обоих этих си- чений. ловых факторов [11]. Касательные напря- Абсолютные величины нормальных на- жения в реальных СПР обычно не оказы- пряжений изгиба в крайних волокнах сече- вают заметного влияния на прочность, и их, ний определяются по формулам: как правило, не определяют. на внутренней поверхности участка Разница в напряжениях, вычисленных по формулам (40) и (41), по сравнению с на- Mh1 пряжениями, определенными по формулам, σ;1  (40) FeR1 применяемым для расчета балок с прямой осью, обычно составляет: на наружной поверхности участка

46 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

h 1 h 1 ется пределом упругости материала рессо- при  2% ; при  3% ; R 15 R 10 ры". h 1 Предел упругости материала обычно при  7%. R 5 ГОСТом не регламентируется. В ГОСТ Поэтому для участков малой кривизны 14959-69 на сталь рессорно-пружинную регламентированы лишь величины предела MN прочности σ6 и предела текучести στ . σэк     σ , (42) max WF Условным пределом упругости Г.С.Пи- bh2 саренко [11] называет "наименьшее напря- где W  . жение, при котором остаточная деформа- σ ция достигает заданной величины (обычно Для участков большой кривизны 0,001...0,05%) от измеряемой длины образ- ца". N σ σ    σ . (43) Для рессорно-пружинных сталей предел экmax 1,2 F упругости обычно превышает предел про-

порциональности σпц , который, по данным

Здесь σ1,2 вычисляется по формуле (40) Г.С.Писаренко, составляет для высокоугле-

или (41) в зависимости от того, какое из родистых сталей 80…85% от στ . Поэтому, вычисленных значений приводит к наи- учитывая эпизодичность (обычно двух- большим эквивалентным напряжениям. кратность) нагружения при испытании рес- соры на максимальную нагрузку, можно Обоснование выбора допускаемых принять σ =σуп =(0,9...0,93)στ . напряжений max 2. При многократном (циклическом) ди-

намическом нагружении в условиях экс- При проектировочном, а также при по- плуатации изменение знака напряжения в верочном расчете СПР на прочность, наи- рессоре возможно только при вертикаль- большие эквивалентные напряжения, опре- ных ускорениях, превышающих что встре- деленные в наиболее опасных сечениях чается редко. Следовательно, знакопере- рессоры, должны быть сопоставлены с на- менная циклическая нагрузка не может пряжениями, допускаемыми для данного рассматриваться как рабочий режим для расчетного режима. рессоры при расчете ее на усталость. Обычно подлежат выбору допускаемые Предельным режимом со знакопостоян- напряжения для двух случаев нагружения ной циклической нагрузкой является пуль- рессоры: сирующий режим, при котором напряжения - при испытании на максимальную ста- меняется от σ до нуля σ0 . При тическую нагрузку и max0 max0 - при многократном динамическом на- этом коэффициент асимметрии цикла гружении. 1. Допускаемое напряжение при дву- σmin кратном статическом испытании на макси- r 0 0. (44) σ мальную нагрузку может быть выбрано на max0 основании рекомендации И.Г.Пархиловско- го [10]: "Для того, чтобы уменьшить дина- По данным Писаренко [2, C.589], услов- мические нагрузки, передающиеся на узлы ный предел усталости для стали при изгибе автомобиля в условиях эксплуатации, и при симметричном цикле: уменьшить вес рессоры, выбирают ее ста- 4 тические и динамические деформации на- σ-1 =0,40σ 6 . (45) столько большими, насколько это допуска-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 47 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

Предельное напряжение при асиммет- нологических процессов может быть при- ричном цикле [2, C.603]: нят равным 1,3…1,4 [13]. В частности, для стали 60С2А, при u σ =σ (1 ψ )σ , (46) σmax max00 1 σ c 0 σ = σ0 , где σ0   , будет 1,3

где коэффициент ψσ зависит от прочности стали и может быть взят из Табл.1. 1020 σ = σ0   785 МПа. Среднее напряжение пульсирующего 1,3 цикла: В условиях эксплуатации автомобиля σ +σ при и выбранном допускаемом на- max00 min σco 0,5σ max . (47) пряжении, запас усталостной прочности 2 0 рессоры n  1,3. σr

Таблица 1 ЛИТЕРАТУРА Значения коэффициента 1. Сукач М.К., 2017. Обоснование принципов

усовершенствования упругих устройств. σ,6 МП 700…100 1000…120 1200…140 Гірничі, будівельні, дорожні та меліоративні а 0 0 0 машини, Вип.91, 28-35.

ψσ 0,10 0,20 0,25 2. Замиттер М.Н., 1985. Пластинчатая рессора Замиттера и амортизационная подвеска. Ки- ев, Внешторгиздат. 3. Сукач М.К., Гичак В.Г., 2007. Автомобіль- В частности, для стали 60С2А: на підвіска транспортного засобу із застосу- ванням пластинчастої ресори. 4 ВСНК Мо- u σ1  0,4  1600  640 МПа; лодь, освіта, наука, духовність. Київ, Ун-т Україна. σ =640+(1 0,25)×0,5σ ; 4. Авторское свидетельство 1004685 СССР, max max0 1983. Пластинчатая рессора Замиттера. Опубл. 15.03.1983, БИ 10, 3. 640 σ = 1020 МПа. 5. Авторское свидетельство 1040244 СССР, max0 0,625 1983. Пластинчатая рессора М.Н.Замиттера. Опубл. 07.09.1983, БИ 33, 2. 6. Вахламов В.К., 2006. Автомобили. Конст- Если реальный цикл нагружения рессо- рукция и элементы расчета. Москва, Акаде- ры имеет коэффициент асимметрии r  0 , мия, 569. то σσ . 7. Резник Л.Г., Ромалис Г.М., Чарков С.Т., maxr max0 Фактическая величина r подлежит экс- 1989. Эффективность использования авто- периментальному определению [12]. мобилей в различных условиях эксплуата- ции. Москва, Транспорт, 223. Допускаемое нормальное напряжение в 8. Лудченко О.А., Лудченко Я.О., 2014. Тех- рессоре при циклическом нагружении: нічна експлуатаційна і обслуговування ав- томобілів. Організація, планування і управ- σ ління: підручник. У 4 кн., Кн.2. Київ, Вища σ =max , (48) n школа, 446. σ 9. Сукач М.К., Катеринчук О.В., 2008. Плас- тинчаста ресора та амортизаційна підвіска з где запас прочности nσ , по рекомендациям її використанням. 5 ВСНК Молодь, освіта, Г.С.Писаренко, при достаточной однород- наука, духовність. Київ, Ун-т Україна. ности материала и высоком качестве тех-

48 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

10. Пархиловский И.Г., 1978. Автомобильные 10. Parhilovsky I.G., 1978. Automobile sheet листовые рессоры. Теория, расчет, испыта- springs. Theory, calculation, tests. Moscow, ния. Москва, Машгиз, 232. Mashgiz, 232 (in Russian). 11. Писаренко Г.С., Агеев В.А., Квитка А.А. и 11. Pisarenko G.S., Ageev V.A., Kvitka A.A. and др., 1979. Сопротивление материалов: учеб- others., 1979. Resistance of materials: a text- ник. Киев, Вища школа, 696. book. Kyiv, Vischa shkola Publ., 696 (in 12. Сукач М.К., 2017. Пружна підвіска транс- Russian). портних засобів. Гірничі, будівельні, дорож- 12. Sukach M.K., 2017. Elastic devices of vehi- ні та меліоративні машини, Вип.90, 73-78. cles. Girnychi, budivel'ni, dorozhni ta 13. Сукач М.К., 2018. Обоснование принципов melioratyvni mashyny, Iss.90, 73-78 (in усовершенствования упругих устройств. Ukrainian). Гірничі, будівельні, дорожні та меліоративні 13. Sukach M.K., 2018. Justification of principles машини, Вип.91, 28-35. for the improvement of elastic devices. Girnychi, budivel'ni, dorozhni ta melioratyvni mashyny, Iss.91, 28-35 (in Russian). REFERENCE

1. Sukach M.K., 2017. Justification of the princi- The theoretical basis for calculating ples of improvement elastic devices. Girnychi, the bracketed leaf springs budivel'ni, dorozhni ta melioratyvni mashyny, Iss.91, 28-35 (in Russian). Mykhailo Sukach 2. Zamitter M.N., 1985. Plastinchataja ressora Zamittera i amortizacionnaja podveska. Kyiv, Abstract. Given the theoretical basis for calcu- Vneshtorgizdat (in Russian). lating the strength of the clamp plate spring. It is 3. Sukach M.K., Gichak V.G., 2007. Automobile an elastic plate, the ends of which are deflected suspension of a vehicle with the use of a lamel- from its middle part in the same direction and lar spring. 4 VSNC Youth, education, science, made in the form of consoles equipped with devic- spirituality. Kiev, University Ukraine (in es for pivotal attachment. The middle part of the Ukrainian). plate is parallel to the line of action of the load. 4. Copyright certificate 1004685 USSR, 1983. The plate is made with a variable length section, Plate-shapes springs of Zamitter. Published on with in each section the axis, relative to which the 03.15.1983, Bulletin of Inventions 10, 3. moment of inertia of the section is maximum, is 5. Copyright certificate 1040244 USSR, 1983. perpendicular to the plane of the spring bend. The Plate-shapes springs of M.N.Zamitter. Pub- patented spring is designed as a "beam of equal lished on 09.07.1983, Bulletin of Inventions resistance." 33, 2. The given calculation schemes and the basic 6. Vakhlamov V.K., 2006. Automobiles. Con- equations of the stressed state of a clamp-shaped straint and elements of calculation. Moscow, lamellar spring are not caused by any particular Academy, 569 (in Russian). form of its cross section. The stress state of a 7. Reznik L.G., Romalis G.M., Charkov S.T., clamp-shaped lamellar spring of rectangular cross- 1989. Efficiency of using cars in various oper- section with a straight neutral axis in an unloaded ating conditions. Moscow, Transport, 223 (in condition is considered. The method of design and Russian). calibration calculations is given for different pro- 8. Ludchenko O.A., Ludchenko Ya.O., 2014. files of its cross section. The calculation refers to Technical maintenance and maintenance of au- the middle part of the spring and the shelves im- tomobiles. Organization, planning and man- mediately adjacent to the elastic device for the agement: textbook. 4 books, Book 2. Kyiv, articulated spring connection with the adjacent Higher school, 446 (in Ukrainian). construction part. 9. Sukach M.K., Katerinchuk O.V., 2008. Plate- The case is considered in which the neutral shapes spring and shock absorber suspension spring line in the original state has a greater or with its use. 5 VSNK Youth, education, sci- lesser curvature. These are sections of transition ence, spirituality. Kiev, University Ukraine (in from shelves to linen or areas that occupy the en- Ukrainian). tire length of the shelves, if the latter are specially made curvilinear. Since the curvature of such sections is large, their calculation will be performed

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 49 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction taking into account the peculiarities of the change in the stress state in the bars. Recommendations are given for the choice of allowable stresses in the design and testing of the clamp plate spring for strength and the largest equivalent stresses defined in the most dangerous sections of the device. They must be compared with the stresses allowed for this design mode. In this case, cases of double static tests for maximum load and multiple (cyclic) dynamic loading are considered when the sign of the voltage in the spring changes. Keywords: bracketed leaf spring, stressed state, elastic plate, bending moment, curvilinear section, shelves.

50 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 40-50 Engineering, Construction

Development of the mathematical model a single stage pulse hydraulic drive

Dmytro Mishchuk

Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture Povitroflotsky avenue 31, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-9400

Received on 05.11.2018, accepted after revision on 10.12.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0202

Abstract. The hydraulic drive is used in most structures of construction and road equipment. Hydrostatic volumetric drive allows the working bodies of construction machines to perceive heavy Dmytro Mishchuk loads with a high rate of energy transfer. This gives Associate Professor of the Con- of advantages not available on electric machines. struction Machines Department, PhD, Ass. Prof. The control of the hydraulic drive can be proportional and discrete. Proportional control is more high-speed valve, the return spring of the spool is precise control in comparison with discrete, how- also installed, which is used to balance it. ever, more energy consuming. The discrete switch- For the input of the valve control electric sole- ing mode of the hydraulic drive can be performed noid is energized variable frequency. By adjusting using a high-speed valve, which is widely used for the fill factor of the control signal by pulse-width pilot valves because of their advantages in terms of modulation, it is possible to change the magnitude simplicity of digital control, low power losses and of the spool force, thereby performing its pro- insensitivity to contamination. However, to control grammatic movement. such hydraulic valves, it is necessary to clearly Thus will be regulated distributor spool slits understand and represent the principal features of overlap, thereby passing a continuous flow and the operation of a pulsed hydraulic system, to fluid pressure through a distributor. know the optimal values of the control system Keywords: high-speed hydraulic valve, control settings and transient parameters, to understand the performance, mathematical modeling. relationships between the input control signals and the outgoing kinematic parameters. In this study, we developed a mathematical model that allows us to investigate the dynamics of INTRODUCTION high-velocity fluid flow switching valve for controlling the hydraulic power consumer. The current need to carry out regulated Mathematical modeling is proposed to be car- software transfer of the working equipment of ried out over a typical cell of a hydraulic system machines by hydraulic actuating devices poses consisting of a linear hydraulic cylinder, which is a a challenging practical task for researchers and consumer of hydraulic energy and a high-speed engineers [1] associated with the development control spool valve. The actuating spool valve of new and improvement of existing designs of consists of a body inside which the valve moves, hydraulic control devices [2, 3]. driven by a solenoid, at the input contacts of which a variable magnetic flux is generated, forming a The use of hydraulic systems with high val- variable magnetic force. Inside the body of the ues of working pressures (about 32 MPa, 64 MPa) significantly complicates the processes

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 51 2018 Vol 1(2), 51-57 Engineering, Construction of controlling the working equipment of ma- on the investigations of proportional control chines, due to the effect on the installation and Follingera A. [10] A. Schmitt, Krettsa D. components of the machine of high hydrostatic Scholz D. [11] and others. forces [4, 5]. This is especially necessary for Although the proportional hydraulic drive the construction of construction equipment, has an advantage over the discrete one, under such as excavators. In article [6], a new design the same conditions it requires a more com- of a digging machine is considered, the hy- plex control system. Such a control system draulic system of which requires new modern will have to monitor the position of the control hydraulic discrete control systems. spool and perform a change in its position in Thus, the problem of modeling of the hy- accordance with a given program. In high draulic actuator for the purpose of investiga- pressure hydraulic systems, the efficiency of tion of dynamic parameters is an actual practi- proportional control is reduced, since it re- cal work. quires a significant amount of energy to im- plement such control. PURPOSE OF WORK One of the ways to reduce energy consumption in the control system of hydraulic actua- Using traditional control valves with dis- tors is the use of discrete control valves with crete control to regulate changes in the direc- high-speed switching of the control element tion of flow working fluid in the hydraulic based on pulse-width control [11]. High-speed drive mechanisms of construction machines, if valves are widely used in hydraulic and pneu- it is necessary to perform control according to matic systems due to their advantages, such as the specified laws of movement the working compact design, low cost, easy digital control, body, an overflow valve and control flow of low power loss and insensitivity to contamina- the working fluid are additionally installed. tion. The switching frequency and the nominal Through the fact that that the construction flow of the working fluid are the two main and machine is operating under various load condi- important indicators for evaluating the effec- tions, it is not possible to fine-tune the parame- tiveness of hydraulic high-speed valves. ters of the control system, which leads to a Thus it serves to investigate qualitatively change in the working conditions of the work- workflow discrete hydraulic actuator with a ing body of the machine. Ambiguity and vola- pulse-controlled parameters to identify its ra- tility of the machine does not affect the effi- tional use. ciency of hydraulic manipulators, building robots and lifting jib cranes [7], which deterio- TASKS OF RESEARCH rates accuracy and smoothness of stroke is significantly reduced [8] is very much such. The purpose of this work is to develop a Proportional hydraulic control allows the mathematical model of control of a volumetric construction machine control system been hydraulic drive with a high-speed control adapted to external conditions. The technical valve switching. Valve control should be im- advantages of proportional control are primari- plemented through an electrical system with ly in controlled switching transitions, smooth pulse-width modulated control signal. control of specified values and reduction in the number of hydraulic devices for defining con- METHODS OF THE STUDY trol tasks, since most control tasks are solved at the program level by programming the pro- The D'Alember approach is used as the portional valve electronic control unit [9]. The main method for describing the equations of development and introduction of proportional motion of the executive body of the hydraulic valves in construction machinery are engaged drive and the working element of the spool. in such foreign companies like Bosch Rexroth, Electrical transients in an electromagnetic Brevini Hydraulics, Hydrocontrol, Sauer converter is written based on the Maxfel equa- Danfoss, the basic knowledge which is based tions and Ohm's law. The dynamics of the hy-

52 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 51-57 Engineering, Construction draulic system is described by the equations of ing, continuity of fluid flow, the equations of state Lem – the inductance of the winding of the so- and the equations of energy. lenoid electromagnet,

I – current in the control coil of the solenoid, RESULTS OF RESEARCH em  – coefficient of anti-driving force,

To construct a mathematical model of the xz – movement of the distributor spool, which high-speed control of a linear hydraulic cylin- for the solenoid electromagnet is its anchor. der, considered single-control valve with mag- The plunger of the spool valve distributor netic actuator, the circuit is shown on Fig. 1. under the action of electromagnetic force will The structure of the distributor includes a begin to move in the direction of the force housing 1, a spool 2, a solenoid electromagnet action vector, and braking forces will arise 3 and a spring 4. When applying to the elec- from the elastic link, which, together with the tromagnet 3 voltage with different on/off fre- dissipative forces, will resist displacement. quency, various power loads are formed on the The dynamic equation of motion of this pro- movable slide 2. cess will be described as follows: The dynamic transient of a high-speed electric solenoid can be written as [12, 13]: 2 d xz mz  Fm  Fc  Fb  FR , (2) dt 2 dI dx em z where U em  Rem Iem  Lem   , (1) dt dt m – it is mass of the plunger, where z Fm – it’s driving electromagnetic force, Uem – control voltage at the input of the sole- F  с x – it’s spring resistance force, noid, which is performed by moving the valve c пр_ z z spool, dxz Fb  bz – the force of viscous resistance Rem – active resistance of the solenoid wind- dt from the friction of the plunger along the

Fig.1. The design scheme of the distributor with an electromagnetic drive: 1 – case; 2 – spool; 3 – electromagnet; 4 – spring; 5 – hydraulic cylinder; 6 – movable piston

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 53 2018 Vol 1(2), 51-57 Engineering, Construction sleeve of the spool body, cavities of the consumer connected to the dis-

FR – hydrodynamic force acting on the gold tributor, from the working fluid, V1 and V2 – it’s the initial volumes of the спр_z – spring stiffness, working fluid in the injection and discharge bz – it’s the coefficient of viscous friction in cavities of the consumer, taking into account the gap between the plunger and the sleeve of the volumes of fluid in the adjacent pipelines, the grain trap. 2 dxz 2 dxz q1  r and q2  r – the change in On the basis of Maxwell's electromagnetic dt dt theory, the magnetic force, which the high- the flow rate of the working fluid in the dis- speed solenoid creates, can be defined as fol- charge and drain of the consumer. lows [14]: The flow of the working fluid in the pressure and drain line of the consumer is deter- Ф2 mined by its costs through the cylindrical slots F  , (3) of the spool valve: m 2r 2

2 p  p where Q   d x p A sign( p  p ) , (7)  – is the magnetic permeability of the air, А А з z  p A r – is the plunger radius,  – the efficiency of the magnetic field of the 2 pВ  ps solenoid (from 0 to 1), QB  Вdз xz sign( pВ  ps ) , (8) Ф – is the total magnetic flux, the average val-  ue of which for a solenoid with the number of turns N is determined by the following expres- where sion А and В – the coefficients of the flow rate of the working fluid through the throttle channels I N of the distributor, Ф  em . (4) ρ – is the density of the working fluid, Rem pр – working pressure of the hydraulic pump, The nature of the pressure change in the ps – pressure in the drain line, working hydro lines of the hydraulic distribu- d з – the diameter of the plunger spool. tor, which provides the supply of hydraulic The acceleration of the movement of the energy to consumers, is determined from the hydraulic cylinder rod will be determined from flow continuity equations taking into account the equation: the compression of the working fluid [15]: d 2 x 1 p  ( p S  p S  F  F  F ) ,(9) E 2 A A B B оп cp bp dpА зв_ А dt m  (QА  q1) , (5) dt V1 where

dp E m – the mass of the moving parts of the rod В  зв_ В (Q  q ), (6) В 2 of the hydraulic cylinder, dt V2 2 2 2 DA (DA  DB ) S A   and SВ   – respec- where 4 4 tively, the area of the piston and rod planes of QA and QВ – fluid flow in the pressure and discharge lines of consumers connected to the the hydraulic cylinder, appropriate distributor channels, DA – the diameter of the piston, DB – the stem diameter, Езв_А and Езв_В – the module of the bulk elasticity of the working fluid in the corresponding Fоп – it’s external resistance force,

54 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 51-57 Engineering, Construction

Fcp  спр_ p xp – the reaction from the compres- technical problem, the solution of which is sion of the walls of the cylinder, pipelines and engaged in a number of scientific schools. liquids, In the preliminary calculations, it became known that in the future to build an effective dx p system of discrete hydraulic control, it is nec- Fbp  bp – it’s the additional effort that is dt essary to develop a two-stage control system spent on damping the fluid in the drain line, and determine its dynamic characteristics. dx d 2 x The management concept it is proposed to p  p – it’s piston speeds. dt  dt 2 use the proposed algorithm in the article [11]. The obtained equations of the mathematical model are proposed to be investigated using numerical modeling with the recom- REFERENCES mended iteration step of more than 1000 steps. 1. Sorin Ax.A., Scheaua F.D., 2015. Introduction The algorithm for calculating the proposed to Industrial Hydraulics. Introducere în mathematical model is presented on Fig.2. hidraulica industrială. Galati, Galati University At the initial stage of calculations, it is pro- Press, ISBN 978-606-696-032-8. posed to determine and enter the technical 2. Pelevin L.Je., Mishchuk D.A., Rashkivskyj parameters of the hydraulic drive, such as cyl- V.P., Gorbatjuk Je.V., Arzhajev G.O., inder, stem and spool diameters, pressure at Krasnikov V.F., 2015. Hydraulics, Hydraulic and hydropneumatics: Textbook, KNUCA the hydraulic pump outlet and in the drain line, Publ., Kyiv, 340. average stiffness and damping coefficients, 3. Florian M., Rudolf S., 2016. Development and external force resistance, solenoid winding experimental results of a small fast switching resistance and its inductance. It is necessary to valve derived from fuel injection technology. determine the initial parameters of the system In: Proceedings of the eighth work-shop on dig- and set their values after that. Further, accord- ital fluid power, Tampere, Finland, Vol.24-25, 9-26. ing to the algorithm, it is necessary to form a 4. Scheaua F.D., 2018. Theoretical aspects cycle and determine by numerical calculations regarding the Pressure Safety Valves Operation the parameters of the magnetic force needed to within a Hydraulic Circuit. Hidraulica, Iss.1, move the spool, its speed and displacement, 65-70. acceleration, speed and displacement of the 5. Scheaua F.D., 2016. Functional description of a piston of the driving hydraulic cylinder. hydr aulic throttle valve operating inside a In [16], the efficiency of using a high-speed hydraulic circuit. Hidraulica. Magazine of Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Tribology, Ecology, hydraulic switching valve, which is similar to Sensorics, Mechatronics, No.1, 47-50. what is investigated in this article, is shown. 6. Sukach M., 2017. Modernization of power- However, in this work, a pilot valve with a shovel by a two sectional turning arrow. maximum pressure of 1,35 MPa and a flow Pidvodni tehnologii, No.7, 28-33 (in Ukraini- rate of 5 L/min is considered, but for a con- an). trolled dynamic mode of operation of the ma- 7. Lovejkin V.S., Mishchuk D.A., 2009. Over- chine, a single-stage valve is quite suitable. view of the basic designs of the hydraulic drive of cranes-manipulators on vehicles. Girnychi, budivelni, dorozhni ta melioratyvni mashyny, FINDINGS No.74, 20-27. 8. Lovejkin V.S., Mishchuk D.A., 2013. Optimi- As result of the study, a mathematical mod- zation of the mode of changing the departure of el of a high-speed hydraulic distributor was the manipulator with a hydraulic drive: Mono- analyzed and constructed, which should then graph, CP «KOMPRINT», 206 (in Ukrainian). be solved using numerical mathematical meth- 9. Mishchuk D.A., 2014. Features of the implementation of proportional hydraulic control. In- ods. ternational Scientific and Practical Conference In the process of the work done, it became Modern Information and Innovative Technolo- clear that the problem of mathematical model- gies in Transport (MINTT-2014), 27-29 may, ing of volumetric hydraulic drives is a difficult Kherson, Kherson Maritime University.

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 55 2018 Vol 1(2), 51-57 Engineering, Construction

Fig.2. The algorithm for calculating hydraulic drive

56 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 51-57 Engineering, Construction

10. Sholc D., 2002. Proportional hydraulics. Basic сти и нечувствительности к загрязнению рабо- course TR 701, Kyiv, DP Festo, 124. чей среды. Однако для управления такими гид- 11. Zhong Q., Zhang B., Yang Hua-Yong, Ji- равлическими клапанами необходимо четко EnMa, Fung Rong-Fong, 2017. Performance понимать и представлять принципиальные осо- analysis of a high-speed on/off valve based on бенности работы импульсной гидравлической an intelligent pulse-width modulation control. системы, знать оптимальные значения настроек Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol.9 системы управления и параметры переходного (11),1-11. doi.org/10.1177/1687814017733247. процесса, понимать взаимосвязи между вход- 12. Pellikka M, Ahola V, Soederlund L, et al., ными управляющими сигналами и исходящими 2011. Genetic optimization of a fast solenoid кинематическими параметрами. В представ- actuator for a digital hydraulic valve. Int J Fluid Power, Vol.12, 49-56. ленной работе разработано математическую 13. Zhao J., Wang M., Wang Z., et al., 2017. модель, которая позволяет исследовать дина- Different boost voltage effects on the dynamic мику быстродействующего клапана переклю- response and energy losses of high-speed чения потока жидкости для управления потре- solenoid valves. Appl Therm Eng, Vol.123, бителем гидравлической энергии. 1494-1503. Математическое моделирование предлагает- 14. Goodfriend M., Sewell J., Jones C., 1990. ся провести над типовой ячейкой гидравличе- Application of a magnetostrictive alloy, ской системы, состоящей из линейного гидрав- terfenol-D to direct control of hydraulic valves. лического цилиндра, который является потре- SAE technical paper 901581. бителем гидравлической энергии и высокоско- 15. Mischuk D., 2016. Hydraulic cylinder of the ростного управляющего золотникового клапа- volumetric hydraulic drive research of the на. Приводной золотниковый клапан состоит из dynamic model. Girnychi, budivelni, dorozhni корпуса внутри которого перемещается золот- ta melioratyvni mashyny, No.87, 74-81 (in ник с приводом от соленоида, на входных кон- Ukrainian). тактах которого генерируется переменный маг- 16. Wang Sh., Zhang B., Zhong Q., Yang Hu., нитный поток, формирующий переменную 2017. Study on control performance of pilot магнитную силу. Внутри корпуса быстроходно- high-speed switching valve. Advances in Me- го клапана также установлено возвратную пру- chanical Engineering, 9(7), 1-8. жину золотника, которая используется для его уравновешивания. Разработка математической модели одно- Для управления клапаном на вход электри- каскадного импульсного гидропривода ческого соленоида подается напряжение пере- менной частоты. Регулируя коэффициент за- Дмитрий Мищук полнения сигнала управления широтно- импульсной модуляцией, можно изменять ве- Аннотация. Гидравлический привод ис- личину тягового усилия золотника, выполняя пользуется в большинстве конструкций строи- тем самым его программное перемещение. Та- тельной и дорожной техники. Гидростатиче ким образом будет происходить регулирован- ский объемный привод позволяет рабочим ор- ное перекрытие щелей золотникового распре- ганам строительных машин воспринимать тя- делителя, пропуская тем самым непрерывный желые нагрузки с высокой скоростью передачи поток и давление жидкости через распредели- энергии. Все это дает преимущества по сравне- тель. нию с аналогичными соизмеримыми электри- Ключевые слова: быстродействующий ческими приводами машин. гидравлический клапан, показатели управле- Управление гидравлическим приводом мо- ния, математическое моделирование. жет быть пропорциональным и дискретным. Пропорциональное управление является более точным управлением в сравнении с дискрет- ным, однако и более энергетически затратным. Дискретный режим переключения гидравличе- ского привода может быть выполнен с исполь- зованием высокоскоростного клапана, который широко используется для пилотных клапанов из-за их преимуществ с точки зрения простоты цифрового управления, низких потерь мощно-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 57 2018 Vol 1(2), 51-57 Information Technology

The methods of homotopic skeletonization of bit-mapped drawings of parts of sea transport

Vira Molchanova

Priazovskyi State Technical University SHEI Universitetska str. 7, Mariupol, Ukraine, 87500 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0001-5646-1410

Received on 08.06.2018, accepted after revision on 10.12.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0301

Abstract. Solution of the problem of recognition and vectorization of parts of sea transport requires formation of skeletonized images, homotopic (geometrical primitives, topologically Vira Molchanova equivalent in shape and their coherence) to parts’ Senior Lecturer of the Informatics shapes. Department The author has performed a comparative analysis of the best methods of parallel, topological skeletonization of the area objects, based upon application of space extractors. The analysis INTRODUCTION showed that the methods existing in the investigated objects zone possessed typical drawbacks, expressed in iterative distortions of primitive to- According to the principles, laid in the ba- pology and their compositions. sis of skeletonization objects’ of bit-mapped The objective of the article is to through the area images the following groups of methods light upon the developed methods of improvement can be singled out: approximation of the of topological equivalence of the resulting skele- boundary of an area figure by a polygon [1 − tons to the shapes of the parts of sea transport, by 3], path-tracing method [9], stripes graphs [5], means of gradual correction of typical distortions tracking of pixels [1, 2, 6], distance maps of skeletons. method [10], wave method [7], method of The developed methods assumes correction of topological thinning [11 − 16]. skeleton’s iterative distortions by modified extrac- The analysis of merits and flaws of each tors of the principal method of skeletonization and group of methods showed that methods of restoration of the resulting skeleton by extractors of restoration of homotopic skeleton, on the basis parallel iterative topological thinning of developed rules of its reconstruction. Rutovitz, Pavlidis, Wu&Tsai et al.), ensuring Execution of the proposed method was carried skeletons of better quality seemed to be most out on example of the basic method Wu R.Y. & promising in the zone under investigation. Tsai W.H. Examples of the results of These methods are based on placing space skeletonization of parts’ drawings were given, extractors on the local neighbourhood of the verifying efficiency of the proposed methods. The points of bit-mapped image withy the objec- methods can be adapted to the methods of topo- tive of extracting “simple dots, extraction of logical skeletonization of area objects, based upon which does not infringe structural similarity application of space extractors. and integrity of the skeleton of part’s shape Keywords: drawing, shape, skeleton, extractor ,distortion coherence, homotopic character. [10]. The methods belonging to this group

58 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology differ in their sets of extractors, the criteria of tractors, in accordance with the following images dots affiliation with the skeleton and principle: ways of dots testing on correspondence with - the aperture of a “simple” dot, removed such criteria. by a basic method is compared to the nuclei Still, from the point of view of the ana- of the developed set of correcting and restor- lyzed objects zone, the existing methods pos- ing extractors with a possibility of their turn- sess, in spite of their merits [1, 9, 10, 17], a ing by angles, divisible by 90°; common substantial drawback, emerging as - in case of coincidence of the dot’s aper- violation of homotopic character of the result- ture with the nucleus of any extractor the ing skeleton, as compared to the original skeleton is corrected, in accordance with the part’s shape on the drawing, particularly: developed instructions for adoptions of solu- - distortion of topology of right angles of tions, specific for each type of skeleton’s dis- the skeleton at iterative parallel thinning of tortions. part’s shape; - in violationв of skeleton’s coherence at THE RESULTS AND COMMENTS the process of thinning of part’s shape; - in violation of skeleton’s topology in the Among the methods of topological points of intersection of geometrical primi- skeletonization of objects, when space extrac- tives of the shape; tors are used, Wu R.Y. & Tsai W.H. [18] - in sensibility of skeleton’s topology to lo- method, ensuring the best result is of special cal properties of the shape (thickness, for in- interest. stance). The extractors, applied in Wu R.Y. & Tsai W.H. method are represented in Table 1. It is THE OBJECTIVE AND METHODS characteristic that these extractors contain unused positions with the unidentified before- The objective is development of the meth- hand values, hence, allowing variability. The ods of topological skeletonization of drawings elements of extractors nuclei with alternative of sea transport parts, ensuring homotopic colours are marked with “?” sign, whilst un- character of skeletons with original parts’ used nuclei elements are marked with «□» shapes, by means of correction of typical dis- sign. tortions, by application of basic methods of Application of these positions for recon- skeletonization. struction of distorted skeletons allows ensur- A substantial increase of skeleton’s struc- ing their structural correspondence to part’s tural correspondence to the part’s shape is shape, required in the object’s zone. reached by gradual application of the devel- Now, let us consider the proposed methods oped set of methods: of restoring homotopic character of the skele- - At the first stage at iterative thinning of a ton, generated by the principle method on the part a correction of iterative distortions of example of the method of Wu&Tsai. skeleton with modified extractors of the basic method of skeletonization is performed; THE METHOD OF CORRECTING DIS- - at the second stage, after the entire skele- TORTIONS OF THE TOPOLOGY OF ton has been obtained, reconstruction of the SKELETON’S RIGHT ANGLES skeleton is performed with restoration homotopic extractors, on the basis of the de- The first type of skeleton’s distortions is veloped instructions for reconstruction of dis- described by iterative violation of the topolo- torted zones of intersections of geometrical gy of skeleton’s right angles (Fig.1). primitives. To explain the essence of the problem of Correction of the skeleton is supposed to appearance of such a distortion we shall in- be performed with the aid of the designed ex- troduce the required definitions:

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 59 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology

Table 1. Extractors Z k for R.Y. Wu, W.H. Tsai [18] method  a

Index Extractor Index Extractor Index Extractor Index Extractor

а d g j

b e h k

c f i

- We’ll call the point «a» the vertex of the ”Manhattan” metric are not boundary points. convex angle in 4-connected neighbourhood, So, the vertexes of concave angles can’t be where adjacent points and removed with one pass only with application belong to the shape (Fig.2, а); k of Za , extractors, it leading to distortion of - We’ll call the vertex of the concave angle angles topology (see Fig.1), owing to possible the black “a” in 8-connected neighbourhood, application of different set of extractors dur- where only one of point of all diagonal ing two consecutive iterations, it, finally caus- points belongs to the back- ing violation ion homotopic character of the ground (Fig.2, b). shape’s skeleton. In the principle method of thinning the In the proposed method the problem of convex angles, extractors, using 4-connection vertexes’ treatment is solved by application of “Manhattan” metric are applied, in which dis- 8-connectoin “chess” metric both for convex tances from the vertex of the convex angle of and concave angles. the shape to the background As the distance from vertexes of both con- (see Fig.4, 5, а). In accordance with the prin- vex ( ) and concave ciple idea of the method, the vertex of the ( ) angles to the background is equal, convex angle is considered to be a “simple” these vertexes can be removed in one pass. To point and is removed by Zk extractors with a preserve* the shape’s topology it is necessary, one pass. there, to recognize the vertexes of the concave However, vertexes of concave angles in angles and develop the conditions for preser-

a b

Fig.1. Distortion of the skeleton’s right angles: а − iterative distortion of topology of skeleton’s angles; b − distorted right angles of the resulting skeleton

60 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67

* Information Technology

If on any of the correcting extractors a ~ I shape point from ZA is recognized as a vortex of the concave angle it is marked as a cor- ner point and the value of g * for this point is increased by 1. Then, if upon completion of

a b checking with extractors the value of point g *  2 , then this point is not removed Fig.2. Vertexes of the concave and convex in order to prevent violation of homotopic angles character of the shape’s skeleton. vation of skeleton’s coherence at their remov- al. For recognition of the vertexes of the con- ~ I cave angles extractors ZA (Table 2) were developed. Elements of the nuclei of basic extractors, unused for the basic method with alternative colours and ignored ones are used there [23]. Here, a candidate to the vortex of the concave angle is marked with «*» symbol. As the vor- a b tex of the concave angle has just two neigh- bouring adjacent points, the shape point may Fig.3. Violation of coherence in the process of be considered to be the vortex of the concave thinning of the shape at presence of sev- angle if it is twice marked to be it For realiza- eral concave angles within the bounda- tion of this rule for each point of the shape ries of neighbourhood of the flag g *  0 is used. point under analysis

Table 2. Extractors

Basic Developed Basic Developed Basic Developed extractor extractor extractor extractor extractor extractor

А E

B F

C H

D I

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 61 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology

THE CORRECTION METHOD FOR ~ 0270 angle , it is checked by Z extractor, IRREGULARITIES IN SKELETON’S  L COHERENCE if the aperture of «C» point coincides with the extractor in one of its four orientations, then The second type of skeleton’s distortion the vortex of the concave angle can be relies in the process of thinning of the shape in moved without violating the skeleton’s coher- case there are some concave angles within the ence, the latter being ensured by the extrac- boundaries of neighbourhood of the tor’s points with the coordinated (1, 2) point under analysis (Fig.3). and (2, 1). The points, marked in Fig.3. with the В THE METHODS OF CORRECTING VIO- shape, and extractors ZA will be removed LATIONS OF THE SKELETON’S TOPOL- OGY IN THE POINTS OF INTERSECTION* OF GEOMETRICAL PRIMITIVES * The third type of violations lies in violation of homotopic character of the skeleton in points of primitives intersection, as the character of the analyzed object’s zone requires affiliation of these points (e.g. vortexes of the

skeleton’s right angles) with the shape (Fig.5) [23, 24]. Fig.4. The correcting extractor The methods of topological skeletonization are sensitive to local properties of the shape, (Indices of extractors removing these points changing after each iteration of its thinning. are shown in Fig.3), this is to lead to violation Thus, for a thickness of the primitive in sev- of coherence of the skeleton (see Fig.3, b). To ~ eral points (W ≥1 ) even during the first itera- solve this problem a correcting extractor ZL tion with ZA extractor a “forepart” artifact (Fig.4.) was developed, capable of rotation by turns up, increasing its dimensions from itera- angles, divisible by right angle, by application tion after iteration, greatly distorting the skel- of which the problem of thinning the concave eton (Fig.6). angle at its different orientation is solved. At that, if the analyzed point of the shape is recognized to be the vortex of the concave

Distortion Correction Fig.5. The method of correcting of skeleton’s distortions in the points of intersection of the primitives

62 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology

а b c d

Fig.6. The result of iteration thinning of coupling of the thin and thick primitives of the shape

Elimination of these drawbacks requires re- The following main principles were ob- ~ 0270 generation of the resulting skeleton by correc- served or development of Z extraction of the artifacts, distorting its topology. 018 ~ 0270 tors: Restoring extractors Z018 5 х[5 in size o the extractors embrace all possible vari- (Table 3) were developed for this, with possi- ants of distortions of the skeleton by the basic bility of turning by angles 90°, 180°, 270°, and method and are classified, according to the a possibility of their balancing with regard to groups of distortions as; ~ 0270 ~ o Z01 extractors, correcting points ordinate axis. Z09 extractors are applied for skeletons at the end of each iteration omissions, the extractors of this group are cor- and after completion of the shape’s thinning rected filling the isolated points of the back- ~ 0270 ground with shape’s points; extractors Z1018 are applied just once. ~ o Z23 extractors, for corrections of the In the Table 3 the following designations lines bends, the extractors of this group are assumed:

the background, it becomes a shape in case of 2 coincidence with the extractor the background the shape, but it becomes a background in 3 case of coincidence with the extractor

the shape makes no difference whether shape or back- 4 ground, however it becomes background in case of coincidence with the extractor

makes no difference makes no difference whether shape or back- whether shape or back- 5 ground, however it becomes background in ground case of coincidence with the extractor

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 63 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology

Table 3. Restoring extractors Index Extractor Index Extractor Index Extractor Index Extractor

0 2 5 10 15 3 3 2 2 2 2

2 1 2 6 11 3 2 16 3 3 2 2 2 2

2 3 5 7 2 12 3 17 3 3 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 5 8 3 2 13 3 18 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2

4 9 3 14 3 3 − − 2 2 2 2

straighten distortions of angular type, appear- cation of asymmetric thinning extractors of ing due to the peculiarities of the primitives of the basic skeletonization method; the shape with half-tones, in accordance with o extractors’ configuration must not in- Brazenham’s algorithms. fringe the local regularities of topology of the ~ shape and the skeleton, for examples, extrac- o Z45 extractors for correction of dis- tors 14 and 15, describing similar stepwise tortions of primitives intersections, isolated skeleton’s distortions produce various struc- background points of intersections of vertical, tural corrected fragments of the skeleton horizontal and diagonal primitives are filled (Fig.7), corresponding to topological orienta- with shape’s points; ~ tion of the primitives in the images’ aperture; o Z69 extractors for correction of an- o the zone of points (with codes 2…5), of gles distortions, extractors belonging to this the aperture 5 × 5, changed by the extractor group eliminate thickenings of concave angles must be surrounded with neighboring back- and regenerate cuttings off of vortexes of ground points, or with unchanged shape’s convex angles of the shape’s skeleton; points, it allowing to avoid violations of skel- ~ eton’s coherence at its modification with ex- o Z1018 extractors for correction of tractors. stepwise distortions, emerging, due to appli-

64 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology

Skeleton’s distortion Extractor 14 Corrected skeleton

Skeleton’s distortion Extractor 15 Corrected skeleton

Fig.7. An example of dependence of skeleton’s topology upon extractor’s configuration

An example of shape’s skeletonization of a - the method of correction of distortions of part of a “Nut” type (Fig.9, a) is shown in the topology of skeleton’s right angles, based Fig.8 and 9 with performed according to the upon application of the “chess” metric, instead basic method, with heavy distortion of the of “Manhattan” metric and extractors of skeleton (Fig.9, b) and with application of the recognition of shape’s angles; improved method, where these distortions - the method of correction of violations of have been removed (Fig.9, c). the skeleton’s coherence, based upon application of the developed correcting extractor; CONCLUSIONS AND - the method of correction of violations of RECOMMENDATIONS topology in the points of intersection of geometrical primitives, based upon application the Improvement of structural distortions of developed regenerating extractors. skeletons is reached by applying of the developed method, the complex of method, consisting of:

Fig.8. The result of correction of skeleton’s topology

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 65 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology

a b c Fig.9. The result of correction of skeleton’s topology: а − part’s reducible shape; b − the skeleton, obtained by application of the basic method, c− the skeleton, obtained by the improved method

A substantial reduction in skeleton’s dis- 4. Kushnir O., 2012. Sravnenie formy binarnyh tortions is reached by two-staged correction rastrovyh izobrazhenij na osnove skeletizacii. of the skeleton of the part’s shape: Mashinnoe obuchenie i analiz dannyh, 3, 252- - at the first shape during iterative thinning 263 (in Russian). of the part’s shape iterative distortions of the 5. Roseborough J.B. & Murase H., 1995. Par- tial eigenvalue decomposition for large image skeleton are corrected; sets using run-length encoding. Pattern Recog- - at the second stage, after the entire skele- nition, 28(3), 421-430. doi:10.1016/0031- ton has been formed, reconstruction of dis- 3203(94)00113-z. torted zones of intersections of geometrical 6. Baranov R. & Favorskaja M., 2011. primitives of the skeleton is done. Algoritmy skeletizacii ob#ektov na The skeleton of shapes of sea transport izobrazhenii. Aktual'nye Problemy Aviacii I parts confirmed a substantial improvement of Kosmonavtiki, 7(1), 349-356 (in Russian). the quality of the produced skeletons with 7. Klubkov I., 2001. Primenenie volnovogo preservation of their topological similarity to algoritma dlja nahozhdenija skeleta rastrovogo the original shapes in the number of geomet- izobrazhenija. Vestnik DGTU, 1(7), 9-16 (in rical primitives, their shapes and coherence. Russian). 8. Ablamejko S. & Lagunovskij D., 2000. The proposed methods of iterative topolog- Obrabotka izobrazhenij: tehnologija, metody, ical skeletonization of drawings of sea primenenie (1st ed., 304). Minsk, Amalfeja (in transport parts can be used for skeletonization Russian). of diagrams of road junctions, engineering 9. Hori, O. & Tanigawa, S., 1993. Raster-to- drawings, functions graphs and the like. vector conversion by line fitting based on contours and skeletons. Proceedings of 2nd Inter- REFERENCES national Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 93), 272-281. 1. Liu W., & Dori D., 2014. Algorithms for 2D doi:10.1109/icdar.1993.395716. Engineering Drawings Recognition The analy- 10. Gonsales R., Vuds R. & Jeddins S., 2006. sis of testing of the developed methods of two- Cifrovaja obrabotka izobrazhenij v srede staged improvement of Saarbr cken: LAP Matlab (3rd ed., 616). Moskva: Tehnosfera (in LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Russian). 2. Chiang J. Y., Tue S., & Leu Y., 1998. A New 11. Tropchenko A., 2012. Metody vtorichnoj Algorithm For Line Image Vectorization. Pat- obrabotki izobrazhenij i raspoznavanija tern Recognition, 31(10), 1541-1549. ob#ektov: uchebnoe posobie (1st ed., p. 52). doi:10.1016/s0031-3203(97)00157-x. Sankt-Peterburg: ITMO (in Russian). 3. Zhang, T. Y., & Suen, C. Y., 1984. A fast 12. Arcelli C., Cordella L. & Levialdi, S., 1975. parallel algorithm for thinning digital patterns. Parallel thinning of binary pictures. Electronics Communications of the ACM, 27(3), 236-239. Letters, 11(7), 148-149. doi:10.1049/el: doi:10.1145/357994.358023. 19750113.

66 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology

13. Bernard T., & Manzanera A., 1999. Im- decisions in territory planning. Transfer of In- proved low complexity fully parallel thinning novative Technologies, Vol.1(1), 17-25. algorithm. Proceedings 10th International Con- doi:10.31493/tit1811.0102. ference on Image Analysis and Processing, 215-220. doi:10.1109/iciap.1999.797597. Методика гомотопной скелетизации 14. Chin R.T., Wan, H., Stover, D. & Iverson растровых чертежей деталей морского R., 1987. A one-pass thinning algorithm and транспорта its parallel implementation. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 40(1), 30-40. Вера Молчанова doi:10.1016/s0734-189x(87)80139-1. 15. Eckhardt U., & Latecki L., 1996. Invariant Аннотация. Решение задачи распознавания Thinning and Distance Transform. Computing и векторизации чертежей деталей морского Supplement Theoretical Foundations of Com- транспорта требует формирования скелетных puter Vision, 21-36. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091- изображений, топологически эквивалентных 6586-7_2. по формам геометрических примитивов и их 16. Guo Z., & Hall R. W., 1992. Fast fully paral- связности контурам деталей. lel thinning algorithms. CVGIP: Image Under- Автором выполнен сравнительный анализ standing, 55(3), 317-328. doi:10.1016/1049- лучших методов параллельной топологической 9660(92)90029-3. скелетизации площадных объектов, основан- 17. Jagna A., 2014. An Efficient Image Independ- ных на применении пространственных масок. ent Thinning Algorithm. Ijarcce, 8309-8311. Анализ показал, что в рассматриваемой пред- doi:10.17148/ijarcce.2014.31052. метной области существующие методы имеют 18. Wu R., & Tsai W., 1992. A new one-pass типовые недостатки, выражающиеся в итера- parallel thinning algorithm for binary images. тивных искажениях топологии примитивов и Pattern Recognition Letters, 13(10), 715-723. их композиций. doi:10.1016/0167-8655(92)90101-5. Цель статьи – освещение разработанной ме- 19. Guo T., Zhang H. & Wen Y., 2012. An im- тодики улучшения топологической эквива- proved example-driven symbol recognition ap- лентности результирующих скелетов контурам proach in engineering drawings. Computers & деталей морского транспорта за счёт поэтап- Graphics, 36(7), 835-845. doi:10.1016/j.cag. ной коррекции типичных искажений скелетов. 2012.06.001. Разработанная методика предполагает коррек- 20. Ye X., & Deng Y., 2009. Line interpolation тировку итеративных искажений скелета мо- algorithm based on diagonal run-length. Jour- дифицированными масками базового метода nal of Computer Applications, 28(9), 2270- скелетизации и реконструкцию результирую- 2273. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1087.2008.02270. щего скелета масками восстановления гомо- 21. Dong J., Lin W. & Huang, C., 2016. An im- топности скелета на основе разработанных proved parallel thinning algorithm. 2016 Inter- правил его реконструкции. Реализация пред- national Conference on Wavelet Analysis and ложенного метода выполнена на примере ба- Pattern Recognition (ICWAPR). doi:10.1109/ зового метода Wu R.Y. & Tsai W.H. Показаны cwapr.2016.7731637. примеры результатов скелетизации чертежей 22. Jang B.K., & Chin R.T., 1994. Reconstruc- деталей, подтверждающие эффективность table Parallel Thinning. Series in Machine Per- предложенной методики. Методика может ception and Artificial Intelligence Thinning быть адаптирована к методам топологической Methodologies for Pattern Recognition, 181- скелетизации площадных объектов, основан- 217. doi:10.1142/9789812797858_0010. ных на использовании пространственных ма- 23. Sirivchuk A., 2017. The development of сок. mathematical model for the control of the tra- Ключевые слова: рисунок, форма, скелет, jectory of the motion of an underwater vehicle. экстрактор, когерентность преобразований, Underwater Techologies, 05/2017, 32-39. гомотопный характер. 24. Priymachenko O. & Kobzar O., 2018. Meth- odology of studies for selecting engineering

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 67 2018 Vol 1(2), 58-67 Information Technology

Impact a circular cylinder with a flat on an elastic layer

Vladislav Bogdanov

Progressive Research Solutions Pty. Ltd. Fontenoy Rd, Macquarie Park83/35, Sydney, Australia 2113 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0002-3424-1801

Received on 06.09.2018, accepted after revision on 02.12.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0302

Abstract. In the work the comparison of the results of solving two plane problems is performed: the impact of a circular cylinder with a plane platform parallel to the cylinder axle (the Vladislav Bogdanov flat) with an elastic layer and a second − plane PhD (mathematics and physics), Snr. Res. Ass. strain state of nonstationary interaction of a circular cylinder with a flat with an elastic layer in a purely elastic and elastic-plastic mathematical formulation corresponding. The first contact occurs along the plane of the flat. A good coincidence of when the deformation process is elastic, it is the results of the second problem at an elastic stage convenient to use the solution of the corresponding with the results of the first problem is shown. In elastic problem. the author's works a new approach was developed Keywords: impact, elastic, elastic-plastic, layer, to solve plane and tree dimension problems of plane problem, hard cylinder. impact and non-stationary interaction in an elastoplastic formulation. The crack growing was INTRODUCTION simulated using an elastoplastic mathematical model. The numerical solution was obtained using The approach [3 − 7] for solving the dynamic the finite difference method scheme. problems, developed by V.D. Kubenko makes The use of an elastic-plastic formulation makes it possible to determine the stress-strain state it possible: 1) determine the stress-strain state at only on the surface of the medium into which the points determined by the partitioning grid of the drummer penetrates. In addition, this the computational domain, not only on the surface; approach does not allow to investigate the 2) to give a reliable description of the development of plastic deformations − the stage corresponding impact of elastic shells of S.P. Tymoshenko to plasticity is a continuation of the elastic stage; type. To the equations describing the dynamics 3) reliably determine the destruction toughness. of the shell, the Laplace transform and the A method has been developed for calculating development to Fourier trigonometric series plastic strain fields and destruction toughness of are applied. After returning to the space of the the material using the solutions of dynamic plane originals and using theorem on convolution in problems of the stress-strain state in an integral expressions, the components of the elastoplastic formulation taking into account series of normal and tangential displacements possible material unloading; 4) to verify and of the median surface of the shells of the S.P. calibrate the solution of problems in an Tymoshenko type some nuclei will have elastoplastic formulation for the first steps by time asymptotic O1 . Therefore, with increasing

68 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 68-74 Information Technology

order of a reduced system of integral equations 2 2 C  C p  4  2  S  , 2   1 , of Volterra of the second kind [1 − 3], the 2 2   determinant of the system of linear algebraic C0 K C0  3K  equations will be indefinitely enlarged – it will 2 2 K 2  3 seem that the matrix of this system is weak C0 , b   .  2 3K  4 conditioned. However, if use shell of Kirchhoff − Love type [4 − 7], then when solving problems of impact, the convergence where , , K, Cp andCs is the density, the of the solution will be guaranteed. This led [8 displacement module, the volume deformation − 12] to the expediency of developing other module and the velocity of the waves in the mathematical approaches and models. In [13 − elastic layer. 17], a new approach to solving problems of The motion [1 − 3] of an elastic layer is impact and non-stationary interactions in an described by scalar potentials and, which elastic-plastic mathematical setting was satisfy the wave equations [5 − 7]: developed [18 − 21]. In this paper it was compared the results of 2 2 2 2 solving two plane problems of the motion of a   ,   ,    . circular rigid cylinder with a flat on an elastic 2t 2 2t 2 x2 y2 layer: 1) impact within a strictly elastic model; 2) no stationary interaction in elastoplastic When problem solving an approach is used formulation. At the initial moment the circular [1 − 3], which makes it possible at the initial cylinder contacted with the surface of the layer stage of penetration to identify the linear along the plane of the flat. coordinates along the surface of the layer and body [5 − 7]. As a result, approximate ratios PROBLEM FORMULATION will be executed.

Firstproblem.Thehardcircularcylinderwitht r  , ctg 1/. heflatmovesverticallydownperpendiculartothes (1) urfaceoftheelasticlayer 0  z  H and contacts In the contact area, taking into account (1), it along the lane |x | d ; z 0 , where d – there is a relationship between u and pressure half width of the flat. As in [1 − 3] we z p. associate a cylindrical coordinate system rOz with a moving cylinder, axis z coincides with the axle of the cylinder. We associate with a layer a fixed Cartesian coordinate system xyz [5 − 7]. The stamp penetrates (Fig.1) an elastic layer at a speed VT (t), (0  t  T) with initial value V0 VT (0) , where T is the time of interaction of a stamp with a layer. We introduce dimensionless variables.

C t x z u  0    t t  , x  , z  , ut  , R R R R ij v w p Fig.1. Scheme of the system stamp-layer   , v  T , w  T , p  , ij T T K C0 R KR q M uz (t, x,0)  wT (t)  H(| x | d)  q  , M   , (i, j  x, y, z), KR R2

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 69 2018 Vol 1(2), 68-74 Information Technology

where F(t) – the reaction strength of an 1 1 (| x | d)2 ,   (2) elastic layer, which is determined considering t (2), (4) as an integral from pressure in the * wT (t)  V ()d, p(t, x)  zz(t, x,0), x  x . contact region: 0 x*(t) Linear zed boundary conditions are as F(t)  2  p(t, x)dx. follows: 0

u The boundary of the contact area x* , taking z V(,) t x  v (), t x  x* (), t t T (3) into account the motion of the particles of the z0 medium and retarding the penetration of the   0, x  x*(t), zz z0 (4) cylinder in the elastic medium, is determined from the condition: zx  0, x  . z0

w (t)  u (t, x*,0)  H(| x* | d)  On the surface of the layer z  h there are T z 0, * conditions of hard jamming. *2 |x | x ( t ) For interaction time 0  t  T select a 1  1  (|xd |  )       0, * . rectangle {| x | l, 0  z  h}, which is  |x | x ( t ) occupied by the medium, and the task of impact on the layer can be considered as a Second problem. Its mathematical problem of impact on a rectangle. The width of formulation is the same as in [10, 11, 13, 16, the rectangle l is chosen so that the 17]. Deformation of a beam sample in the perturbation waves do not reach its form of a rectangle  Lh  boundaries: ( L/ 2  x  L / 2 ; 0 yh) is considered. The beam samples based on a completely rigid basis along { L/ 2  x  L / 2 ; y  0 }. The  *   * dx  thickness of the sample is considered so large | x | l l  (T  t0 )  x (t0 ), .  dt  . that it would be possible to use the  tt0  dependences of the plane strain state.

On top of the body a completely hard For certainty, we choose the condition of a impact or contacts with beam along the smooth sliding contact on the lateral surface of the rectangle. Initial conditions of the problem segment { xd ; yh }. Its effect on the are zero. body in the contact area will be replaced evenly distributed normal stress P which u  0,   0, varies with time as a linear function x x l zx x l (5) P p01  p 02 ( t / t  1) , where t –      0,    0. increment of time. t0 t0 t t0 t t0 Given the symmetry of the deformation process with respect to the line x  0 , only The motion of a cylinder as a body outlines the right part of the transverse section of the the second law of Newton body is considered further (Fig.2). As a result of the impact load we will consider that the material is elastic-plastic with 2w M T  F(t), V (0)  V , w (0)  0, strengthening and calculation of fields of 2 T 0 T (6) t stresses, deformations and their increments, in particular, increments of plastic deformation

70 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 68-74 Information Technology

p y h, 0  x  d :    P ,  0; intensitydi and the parameter of the yy xy Odquist d p will be carried out on the L  i y h, d  x  : yy  0, xy  0. basis of numerical solution of the 2 corresponding dynamic elastic-plastic Initial conditions are zero. In the basis of problem. the defining relations of the mechanical model, the theory of no isothermal plastic flow of the medium with the strengthening under the condition of Huber-Mises fluidity [10, 11, 13, 16, 17] was applied. The effects of creep and temperature expansion are neglected. Then, considering the components of the deformation tensor by the sum of the elastic and plastic components of it [10, 11, 13, 16, 17], we obtain for them

Fig.2. Scheme of the system stamp-layer. 1  ee  p ,  sK     , Second problem ij ijij ij2G ij 1

p (9) dij  sij d , When calculating the dynamic fields of stresses and deformations the interaction of here s    – components of the stress wave fields, reflection from the boundary of ij ij ij the body were not taken into account. tensor deviator; ij - a symbol of Kronecker; G The equations of motion for a plane – displacement module; KE(1 2 )/(3 ) ; Е problem are used 1 – modulus of elasticity;  -Poisson's 2 coefficient; KK 3 1– the volume compression  xx xy u x  , (7) module, which binds to the xy t2 ratioK   volumetric expansion 2 1 3 xy  yy  u y  , (temperature expansion 1  0 ); xy 2 t (      ) 3-average tension; xx yy zz where  -material density. d – some scalar function, which is determined by the condition of plasticity (the The boundary conditions of the problem, shape of the surface of the load) and in view of which follow from the assumption that the the above, its choice quadratic ally depends on region of application of the forces of the reaction of the supports is unaltered, as well as the components of the deviant stress sij [10, 11, the determination of the supporting reactions 13, 16, 17]. The material is strengthened with a have done using static methods, are written: strengthening factor * [10, 11, 13, 16, 17]:

x0; 0  y  B : ux  0, xy  0;  ()T * L S (TT )02 ( 0 ) 1 , x, 0  y  B :   0,  0; 0 2 xx xy 02()T 0 L 0  , T0  20 C , (10) y0, 0  x  : uy  0, xy  0; (8) E 2 where S ()T - the line of fluidity after strengthening the material at a temperature T .

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 71 2018 Vol 1(2), 68-74 Information Technology

Fig. 3. The vector of the displacement Fig. 4. Rejection of results component . The components of vector displacements SCHEME AND METHODS NUMERIC in the point (0, 0) in the center of the REALIZATION contact area for the first problem in the elastic

model (dashed line) and at the point (0.01, The scheme, methods of solving and 399.99) for the second problem in the elastic- numerical realization of the first problem are plastic formulation (solid line) were compared. the same as in [1, 2] and for the second The percentage of rejection of the problem – are the same as in [10, 11, 13, 16, displacement values received for the first 17]. The application of the finite difference method to the solution of wave equations is and second tasks is shown at the Fig.4. A justified in [22] and ensure the accuracy of period has been found for which this deviation calculations with an error of not more does not exceed 8%. than O()()() x2  y 2  t 2 .   CONCLUSIONS As example an aluminum layer was chosen   0.3582K . The figures below represent the The results of solving plane problems of the results corresponding to the calculation impact of a circular cylinder with a flat in an whenV0  0.0002 , hR/ 0.01, M  0.001, elastic model and a non-stationary interaction l  0.6 , T  0.05, h  0.4, d  0.02 ; in an elastic-plastic mathematical setting at the t =4.166667E–5. elastic stage coincide well. The use of The results of the calculation for the second elastoplastic formulation makes it possible: problem are obtained for the following 1. Determine the stress-strain state at the parameters values: the coefficient of points determined by the grid of the breakdown of the calculated region, and not strengthening the material  =0,05; * only on the surface. L=600 mm; h=400 mm; d =2 mm; 2. Give a plausible description of the p01  10.1 MPa; p02  4,04 MPa; M=80; development of plastic deformations. The step N=101. The smallest step of the partition was corresponding to plasticity is the continuation near the upper surface and equaled 0,01 mm, of the elastic stage. 3. Authentically determine the destruction ( xmin = 0,01 mm; ymin = 0,01 mm (only the first three layers)), T =50о. toughness KIc . In the elastic-plastic model, the axle 4. To verify the solving of problems in the Oy coincides with the axis Oz . In Fig.3 elastic-plastic formulation of the first steps in shows the components of the displacement time, when the deformation process is elastic, vectors u in the first problem and u in the it is convenient to use the solution of the z y corresponding elastic problem. second are shown at the Fig.3 and denoted by

72 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 68-74 Information Technology

REFERENCES University of Kyiv: Series: Physics & Mathematics, No.2, 51-56 (in Ukrainian). 1. Bogdanov V.R., 2017. Impact of a hard 13. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2012. The plane cylinder with flat surface on the elastic layer. strain state of the material with stationary crack Underwater Technologies, Vol.05, 8-15. with taking in account the process of unloading. 2. Bogdanov V.R., Lewicki H.R., Pryhodko Mathematical Methods and Physicomechanical T.B., Radzivill O.Y., Samborska L.R., 2009. Fields, Lviv 55, No.3, 132-138 (in Ukrainian). The planar problem of the impact shell against 14. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2010. The crack elastic layer. Visnyk NTU, Kyiv, No.18, 281- growing in compact specimen by plastic-elastic 292 (In Ukrainian). model of planar stress state. Bulletin of 3. Kubenko V.D., Bogdanov V.R., 1995. Planar University of Kyiv: Series: Physics & problem of the impact of a shell on an elastic Mathematics, No. 4, 58-62 (In Ukrainian). half-space. International Applied Mechanics, 15. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2010. The crack 31, No.6, 483-490. clevage simulation based on the numerical 4. Kubenko V.D., Bogdanov V.R., 1995. modelling of the plane stress state. Bulletin of Axisymmetric impact of a shell on an elastic University of Lviv: Series: Physics & halfspace. International Applied Mechanics, 31, Mathematics, No. 73, 192-204 (in Ukrainian). No.10, 829-835. 16. Bohdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2011. Evaluation 5. Kubenko V.D., Popov S.N., Bogdanov V.R., of crack resistance based on the numerical 1995.The impact of elastic cylindrical shell with modelling of the plane strained state. Material the surface of elastic half-space. Dop. NAN Science, 46, No.6, 723-732. Ukrainy, No.7, 40-44 (in Ukrainian). 17. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2011. The 6. Kubenko V.D., Popov S.N., 1988. Plane clevage crack simulation based on the problem of the impact of hard blunt body on the numerical modelling of the plane deformation surface of an elastic half-space. Pricl. state. Scientific collection Problems of Mechanika, 24, No.7, 69-77 (in Russian). Calculation Mechanics and Constructions 7. Popov S.N., 1989. Vertical impact of the hard Strength, Dnepropetrovsk, No.15, 33-44 (in circular cylinder lateral surface on the elastic Ukrainian). half-space.Pricl. Mechanika, 25, No.12, 41-47 18. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2010. Destruction (in Russian). toughness determination based on the numerical 8. Bogdanov V.R., Sulim G.T., 2016. modelling of the three dimension dynamic Determination of the material fracture problem. International scientific collection toughness by numerical analysis of 3D Strength of Machines and Constructions, Kyiv, elastoplastic dynamic deformation. Mechanics No.43, 158-167 (in Ukrainian). of Solids, 51(2), 206-215; DOI 19. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2012. A three 10.3103/S0025654416020084. dimension simulation of process of growing 9. Bogdanov V.R., 2015. A plane problem of crack based on the numerical solution. impact of hard cylinder with elastic layer. Scientific collection Problems of Calculation Bulletin of University of Kyiv: Mathematics. Mechanics and Constructions Strength, Mechanics, No.34, 42-47 (in Ukrainian). Dnepropetrovsk, No.19, 10-19 (in Ukrainian). 10. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2013. Plain 20. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2012. The crack deformation of elastoplastic material with clevage simulation in a compact specimen profile shaped as a compact specimen (dynamic based on the numerical modeling of the three loading). Mechanics of Solids, May, 48(3), 329- dimension problem. Scientific collection 336; DOI 10.3103/S0025654413030096. Methods of Solving Applied Problems in Solid 11. Bogdanov V.R., Sulym G.T., 2013. A modeling Mechanics, Dnepropetrovsk, No.13, 60-68 (in of plastic deformation's growth under impact, Ukrainian). based on a numerical solution of the plane 21. Bogdanov V.R., 2011. About three dimension stress deformation problem. Vestnik deformation of an elastic-plastic material with Moskovskogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta, Vol.20, the profile of compact shape. Theoretical and Iss.3, 196-201 (in Russian). Applied Mechanics, Donetsk, No.3 (49), 51-58 12. Bogdanov V.R., 2009. Three dimension (in Ukrainian). problem of plastic deformations and stresses 22.Zjukina E.L., 2004. Conservative difference concentration near the top of crack. Bulletin of schemes on non-uniform grids for a two- dimensional wave equation. Trudy

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 73 2018 Vol 1(2), 68-74 Information Technology

matematicheskogo centra imeni N.I. Loba- Разработан новый подход решения задач chevskogo, Kazan', T.26, 151-160 (in Russian). удара и нестационарного взаимодействия в 23.Weisbrod G., Rittel D., 2000. A method for упругопластической постановке. Численное dynamic fracture toughness determination using решение получено с использованием схемы short beams. International Journal of Fracture, метода конечных разностей. Использование 104, 89-103. упругопластической постановки дает возможность: 1) определить напряженно- деформированное состояние в точках, Удар кругового цилиндра определяемых сеткой разбиения расчетной c лыской по упругому слою области, а не только на поверхности; 2) дать достоверное описание развития пластических Владислав Богданов деформаций − этап, отвечающий пластичности, является продолжением упругого этапа; Аннотация. Задачи ударного нагружения 3) достоверно определить вязкость разрушения. твердых деформируемых тел остаются Разработана методика расчета полей актуальными и исследуются в самых разных пластических деформаций и вязкости постановках. В работе проводиться сравнение разрушения материала с использованием результатов решения двух плоских задач: удара решения динамических плоских задач о кругового цилиндра с плоской площадкой напряженно деформированном состоянии в параллельной оси цилиндра (лыской) с упругим упругопластической постановке с учетом слоем и второй − о плоском деформированном возможной разгрузки материала. 4. Для состоянии при нестационарном взаимодействии верификации решения задач в упруго-плас- кругового цилиндра с лыской с упругим слоем тической постановке для первых шагов по в чисто упругой и упругопластической времени, когда процесс деформации является математических постановках соответственно. упругим, удобно использовать решение Первоначальный контакт происходит по соответствующей упругой задачи. плоскости лыски. Показано хорошее Ключевые слова: удар, упругий, упруго- совпадение результатов второй задачи на пластический, слой, плоская задача, жесткий начальном упругом этапе с результатами первой цилиндр. задачи.

74 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 68-74 Information Technology

Декомпозиція операторних рівнянь на основі агрегаційно-ітеративного підходу

Валерій Гавриленко1, Анатолій Обшта2, Б огдан Шувар2

1Національний транспортний університет вул. Омеляновича-Павленка 1, Київ, Україна, 01010 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0001-9682-4204 2Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» вул. Степана Бандери 12, Львів, Україна, 79000 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0002-0000-0000

Отримано 16.02.2018, прийнято після перегляду 03.07.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0303

Анотація. Побудовано і досліджено агрега- ційно-ітеративний алгоритм для нелінійних

операторних рівнянь, що охоплює методи ітера- Валерій Гавриленко тивного агрегування для однопараметричного і завідувач кафедри інформаційних багатопараметричного випадків та містить як систем і технологій часткові випадки алгоритмів, так і алгоритм, що д.ф.-м.н., проф. використовується для дослідження стійкості рішень диференціальних рівнянь в банаховому

просторі. Отримано достатні умови збіжності методів Анатолій Обшта ітеративного агрегування і їх узагальнень, які, професор кафедри на відміну від відомих результатів не містять обчислювальної математики і програмування обмежень щодо знакосталості і монотонності д.т.н., проф. відповідних операторів, а також, не потребу- ють, щоб ці оператори були стискуючими. Результати досліджень можуть, наприклад, практиці». Такими є, зокрема, методи ітера- мати застосування при розв’язанні системи лі- тивного агрегування, котрі «вивчені мало і нійних алгебраїчних рівнянь високої розмірно- умови їхньої збіжності невідомі» [2, стор. сті, які описують планові задачі в математичній 158]. Поміж численних досліджень цих ме- економіці, та при розв’язанні лінійних інтегра- тодів одним з найвагоміших є монографія льних рівнянь і їх систем та при розв’язанні си- [3]. Методи ітеративного агрегування фор- стем алгебраїчних трансцендентних рівнянь високої розмірності і нелінійних інтегральних мально споріднені з проекційно-ітератив- рівнянь. ними методами [4 − 7]. Істотна відмінність Ключові слова: операторні рівняння, деко- між ними ґрунтується на фактах, що вста- мпозиція, ітеративне агрегування. новлені, наприклад в [6, 7]. Доцільними є також побудова і дослі- ВСТУП дження «синтезованих» алгоритмів, які по- єднують ідеї тих чи інших наближених ме- Як зазначено в [1, стор. 54] «в приклад- тодів з ідеєю методів ітеративного агрегу- ній математиці є немало числових методів, вання (див., наприклад [7, розділ ХІІІ]). Та- особливо тих, що стосуються складних за- ким способом отримані нові ітераційні ме- вдань, які не отримали строгого обґрунту- тоди, яким властиві переваги кожного із ви- вання, хоча успішно застосовуються на східних методів і цим розширюються мож- ливості їх використання в прикладних зада-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 75 2018 Vol 1(2), 75-81 Information Technology

чах (див., наприклад [4, Вступ]). Цими фак- шого є евклідовим простором R N . Будемо тами, а також пристосованістю до розпара- вважати, що справджується рівність. лелення обчислень задля реалізації на бага- ~ топроцесорних обчислювальних системах SA AP  S . (2) та придатністю до побудови таких варіантів

багатопараметричного ітеративного агрегу- Можна вважати, що цією рівністю озна- вання, за допомогою яких можна отримати чено лінійний неперервний оператор способи усунути труднощі, спричинені ~ практичною жорсткістю обчислюваних за- A : E  E . Якщо йдеться про однопараме- дач, актуалізується доцільність досліджен- тричний випадок, то замість (2) матимемо ня методів інтерактивного агрегування. ~ В статті запропоновано і досліджено де- ,A Ax , x, (3) які алгоритми, які охоплюють як однопара- метричні, так і багатопараметричні методи де , x − значення лінійного функціоналу ітеративного агрегування для рівнянь з лі- * * нійними і нелінійними операторами. Засто-   E на елементах x  E ( E − спряже- ~ суємо започатковану в [6] і експлуатовану в ний з E − банахів простір). Якщо A є ну- низці досліджень інших авторів методоло- льовим оператором, то число  і елемент гію, яка не використовує припущення щодо  є власним числом і відповідним йому знакосталості і монотонності відповідних власним елементом спряженого з A опера- операторів і не потребує, щоб ці оператори тора A* . В загальнішому вигляді рівність були стискувальними (див. також [7, розд. ХІІІ]). SAP  S , (4)

ПОБУДОВА АЛГОРИТМУ яка отримується з (2), якщо є нульовим Розглядається рівняння оператором, можна трактувати, як узагаль- нення спектральної задачі для операто- ра AP . Якщо при цьому  є матрицею діа- x Ax  b b  E   (1) гонального вигляду, то її елементи є влас- ними числами оператора AP . в банаховому просторі E з лінійним непе- Розглянемо систему, яку складено з рів- рервним оператором A: E  E. Побудуємо няння (1) та допоміжного рівняння агрегаційно-ітеративний аналог для проек- ційно-ітеративного методу, який описується y  y  SAQx  Sb  SAPx (5) формулою. з додатковим невідомим y  E. Вважати- (n1) (n1) (n) x  APx  AQx  b , мемо, що існує обернений оператор I  1 , де I − одиничний оператор в E . 2 де PP  P − заданий оператор, що прое- Множину пар x, y елементів x  E , ктує елементи простору в елементи де- , які задовольняють якого його підпростору, причому Q  I  P ,

де I − тотожний оператор. Вважатимемо Sx  y  , (6) заданим лінійний неперервний оператор

S : E  E та лінійний неперервний опера- де  − нульовий елемент в E позначимо тор  : E  E, де E − банахів простір,  який, взагалі кажучи, не тотожний з прос- через 0 . Ця множина є підпростором в ба- тором E . На практиці простір E здебіль- наховому просторі E0  E  E з нормою запровадженою за допомогою формули

76 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 75-81 Information Technology

рати довільним способом. При цьому спра- 2 2 вджується рівність x, y  x  y . (7) 0 E E ,a(n)  (n)   , (14) Використовуючи цей спосіб занурення 0

простору E в простір E побудуємо ітера- 0 при n  0 завдяки вибору a(n) , (n) за фо- ційний процес за допомогою формул 0 рмулами (n1) (n1) (n) (n) (n) (n1) x  APx  AQx  a y  y  b ; , Ax (n1) , AQx(n) (8) x(n1)    ; (n)   .(15) (n) 0 (n) y(n1)  y(n1)  SAQx(n)  , x  , x  (9) (n) (n) (n1)  0 y  y  Sb. Очевидно, що однопараметричний алго- ритм (11), (12) можна подати у вигляді (n) (n) Тут a : E  E , 0 : E  E є зада- , Ax (n1) ними операторами при кожному n  0, 1,... . x(n1)   APx (n)  AQx(n)  b . Для кожного n  0, 1,... постулюємо вико- , x(n)  нання умови (16)

Sa(n)  (n)   . (10) РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ТА ПОЯСНЕННЯ 0

Дослідження збіжності алгоритму (8), (9) Вибір операторів, що фігурують в (10), ґрунтується на таких доведених авторами конкретизує ітеративний алгоритм, який фактах. описують формули (8), (9), за умови, що Лема 1. Якщо існує обернений оператор x(0) , y(0) задовольняють рівність (6) при I   1 і x*, y* з розв'язком системи x  x(0) , y  y(0) . У випадку, коли йдеться (1), (5), то x*, y* . про однопараметричний метод ітеративного 0

агрегування і справджується рівність (3), (0) (0) ітеративний процес (8), (9) можна подати у Лема 2. Якщо x , y 0 і справ- вигляді джуються рівності (10), то (n) (n) x , y 0 . APx (n1) x(n1)  Ax (n1) y(n)  y(n1)  b , (11) , x(n)  Наслідком цих двох тверджень є такий (0) (0) (n 1) ( n 1) ( n ) факт. При x , y  за припущення, y  y  , AQx     0 що існує оператор I  1 виконуються , AQx()n  . (12)  y(n )  y ( n 1)  , b (0)  SAPx ( n ) рівності , x()n  Sx(n)  x*  y(n)  y*  0 n  0, 1,.... (17) Рівність (6) у цьому випадку має вигляд Умови збіжності. Задля спрощення мір- ~ , x y  0 . (13) кувань вважатимемо A нульовим операто- ром, припускаючи, що цього можна досяг- З цієї рівності при x  x(0) знаходимо нути, вибравши відповідним чином опера- тор P . Очевидними є співвідношення y(0)  y . Зауважимо, що x(0) можна виби-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 77 2018 Vol 1(2), 75-81 Information Technology

(n 1) * ( n )1 ( n ) * Теорема 1. y y   I    a0  SAQ x  x   , Якщо справджується умова (n )1 ( n ) ( n ) ( n 1) I    a00 a y  y  (n) (n) (1)*n () n () n1 ()* n H  q 1 n  0,1,..., (20) x x  AaI     a SAQx  x  0 0   0    , ()()()*n n1 n (0) (0) a I    a0   I   y  y  причому x , y 0 , то ітераційний процес (8), (9) зводиться до розв'язку сис- які випливають з (1), (5), (8), (9) та з при- теми (1), (5) не повільніше від геометрич- пущення про існування оператора ної прогресії зі знаменником q . Теорема 2. (n) 1 (0) (0) I   a0  при n  0, 1,... Якщо x , y 0 і справджується співвідношення Звідси, використовуючи співвідношення (17), отримуємо (n) (n) 1 A  a I     a0  SI  A  q0 1 n  0, 1,..., E (n) 1 (n) y (n1)  y*  I     a  SAQ   Sx (n)  x*  (21) 0 0 1 де  норма оператора в E , то послідов-  I     a (n)  a (n)  (n) y (n)  y (n1) , (18)) E 0 0 0 (n) ність x , отримана за допомогою алго- ритму (8), (9) зводиться до розв’язку (n1) *  (n) (n) 1 (n) (n) *  x  x   A  a I     a  SAQ   Sx  x   *  0  x  E рівняння (1) не повільніше від гео-

метричної прогресії зі знаменником q .  (n) (n) 1 (n) (n) *  0  a I     a  I      y  y  (19)  0  Побудова алгоритму для нелінійних із, в цілому, довільно вибраними лінійними рівнянь неперервними операторами Розглядатимемо рівняння вигляду

(n)  (n)   : E  E , 0 : E  E . x  Fx (22)

Позначимо з нелінійним оператором F : D  E . Задля спрощення вигляду будемо вважати, що в (n) (n) (n) 1 (n) ролі D маємо простір E . Вважаємо, що h11  A  a I    a0  SAQ   S, оператор F має похідну Фреше F(x)w, (n) (n) (n) 1 (n) h12  a I   a0  I    , яка є лінійним неперервним оператором 1 щодо w і неперервним оператором щодо x . h(n)   I   a(n) SAQ  (n)S , 21  0   0  (n) * 1 Приймемо позначення An  Fx  та An h(n)  I   a(n)  a(n)  (n) . 22 0 0 0 для спряженого до An оператора. Познача-

тимемо через E* спряжений до E банахів (n) Приймемо позначення H для норми   0 простір. Позначення S ,  , E , E ,  є ти- ми самими, що й дотепер. Припустимо, що справджується рівність h(n) h(n)  оператора H (n)   11 12  .  (n) (n)  ~ h21 h22   SAn  An  S , (23) Встановлено та доведено наступні твер- дження.

78 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 75-81 Information Technology

вважаючи заданим лінійний неперервний 1 x(1)*()n  x  a n I    () n I   y ()* n  y  щодо w та неперервний щодо x оператор  0     ~ ~ ()*n A w  Ax(n) w , підпорядкований тільки Fx  Fx  n (29) умові (23). ()()()*n n1 n a I    a0  S Fx  Fx   Аналогом рівняння (5) є рівняння ()()()*n n1 n a I    a0   S x  x  y  y  Sx  SFx . (24) Визначимо лінійний неперервний щодо

Множину 0 визначаємо за рівністю (6). w та неперервний щодо x оператор Qnw за Задамо лінійні нелінійні оператори допомогою формули (див. [8, стор. 82])

(n) (n) 1 a : E  E ; 0 : E  E, ()*()nn Qn w F x   x  x wd  , (30) 0 підпорядкувавши їх умові (10) і маючи на увазі те, що вони в цілому залежать від ве- де F(z) є похідною Фреше від оператора личини x(n) , яка фігурує в ітераційних фо- F в точці z. Задамо лінійні неперервні опе- рмулах ратори

(n) (n) (n1) (n) (n) (n) (n1)  : E  E ;  : E  E x  Fx  a y  y , (25) 0

і запишемо рівності y (n1)  y (n1)  Sx (n)  SFx (n)  . (26) (n) (n) (n1) (n) (n) * (n) (n) *  0 y  y   Sx  x   y  y  , (31)

(n) (n) * (n) (n) * Зберігаються твердження лем 1 і 2 в 0 Sx  x  0 y  y   . (32) умовах, які постулюємо відповідно до існу- вання оператора I  1 , і вибір Рівності (28), (29) можна подати у вигля- ді (0) (0)  x , y  з множини 0 . Це дає підставу стверджувати виконання рівностей 1 y(n 1) y *  I    ( n )  S  SQ x ( n )  x *   0   n  

S x(n)  x*  y(n)  y*   n  0,1,..., (27) ()()()*n1 n n     I   00  y  y , 1 x(1)*n  x  Q  a () n I    () n  S  SQ x ()* n  x  (0) (0)  nn 0     якщо x , y 0 . ()()()*n n1 n a I   0   I   y  y . Збіжність алгоритмів (25), (26)

Тоді з рівнянь (31) і (32), отримуємо З рівностей (22), (24) та (25), (26) випли-

ває (n1) * (n) 1 (n) (n) * y  y  I     0  S  SQn  0 Sx  x  1 (n 1) * ( n ) ( n ) * 1 y y  I    a0   S x  x   (n) (n) (n) (n) *  I     0  0  0 y  y , (33) ()()*nn1 I    a0  S Fx  Fx   (28) 1 (n1) *  (n)  (n) (n)  (n) * I    a()()()*n a n y n  y x  x  Qn  a I    0  S  SQn  0 Sx  x   00     та (n) (n) 1 (n) (n) *  a I    0  I     y  y . (34)

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 79 2018 Vol 1(2), 75-81 Information Technology

Вважаючи заданим оператор повільніше від геометричної прогресії зі ~ ~ (n) знаменником q . При цьому An  Ax , який фігурує в рівності (23), позначимо (n) (n) x , y 0 (n  0, 1,...) . 1 ~ (n) * (n) Gnw   Ax  1x  x wd1 (35) Зазначимо, що вибір операторів (n) і 0 (n) підпорядковано тільки вимозі (36). 0 Рівності (33), (34) можна подати у вигля- Зауваження. Умова q 1 в наведених ді теоремах може справджуватися як у випад- ках, якщо відповідний оператор є стиском, і 1 якщо вимога стиску не справджується. Зок- y(n1)  y*  I     (n)  SG  (n)Sx(n)  x*  0 n 0 рема у лінійному випадку спектральний ра- 1 діус оператора може бути більшим від оди-  I     (n) (n)  (n) y(n)  y* , (36)  0   0 0   ниці. В такому випадку похибки заокруг- лень можуть на практиці призвести до роз- (n1) *  (n) (n) 1 (n)  (n) * біжності ітерацій. x  x  Qn  a I       SGn   Sx  x   0 0  Засобом для усунення обчислювальних (n) (n) 1 (n) (n) * утруднень в такому разі може бути множи-  a I     0  I      y  y . (37) на 0 , якій належить вирішальна роль у пе- ретворенні теоретично збіжного ітераційно- Позначимо го процесу в практично збіжний.

 ~ (n) ~ (n)  (n) H11 H12 ВИСНОВКИ H   ~ ~  , (38)  H (n) H (n)   21 22  1. Побудовано і досліджено агрегаційно- де ітеративний алгоритм для нелінійних опе- раторних рівнянь, що охоплює методи іте- ~ (n) (n) (n) (n) 1 (n) ративного агрегування для одно параметри- H11  Q  a I    0  SG   S; чного і багато параметричного випадків і ~ (n) (n) (n) 1 (n) H12  a I    0  I     ; містить як часткові випадки алгоритми із ~ (n) (n) 1 (n) [3], також алгоритм, досліджений в [9]. H21  I    0  SG  0 S; 2. Отримано достатні умови збіжності ~ 1 H (n)  I    (n)  (n)  (n) . методів ітеративного агрегування і їх уза- 22 0 0 0 гальнень, які, на відміну від відомих ре- зультатів не містять обмежень щодо знакос- Співвідношення (37), (37) дають підста- талості і монотонності відповідних опера- ву для такого підсумку. торів, а також, не потребують, щоб ці опе- ратори були стискуючими. Теорема 3. 3. Результати досліджень можуть, напри- (0) (0) Якщо x , y 0 і має місце умова клад, мати застосування при розв’язанні си- стеми лінійних алгебраїчних рівнянь висо- ~ (n) кої розмірності, які описують планові задачі H (n)  q  1 n  0, 1,..., (39) 0 в математичній економіці, та при розв’я- занні лінійних інтегральних рівнянь і їх си- (n) (n) стем та при розв’язанні систем алгебраїч- то послідовність x , y  зводиться до них трансцендентних рівнянь високої роз- розв’язання x*, y* системи (22), (24) не мірності і нелінійних інтегральних рівнянь.

80 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 75-81 Information Technology

ЛІТЕРАТУРА 5. Luchka A.Y., 1980. Proekcionno-iterativnie metodi resheniya obiknovennih differencial’nih 1. Тихонов А.Н., Костомаров Д.П., 1984. uravneniy. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka, 264 (in Rus- Вводные лекции по прикладной математике. sian). Москва, Наука, 192. 6. Shuvar B.A., 1989. O shodimosti 2. Красносельский М.А., Лифшиц Е.А., Со- mnogoparametricheskih metodov iterativnogo болев А.В., 1985. Позитивные линейные agregirovaniya. Bulletin of Lviv. Polytechnic. системы, Москва, Наука, 255. Inst., Applied Mathematics, 140-142 (in Rus- 3. Гробова Т.А., Стеценко В.Я., 2003. Методы sian). итеративного агрегирования для прибли- 7. Shuvar B.A., Kopach M.L., Mentins’kii женного решения линейных и нелинейных S.M., Obshta A.F., 2007. Dvostoronni алгебраических систем и интегральных nabligeni metodi. Ivano-Frankivsk, Carpathian уравнений: монография. Ставрополь, Изд-во National University of V. Stefanik, 515 (in СГУ, 87. Ukrainian). 4. Курпель Н.С., 1968. Проекционно- 8. Daleckii Yu.A., Kreyn M.G., 1970. итеративные методы решения операторных Ustoychivost’ reshenii differencial’nih уравнений. Киев, Наук. думка, 243. uravnenii v banahovom prostranstve. Moskva, 5. Лучка А.Ю., 1980. Проекционно- Nauka, 534 (in Russian). итеративные методы решения обыкновен- 9. Kopach M.L., Obshta A.F., Shuvar B.A. ных дифференциальных уравнений. Киев, 2011. Iterativne agreguvannya dlya nelinijnih Наук, думка, 264. operatornih rivnyan’. Mathematical Bulletin of 6. Шувар Б.А., 1989. О сходимости многопа- NTSH, Vol.8, 100-105 (in Ukrainian). раметрических методов итеративного агре- гирования. Вестник Львов. политехн. ин-та. Decomposition of operator equations based Прикладная математика, Вып.232, 140-142. on aggregation-iterative approach 7. Шувар Б.А., Копач МЛ., Ментинський С.М., Обшта А.Ф., 2007. Двосторонні на- Valery Gavrilenko, Anatoliy Obshta, Bogdan Shuwar ближені методи. Івано-Франківськ, Вид-во Прикарпатського націон. ун-ту імені В. Сте- фаника, 515. Abstract. An aggregation-iterative algorithm 8. Далецкий Ю.А., Крейн М.Г., 1970. Устой- for nonlinear operator equations covering чивость решений дифференциальных урав- andterative-aggregation methods for one-parameter нений в банаховом пространстве. Москва, and multiparameter cases is constructed and inves- Наука, 534. tigated and contains both partial cases of algo- 9. Копач М.Л., Обшта А.Ф., Шувар Б.А., rithms and an algorithm used to study the stability 2011. Ітеративне агрегування для нелінійних of solutions of differential equations in a Banach операторних рівнянь. Математичний вісник space. НТШ, Т.8, 100-105. Sufficient conditions for the convergence of iterative aggregation methods and their generaliza- REFERENCES tions are obtained, which, in contrast to the known results, do not contain restrictions on the signs of 1. Tihonov A.N., Kostomarov D.P., 1984. fidelity and monotony of the respective operators, Vvodnie lekcii po prikladnoi matematike. Mos- nor do they require that these operators be com- cow, Nauka, 192 (in Russian). pressible. 2. Krasnosel’skii M.A., Lifshic E.A., Sobolev The results of the research can, for example, be A.V., 1985. Positivnie lineynie sistemi. Mos- used in solving a system of linear algebraic equa- cow, Nauka, 255 (in Russian). tions of high dimensionality that describe the 3. Grobova T.A., Stecenko V.Y., 2003. Metodi scheduled problems in mathematical economics, iterativnogo agregirovaniya dlya pribligennogo and when solving linear integral equations and resheniya leneynih i nelineynih algebraicheskih their systems, and solving sin systems of algebraic system i integral’nih uravneniy. Stavropol, transcendental equations of high dimension and SGU, 87 (in Russian). nonlinear integral equations. 4. Kurpel’ N.S., 1968. Proekcionno-iterativnie Keywords: operator equations, decomposition, metodi resheniya operatornih uravneniy. Kyiv, iterative aggregation. Naukova Dumka, 243 (in Russian).

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 81 2018 Vol 1(2), 75-81 Information Technology

Physiological model of one materialized human thought

Victoria Kondratenko

V.M.Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine Glushkov Avenue 40, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037 [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-6701

Received on 19.04.2018, accepted after revision on 12.12.2018 DOI: 10.31493/tit1812.0304

Abstract. In this article, the creation in the second signal system of a correct reflex ring – physiological model of one of the materialized elemen- Victoria Kondratenko tary, or compound human thoughts – is shown on a Researcher of the Methods and specific example. As tools, functionally full formal technological construction tools of language and predicate logic language are used. the Intellectual program systems The methodology is described in the Theory of Department PhD, Ass. Prof. axiomatic modeling of Kondratenko [1]. As any other functional problem in any domain, according to the Theory, the problem is interpreted in mathematical logic as a theorem which is subject to INTRODUCTION proof. The reflex ring is physiological model of one of materialized elementary, or compound, Relevance of a subject. More than two thoughts of the specific person, as the ring repre- millennia, mankind has been trying to get into sents a fragment of neural network of the person. physiology of the thinking to understand the The logical work of concepts of knowledge re- mysteries of this phenomenon and to establish flected in concepts No.1 – 7, is guaranteed to pro- the dialectic reasons and physical forces, or- vide the creation of the correct reflex ring having ganizing and managing continuously dynamics the property of "being physiological model of one of thinking process of the person throughout of the materialized elementary, or compound thoughts of a person". At reflection on visual carri- all his life [2, 3, 4]. ers of any concrete functionally complete sense However, the problem is extremely diffi- received in the course of knowledge of the natural cult, and its knowledge is given to mankind by and man-made phenomena of the universe, only scarcely noticeable particles for decades. Here purely formulary texts are an ideal format in terms and at the moment it became clear that (Neces- of quantity of the symbols necessary for these pur- sary knowledge) the mentality of the specific poses. Even the axiomatic format of reflection of person according to the standard project of its the specified meanings demands one-two orders genome in neural networks of the nervous sys- more of symbols, not to mention a verbal format tem creates for each thought a separate reflex from which the order of magnitude of formulary ring on the basis of code words [5] which symbols can exceed four in certain cases. Special identify physical quantities in reflex rings of importance is gained by this fact at reflection on visual carriers of biological and medical the first signal system. knowledge. The thought is considered elementary and Key words: Axiomatic modeling, artificial in- correct if it is expressed by one code word, in telligence, mathematical logic, thinking, formaliza- compliance to which one physical quantity in a tion. 82 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 82-88 Information Technology separate reflex ring of the first signal system is signal system, the person of average abilities put. will need, at least, several working days. The most surprising circumstance is that Rules of forming of compound thoughts in those restrictions which are recorded in its ge- the socioeconomic systems of our planet were nome, specifically in rules of creation of reflex defined long ago. They specialize in profiles of rings in the second signal system, are not socially useful activity [6, 7, 8]. known to each specific person. In particular, the restriction which is not allowing the presence at a reflex ring of the second signal sys- NERVOUS CENTER tem of code words which do not have physical implementation in a format of a reflex ring of the first signal system. AFFERENT EFFERENT Behind this restriction there is prohibition CONDUCTOR CONDUCTOR on use by the specific person of the non- materialized thoughts called hypothetical thoughts. Use of hypothetical thoughts in live RECEPTOR feedback EFFECTOR matter is inadmissible since it inevitably leads to disaster in life activity of this matter. Not everything is so simple also with reflex irritant rings, both in the first signal system, and in the second signal system. As warning against illu- Fig.1. Function chart of a reflex ring siveness of simplicity in structure of rings, I include below only the functional diagram of For scientific activity in the exact sciences, correct reflex rings (Fig.1) and terms of their for example, these rules are formulated in the forming in the course of progressive evolution special science called mathematical logic. The of a human body which is carried out by Na- purpose of knowledge of the exact sciences is ture. only the logic of the cause and effect relations In fact, correct reflex rings represent the between the physical variables which are func- closed systems of automatic control (CSAC) tionally fully characterizing one and all status- with necessary (for steady work!) negative es of dynamic systems of any complexity. feedbacks (rigid and flexible), program setting devices for adjustable physical quantity and PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE the "intelligent" regulators calculating necessary value of adjustable value in the current The purpose of the article consists in sub- conditions of the operating perturbations on mission of the description of results of scien- adjustable physical quantity. In the functional tific knowledge of the phenomena and pro- diagram of a ring, the role of the program- cesses of the universe on the basis of the cor- setting device for adjustable physical quantity rect and materialized elementary and com- and the role of the "intelligent" regulator for pound thoughts of scientists. this value are carried out by "the nervous cen- Concepts of knowledge of basic provi- ter". sions of mathematical logic. In a human body Nature spent more than 4 Concept No.1. Mathematical logic is a billion years to form the first signal system of functionally full formal language which is spe- modern level. cially intended for aphoristic (the greatest pos- In a human body Nature spent more than sible brevity and accuracy!) style of the de- one billion years to form of the second signal scription of a logical entity of the studied pro- system of modern level. cesses and the phenomena in the universe. And on forming of one reflex ring of a Concept No.2. During the solution of each compound and correct thought in the second specific logical problem, the described mathematical structure works with the fixed finite

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 83 2018 Vol 1(2), 82-88 Information Technology set of operands, to each of which the director cialization, thinking consistently goes through of a task appropriated "true" or "false" value. four stages. Concept No.3. Mathematical logic, being a The first way of thinking of the child – sub- functionally full mathematical structure, is ject-effective thinking (aged from 1 up to 3 equipped only with four logical actions: years), that is, thinking in the form of practical - logical denial actions. Small children learn the world around - logical summing (disjunction) them and draw the first conclusions about its - logical product (conjunction) device, trying objects by hand, sorting them - logical following (implication). and breaking. Concept No.4. Every specific functional The following step − evident and figurative problem, subject to a solution, in any domain − thinking in the form of evident images and is interpreted in mathematical logic as a theo- representations (visual, acoustical, tactile). It is rem which is subject to proof. most developed in ages from 4 up to 7 years, Concept No.5. Semantic filling of theorems but remains also at adulthood. This thinking is defined by the code words of monolingual relies on practical reality, but can already cre- dictionaries of that domain which possesses ate and store images which do not have a di- the problem functional problem subject to a rect analog in feelings (fairy tale characters). solution. In figurative thinking which is most devel- Concept No.6. The modern science of oped in artists, designers, advertisers, tailors, mathematical logic is equipped with a formal hairdressers and architects, materials for the method of 100% of reliability of the automatic solution of a problem are not concepts, but im- theorem proving which does not even demand ages – it is more often visual (for musicians – computer support [9,10,11]. acoustical). They are either taken from Concepts of knowledge of the highest memory or recreated by imagination. The pre- mental function (HMF) of thinking as a vailing role in this type of thinking is played part of HMF of human mentality. by the right hemisphere of the brain. The dif- Concept No.7. Thinking – as an informative ference from the previous stage is wide use of process. Qualitative characteristics of thinking. verbal designs in formation and transformation Thinking evolves from practical activities, of images and also use of abstract concepts. from sensory perception, but goes far beyond Abstract and logical (abstract or conceptu- its limits. In turn, the correctness of thinking is al) thinking works in the form of abstract con- checked during practice. cepts, symbols and figures. In this case the At the level of the second signal system person operates with concepts, without dealing words are perceived and signals coming here with the experience obtained by means of sen- are replaced with the speech. Therefore think- sual organs. ing is inseparably linked with speech, both in- For example, terms of ethics – "justice" and ternal, and external. Thinking creates concepts, "conscience"; mathematical terms − "degrees" their understanding and also their interrela- and "derivative"; economic terms − "balances" tions. Thinking operates with concepts which or "profit" are abstract concepts and cannot be in the form are words, and, in fact – a result of perceived by the person directly his sense or- cogitative operations. In turn, specification of gans. verbal concepts can result from thinking. Forms of thinking. Thinking takes place only when there is a The main forms of thinking [15] are: con- problematic situation. If it is possible to man- cepts, judgments and conclusions. age in the old ways of action, then thinking is Concept − a thought in which the general, not required [12,13,14]. essential signs of objects and phenomena are Main types of thinking. reflected. In the process of the development of the For example, the concept "person" includes mentality of a person in the course of his so- such essential signs as work, bipedalism, the articulate speech, etc. The difference of a con-

84 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 82-88 Information Technology cept from representation consists that repre- tures of the corresponding class of subjects or sentation is always an image, and the concept phenomenon’s. For example, the owner of a is the thought expressed in a word. Besides, mini-bakery, having found out the increased representation includes both essential, and in- demand for rich rolls, decides to bake their significant signs, and a concept − only essen- new look – with sesame and a strawberry tial. The maintenance of concepts is revealed stuffing. in judgments. Concept No.8. The knowledge in concepts Judgment is reflection of communications No.1 – 7 provides functional completeness of between objects and phenomena or between this knowledge for the purpose of creation by their properties and features. the person of a correct reflex ring in his own It is possible to construct the form of think- second signal system, "being physiological ing following on complexity of two or more model of one of the materialized elementary, judgments – conclusion. or compound thoughts of this person" [5]. Ad- Conclusion is a connection between con- ditional and new knowledge of concept No. 8 cepts or judgments that takes several judg- is the statement: "being physiological model of ments and produces a new judgment as a re- one of the materialized elementary, or com- sult. pound thoughts of this person". Cogitative operations. Concept No.8 can be interpreted as the con- Process of thinking includes several opera- clusion in the theorem in which hypotheses are tions: comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstrac- concepts No.1 – 7. tion, generalization, specification. Analysis is mental partition of an object in- MODELING METHODOLOGY to the elements with their subsequent comparison. For example, the psychologist carries out Modeling methodology is the theory of axi- the analysis of personal qualities of the client omatic modeling of Kondratenko and, in its on the basis of results of the Kettel test. framework, the Predicate logic of first order as Synthesis is association of separate compo- the universal formal language intended for the nents into a whole. It is usually adjoin to anal- description of all, known to modern science, ysis. Continuing the previous example, we will logical relations between variables of states(9). imagine how the psychologist, after the analy- The target theorem can be formulated in the sis of several tests, builds the generalized psy- following statement: chological portrait of the person. The logical product of concepts of Abstraction is allocation of one party of a knowledge reflected in concepts No.1 – 7 is subject or phenomenon which in reality as guaranteed to provide creation of the correct separate entity does not exist. As a result of reflex ring having the property of "being phys- abstraction, concepts are formed. As an exam- iological model of one of the materialized el- ple, it is possible to take the concept "reliabil- ementary, or compound thoughts of a per- ity" as the low probability of breakage of some son"[16]. kind of household appliances. The property of "being physiological model Generalization is allocation of the general of one of the materialized elementary, or com- essential properties in the compared objects. pound thoughts of a person" by definition is For example, having made the analysis of sales true, so the ring represents a fragment of neu- of separate grades of bread, the owner of a ral network of the person – the director of a bakery comes to a conclusion that rich rolls, task. irrespective of their sizes and stuffing’s are in From now, all problem definitions should highest demand. be presented in the language of a predicate Specification is an operation, the inverse of logic of first order, with the description corre- generalization, the allocation to a subject or a sponding to methodology of the automatic phenomenon of features, characteristic of it, theorem proving. which are not connected with common fea-

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 85 2018 Vol 1(2), 82-88 Information Technology

For this purpose concepts of knowledge On the basis of logical formulas of axioms should be identified the term "axiom" with No.1 – 8 the formula of the target theorem will number of the corresponding concept of have the following appearance: knowledge. For the reflection of the target theorem in a (X ) p 1 X  p 2 X  p 3 X  p 4 X   formular form, each of the axioms is stated above in the context of article must be present- p5 X  p 6 X  p 7 X  p 8 X  ed as a formula of a predicate logic of first or- => der. (X ) p 1 X  p 2 X  p 3 X  p 4 X   Axiom No.1. p1(X) where p1 bears semantic loading of dialectic logic of a context of p5 X  p 6 X  p 7 X  p 8 X  (1) this axiom, and in brackets – subject variable X identifies the organism of the abstract per- Denote by F1 the formula son. Axiom No.2. p2(X) where p2 – bears se-  p1 X  p 2 X  p 3 X  p 4 X   mantic loading of dialectic logic of a context of this axiom, and in brackets – subject varia- p5 X  p 6 X  p 7 X  ble X identifies the organism of the abstract person. Then formula (1) becomes: Axiom No.3. p3(X) where p3 – bears semantic loading of dialectic logic of a context X Ί F 1 p 8 X  of this axiom, and in brackets – subject varia-  (2) ble X identifies the organism of the abstract ()X Ί F 1 p 8 X  person.  Axiom No.4. p4(X) where p4 – bears semantic loading of dialectic logic of a context The structure of formula (2) contains two of this axiom, and in brackets – subject varia- formulas connected by the implication symbol: ble X identifies the organism of the abstract person. F2 X  [(  X )(Ί F 1  p 8( X ))]; Axiom No.5. p5(X) where p5 – bears semantic loading of dialectic logic of a context F3( X ) [(  X )( Ί F 1  p 8( X ))]. of this axiom, and in brackets – subject variable X identifies the organism of the abstract The theory of automatic theorem proving person. [14], in order to reduce formulas to the ca- Axiom No.6. p6(X) where p6 – bears se- nonical format containing only axioms and mantic loading of dialectic logic of a context three logical operations (conjunction, disjunc- of this axiom, and in brackets – subject varia- tion and negation), 27 formal rules are defined ble X identifies the organism of the abstract and proven, which describe equivalent trans- person. formation of formulas of first order predicate Axiom No.7. p7(X) where p7 – bears se- logic. mantic loading of dialectic logic of a context Two of them look as follows: of this axiom, and in brackets – subject variable X identifies the organism of the abstract person. FXFXFXFX2   3    Ί 2   3  Axiom No.8. p8(X) where p8 – bears se- FXFXFXFX2   3    2   Ί3  mantic loading of dialectic logic of a context of this axiom, and in brackets – subject varia- One of the rules determines ble X identifies the organism of the abstract person. Ί  

86 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 82-88 Information Technology

One prescribes freeing the formula of all REFERENCES generality quantifiers if it doesn’t contain any other quantifiers. 1. Kondratenko V.A., 2010. Creation of a uni- If one used four of these last rules, formula form stereotype of a logical design of thinking for the substantial and formal proof of theo- (2) becomes rems. Kiev Scientific publication of Alephof, 267 (in Russian). ΊF 1 p 8 X   Ί  Ί F 1  p 8 X   (3) 2. Nilsson N.J., 1982. Principles of artificial intelligence, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Formula (3) represents conjunction of only 476. two contrary components. 3. Russell S., Norvig P., 2009. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach, 3rd ed. Prentice What demonstrates its discrepancy, but also Hall, 1152. demonstrates the validity of the theorem in 4. Turing A., 1950. Computing Machinery and general as the methodology of the automatic Intelligence. Mind, Vol.59, No. 236, 433–460. proof of theorems is based on a conclusion of 5. Anokhin P.K., 1998. Chosen works. Cybernet- discrepancy of a formula of the theorem in ics of functional systems. Moscow, Medicine, general. 400 (in Russian). Therefore, the theorem is successfully 6. Nazarenko O., 2018. Modeling the reliability proved. of the recycled water supply system at global warming conditions. Transfer of Innovative CONCLUSION Technologies, Vol.1(1), 50-57 (in Ukrainian). 7. Otradnov K, Volodymyr Shuliak, Sergii The logical work of concepts of knowledge Kornieiev, 2017. Underwater wireless video reflected in concepts No.1 – 7, is guaranteed to communication in operations of AUV/UUVs – provide the creation of the correct reflex ring new horizon of underwater explorations. Un- derwater Technologies, Vol.06, 46-56 (in Rus- having the property of "being physiological sian). model of one of the materialized elementary, 8. Bezverkhy O, 2016. Oscillations buoy-moored or compound thoughts of a person"[17]. At barrier systems on the waves. Underwater reflection on visual carriers of any concrete Technologies, Vol.03, 14-24 (in Ukrainian). functionally complete sense received in the 9. Kondratenko V.A., 2016. Creation of formal course of knowledge of the natural and man- model of standard dialectic logic of automatic made phenomena of the universe, only purely control of the anatomo-functional systems of a formulary texts are an ideal format in terms of human body. The 5th International scientific quantity of the symbols necessary for these and technical conference Information Systems purposes[18]. Even the axiomatic format of and Technologies Kharkiv-Koblevo IST-2016 reflection of the specified meanings demands (on September 12-17, 2016), (in Russian). one-two orders more of symbols, not to men- 10. Kondratenko V.A., 2014. A living matter in an tion a verbal format from which the order of image of formal models (From physiological magnitude of formulary symbols can exceed heredity to intelligence with its assets). The col- four in certain cases[19,20]. Special im- lection of articles of the author, Kiev, Scientific publication of LLC, Yunik Print, 186 (in Rus- portance is gained by this fact at reflection on sian). visual carriers of biological and medical 11. Kondratenko V.A., 2015. Paradoxes of science knowledge. Amount of fundamental meanings of the twentieth century. The twenty first centu- in these sciences such is that their description ry – dialectic logic against mysticism, Kiev, in a verbal format requires the quantity of Scientific publication Zadruga, 200 (in Rus- symbols on two-three orders exceeding possi- sian). bilities of long-term memory of a brain of an 12. Kondratenko V.A., 2016. Dialectic logic of ingenious person. management of the autonomic nervous system of the person. Computer mathematic, No.1, 125-133 (in Russian). Transfer of Innovative Technologies 87 2018 Vol 1(2), 82-88 Information Technology

Физиологическая модель одной из 13. Kondratenko V.A., 2017. Artificial intelli- материализованных мыслей человека gence. A plan and realities of the current time against the background of natural intelligence Виктория Кондратенко of the person. Kiev, Scientific publication Zadruga, 84 (in Russian). Аннотация. В статье демонстрируется на 14. Chen Ch., Li R., 1983. Chapter 5. Method of конкретном примере построение во второй сиг- resolutions, Mathematical logic and automatic нальной системе корректного рефлекторного proof of theorem, Chin-Liang Chang, Richard кольца – физиологической модели одной из Char-Tung Lee, Symbolic Logic and Mechani- материализованных элементарных, либо со- cal Theorem Proving. Academic Press, Mos- ставных мыслей человека. В качестве инстру- cow, Science, 358 (in Russian). ментария используется функционально полный 15. Agadzhanyan N.A., Human physiology, формальный язык, язык логики предикатов. 2003. (The textbook for medical higher educa- Методология описана в Теории аксиоматиче- tion institutions), Agadzhanyan N.A., Tel L.Z., ского моделирования Кондратенко [1]. Задача, Tsirkin V.I., Chesnokova S.A., under the edi- как любая другая проблемная функциональная torship of the academician of the Russian задача произвольной предметной области, со- Academy of Medical Science Agadzhanyan and гласно Теории, интерпретируется в математи- ческой логике в качестве подлежащей доказа- professor N.A. Tsirkin, the Medical book, N. тельству теоремы. Рефлекторное кольцо явля- Novgorod, NGMA Publishing house, 408 (in ется физиологической моделью одной из мате- Russian). риализованных элементарных, либо составных, 16. Kondratenko V.A., 2016. Mathematical mod- мыслей конкретного человека, так как само els of physiological processes of metabolism, кольцо представляет собой фрагмент нейрон- reflex and intellectual activity head vegetable ной сети человека. Логическое произведение pulp of the person. Kiev, Scientific publication концептов знаний, отраженных в концептах Zadruga, 128 (in Russian). No.1 – 7, гарантировано обеспечит построение 17. Guts A.K. Chapter, 2003. Method of resolu- корректного рефлекторного кольца, обладаю- tions, Mathematical logic and theory of algo- щего свойством “являющегося физиологиче- rithms, Omsk, Heritage. Dialogue Siberia, 108 ской моделью одной из материализованных (in Russian). элементарных, либо составных мыслей этого 18. Mendelssohn E., 1984. Introduction to mathe- человека”. При отражении на визуальных носи- matical logic, Moscow, Nauka, 320 (in телях любого конкретного функционально за- Russian). вершенного смысла, полученного в процессе 19. Petrunia O., 2017. Ways of considering tradi- познания природных и рукотворных явлений в tions when forming the system of maintenance мироздании, только чисто формульные тексты in Ukraine. Underwater Technologies, Vol.07, являются идеальным форматом с точки зрения 57-63 (in Russian). количества символов, необходимых для этих 20. Chernishev D., 2018. Analytical systems of целей. Даже аксиоматический формат отраже- engineering protection of territories as a com- ния указанных смыслов требует на один-два ponent of Biosphere compatible construction порядка больше необходимых символов, не го- Transfer of Innovative Technologies, Vol.1(1), воря уже о вербальном формате, который мо- 58-64 (in Russian). жет превысить в некоторых случаях и четыре прядка формульных символов. Особую важ- ность приобретает этот факт при отражении на визуальных носителях биологических и меди- цинских знаний. Ключевые слова: аксиоматическое модели- рование, искусственный интеллект, математи- ческая логика, мышление, формализация.

88 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 82-88 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Guidelines for Authors

Publication requirements

For publication in the Transfer of Innovative Technologies journal are accepted original materials of the research and discussion character (mostly individual, in English, the number of authors not more than three) in volume of 8 − 12 pages (А4), including tables, drawings and a list of literature. The articles are subject to double review (including the involvement of independent experts) and DOI digital identification. The authors submit to the publisher the copyright to texts and written permissions to reproduce drawings and tables from previously unpublished or copyrighted materials. The editorial board follows the ethical standards of scientific publication.

To the article file attached ([email protected]) Application for publication (7 numbered documents in electronic and printed versions): 1) information about the article − Form 1 2) information about the authors (status: h-index, last name, first name, patronymic, degree, academic rank, place of work, address, post; contacts: photo of the author (.jpg), mobile phone, e-mail, ORCID identifiers and Scopus Author ID) − Form 2 3) two external reviews − Form 3 4) expert conclusion − Form 4 5) agreement on the free use of copyright − Form 5 6) certified translation of the article into English 7) recommendation for printing (extract from the protocol of the institution where the author works)

Requirements to the article Terms:  sheet parameters: A4 format, upper and lower fields 2,5 cm, left and right 2 cm; font Times New Roman; footers 1,3 cm, paragraph indentation 0,5 cm; the size of the main text 12, annotations and literature 11, line spacing 1  the article (.doc) is formatted in two columns of 8 cm with a gap of 1 cm; set up automatic word transfer  the names of the tables and signatures under the drawings (size 11) are placed on the left of the graphic object; in Cyrillic texts − duplicate in English (line below)  in the list of references – not less than 20 references (mainly on scientific articles and monographs); after the surname the year of publication is indicated (APA standard)  the list of literature is duplicated in English; if you use http://translit.net (except for the name of the source, which is translated verbatim), the parentheses indicate the language of the original, for example (in Ukrainian), (in Russian), (in Poland)  referring to the Internet resource, the full name and the source data of the publication should be indicated  at the end of the English-language articles the annotation is given in Russian; in other articles − in English

Structuring:  source data (font Arial): title of the work (n/a, font 14), author's first and last name (italics, font 12), place of work, postal address, e-mail, ORCID (font 10 ); if there are several authors − they are marked with digital footnotes; 5 empty lines is left between the upper field of the page, the source data and the main text of the article  structural subdivisions of the article: - ANNOTATION (not less than 1800 characters – 0,5 pp. font 11) - KEY WORDS (5 − 8 words) - INTRODUCTION - PURPOSE AND METHODS - RESULTS AND EXPLANATIONS - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS - REFERENCES  title of the article − informative and short; the annotation structure is similar to the structure of the article, without the use of shortenings and abbreviations, all explanations are given in the text; link − no more than 5 sources in one place  tables and figures are placed after the first mention of them, large (full width of the sheet) − from the top or bottom of the page (without breaking the two columns of the text simultaneously)  Illustrations − in .jpg, .tif format with the resolution of at least 300 dpi

Design:  write straight: numbers, Greek letters, Cyrillic alphabet, trigonometric functions (tan, sin, etc.), fixed expressions (max, const, etc.), chemical elements; italics − English formula symbols, Roman numerals, exploration numbers  between formulas, drawings, tables and text leave 1 empty line  formulas (size 12-9-7-16-12) are typed in MathType and centered; numbering − to the right of the column; tables and figures − do not exceed the area printed sheet  shortened words "Table", "Fig." are written with capital letter (in the text − light, in the name − n/a); The text in the drawing field is minimized, explanations are given in the signatures under the drawings  as punctuation marks only a point and a comma are used (standard ARA); the number of pages (range) is indicated without their designation  examples of article design and archive of journals – see http://tit.knuba.edu.ua/, http://library.knuba.edu.ua/node/37940

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 89 2018 Vol 1(2), 89-93 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Application

for publication in the Transfer of Innovative Technologies journal

Form 1 INFORMATION ABOUT THE ARTICLE

Documents (+/−)

)

) )

2 Order

)

tion

3 ( F. Article Title

F (number

(

F F

sl of copies)

cle i

Author(s) thors u

(name, surname − in the language views( e

onclusion ( onclusion Reviewers Language of the article) Pay- Signa-

(name, surname, scientific degree, Agreement (

Recommendation ment ture

Twor

academic status − in the language

Exp. c Exp.

ApprovedTran Aboutart the

(branch, No. of order) / Abouta the (€) Date of the article) / (number of pages) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Form 2 INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS (in the language of the article)

S t a t u s C o n t a c t s

Cell-phone Full Name The author’s Place of work, position, е-mail

scientific degree, photo index

- address, index ORCID

h academic status (.jpg, 300 dpi) Scopus Author ID

90 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 89-93 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Form 3 REVIEW (two, external) Must contain: 1) Title of the article, Surname of the author(s) 2) Evaluation of the work (originality, correspondence with the title and text of the article, methods and purpose of work, terminology, style of presentation, grammar) 3) Information about the Quality of the article (content, translation in English) and the lack of Plagiarism 4) Remarks and Adjustments (or indication of the necessity to transfer the article to another reviewer) 5) Recommendation (for publication, further elaboration, re-review, refusal to publish) 6) Information about the Reviewer (name, surname, degree, academic rank, place of work in the language of the article) 7) Date, Signature (approved)

Form 4 (Sample) APPROVED

(position, scientific degree, academic status)

Full Name

« ___ » ______20___

EXPERT CONCLUSION No ____

on the possibility of publishing materials in the press and other sources of information

Kiev National University of Construction and Architecture Expert Commission, having reviewed the materials

______(name, surname of the author(s) ______(Article Title) ______

______which consists of ____ pages, notes that they do not have any information that would be a subject to publication ban in accordance with "The Expanded list of information containing the state secret in the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine − 2001"

Conclusion: these materials are allowed to be published openly

The Head of the Expert Group Full Name

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 91 2018 Vol 1(2), 89-93 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Form 5 AGREEMENT No ______

on free use of copyright in the Transfer of Innovative Technologies periodical Edition

Kyiv « ___ » ______20___

The Editorial Board of the Transfer of Innovative Technologies journal, the founder of which is the Kyiv National Uni- versity of Construction and Architecture, having the legal address: KNUCA, Povitroflotsky avenue 31, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037, in the person of the chief editor, doctor of technical sciences, professor M. Sukach, on the one hand (hereinafter − Editorial), and the owner(s) of the property rights and copyright in the person of

______, (Full Name) (scientific degree, academic status) ...... (ORCID)

______, (Full Name) (scientific degree, academic status) ...... (ORCID) on the other hand (hereinafter − the Author(s)), who altogether referred to as the Parties, guided by the Civil Code, the Law of Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights", other legislative and regulatory acts of Ukraine, entered into this Agreement as follows.

§ 1

1.1. The author (s) declare that they are valid writers of the Scientific Work / Article titled as

______

(original language)

which is the result of their joint creative work and that they have the exclusive copyright in relation to the above mentioned work. 1.2. The author (s) declare that the Work/Article does not violate the copyrights of any third party, does not contain any borrowings (plagiarism), and there are no other circumstances that may cause the Editorial Board to be liable to any third party as a the result of the use or publication of the Work/Article. 1.3. The author (s) declare that they have the right to dispose of the materials contained in the Work/Article, including texts, photographs, maps, plans, etc., and that the use of these materials in the Work/Article does not violate the rights of the third party. 1.4. The author (s) confirm that they are familiar with the article design requirements. The text of the Work/Article has been prepared in accordance with the editorial requirements regarding the publication in the Transfer of Innovative Technologies periodical. 1.5. The author (s) declare that the Work/Article has not been previously published in whole or in part (or under the same or another name) and that it has not been transmitted for publication to any other periodical publication in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights".

92 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 89-93 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

§ 2

2.1. The author (s) provide the Editorial with free and no restrictions on the territory, time and number of copies full copyright of the Work/Article for the purpose of its publication in the Transfer of Innovative Technologies periodical in printed and electronic form, with the following terms of use: a) storage on any media devices; b) reproduction of the Work/Article, its parts or fragments by any known methods, copying Work/Article or parts and fragments thereof by any technique, including printing, risography, magnetic recording and digitization; c) saving on a computer and placing in private and public computer networks (including the Internet) and distribution over the networks; d) dissemination of the original and / or copies of the Work/Article, its separate parts or fragments, distribution and transfer to the use of the original or copies thereof. 2.2. The author(s) agree that the editorial work and duplication of the periodical publication shall be made with the voluntary contributions of the Publishers.

§ 3

3.1. The author(s) and the Editorial Board agree that the Editor will also be entitled to: a) make the necessary design of the Work/Article on the results of the editorial work; b) determine independently the number of publications, the printing of additional copies and the circulation of the Work / Article, the number of copies of individual editions and additional copies; c) the publication of the Work/Article in other editions related to the activities of the Editor than those specified in paragraph 2.1. § 4

4.1. The author (s) and Editorial hereby state that free use of the copyright under this agreement is free of charge. 4.2. Any changes to this Agreement must be made in hard copies. 4.3. Questions not regulated by the provisions of this Agreement shall be subject to the rules of the Civil Code and the Law of Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights". 4.4. Any disputes that may arise during the execution and during the term of this Agreement will be resolved within the territorial jurisdiction of the place where the Editorial is located.

The Agreement is made in 2 (two) identical copies − one to each of the Parties.

AUTHOR(S): EDITORIAL BOARD:

International scientific journal 1. ______Transfer of Innovative Technologies (Signature) (Full Name) Povitroflotsky avenue 31, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037 [email protected] 2. ______(Signature) (Full Name)

______М. Sukach 3. ______(Signature) (Full Name)

Transfer of Innovative Technologies 93 2018 Vol 1(2), 89-93 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Scientific Edition

TRANSFER OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

2018 Vol 1(2)

Articles are published in the author's wording

Design, style and contents of the magazine are subject to copyright and are protected by law The authors of the publications are responsible for the content and validity of the data given there The editorial staff reserves the right to edit and reduce the materials submitted All the articles have been positively evaluated by independent reviewers Reprints of material placed in the journal are allowed only with the written consent of the editorial board

Article reviewers:

Volodymyr Cherniavsky Dr. of Architecture Yevgen Chichkaryov Dr.Tech.Sc., Ass. Prof. Volodymyr Gavrylenko Dr.Pfys. and Math. Sc., Prof. Viacheslav Loveykin Dr.Tech.Sc., Ass. Prof. Oleg Lymarchenko Dr.Pfys. and Math. Sc., Prof. Ivan Nazarenko Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof. Bogdan Norkin Dr. Pfys. and Math. Sc. Mykola Osetrin PhD, Prof. Yurii Palekha Dr.Tech.Sc., Prof. Olga Shovkva Dr. of Architecture

The original layout is made in the editorial office of the journal Transfer of Innovative Technologies

Dmytro Mishchuk Responsible for the issue Valery Gastinshchikov Linguistic consultant Alexandra Danilina Editing and proofing Tatyana Roschenko Layout and cover

Journal Editorial Staff Publisher and manufacturer

Publishing House Lira-K KNUBA, Povitroflotsky avenue 31, Certificate No.3981, series DK Labor. corp., of. 2313, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037 F.Pushina str. 27, of. 20-22, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03115 +38 044 2454217, +38 095 6297417 +38 044 2479337, +38 044 4509196 www.tit.at.ua, [email protected] www.lira-k.com.ua, [email protected]

Signed for printing on December 20, 2018. Format 6084 1/8 Paper offset. Printing offset. Times New Roman Cond. print. sheets 10,69. Circulation 100 copies

94 Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2018 Vol 1(2), 89-93