DOCSLIB.ORG

Fundamental Process and System Design Issues in CO2 Vapor Compression Systems Man-Hoe Kima,*, Jostein Pettersenb, Clark W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fundamental Process and System Design Issues in CO2 Vapor Compression Systems Man-Hoe Kima,*, Jostein Pettersenb, Clark W Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 119–174 www.elsevier.com/locate/pecs Fundamental process and system design issues in CO2 vapor compression systems Man-Hoe Kima,*, Jostein Pettersenb, Clark W. Bullardc aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Science Town, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea bDepartment of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway cDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Received 25 February 2003; accepted 15 September 2003 Abstract This paper presents recent developments and state of the art for transcritical CO2 cycle technology in various refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump applications. The focus will be on fundamental process and system design issues, including discussions of properties and characteristics of CO2, cycle fundamentals, methods of high-side pressure control, thermodynamic losses, cycle modifications, component/system design, safety factors, and promising application areas. The article provides a critical review of literature, and discusses important trends and characteristics in the development of CO2 technology in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump applications. Advanced cycle design options are also introduced suggesting possible performance improvements of the basic cycle. q 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Natural refrigerant; CO2 (R-744); Transcritical cycle; Vapor compression system; COP; Air-conditioning; Heat pump; Compressor; Heat exchanger Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................... 120 1.1. Background ............................................................... 120 1.2. The history and reinvention of CO2 ............................................. 122 1.3. Structure of paper .......................................................... 123 2. Properties of CO2 ............................................................... 123 2.1. Thermodynamic properties .................................................... 124 2.2. Transport properties ......................................................... 127 3. Transcritical vapor compression cycle ................................................ 128 3.1. Fundamentals of transcritical cycle .............................................. 128 3.2. Methods of high-side pressure control............................................ 129 3.2.1. Systems with high-side charge control...................................... 129 3.2.2. Systems with high-side volume control ..................................... 130 3.3. Thermodynamic losses ....................................................... 131 3.4. Transcritical cycles in heat pumps and systems with heat recovery....................... 131 3.4.1. Temperature glide in heat rejection ........................................ 131 3.4.2. Heating capacity and COP characteristics . ................................. 131 3.5. Approach temperature and its importance ......................................... 132 * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ82-42-869-3089; fax: þ82-42-869-3210. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.-H. Kim). 0360-1285/$ - see front matter q 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2003.09.002 120 M.-H. Kim et al. / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 119–174 3.6. Analysis of transcritical system energy efficiency . ................................. 132 4. Modified cycles ................................................................ 133 4.1. Internal heat exchange cycle................................................... 133 4.2. Expansion with work recovery ................................................. 134 4.3. Two-stage cycle............................................................ 135 4.4. Flash gas bypass ........................................................... 136 5. Heat transfer and fluid flow........................................................ 137 5.1. Supercritical-flow heat transfer and pressure drop . ................................. 137 5.2. Flow vaporization heat transfer and pressure drop . ................................. 138 5.3. Two-phase flow patterns...................................................... 138 6. Issues related to high operating pressure .............................................. 139 6.1. High pressure compression .................................................... 139 6.2. High pressure heat transfer .................................................... 139 6.3. Compactness of equipment .................................................... 139 6.4. High-pressure safety issues.................................................... 140 6.4.1. Explosion energy ..................................................... 140 6.4.2. Boiling liquid explosion ................................................ 141 7. Component design .............................................................. 142 7.1. Compressors .............................................................. 142 7.2. Heat exchangers............................................................ 144 7.2.1. Gas coolers ......................................................... 146 7.2.2. Evaporators ......................................................... 148 7.2.3. Internal heat exchangers ................................................ 149 7.3. Other components .......................................................... 150 7.3.1. Lubricants .......................................................... 150 7.3.2. Elastomers .......................................................... 150 7.3.3. Valves and controls ................................................... 150 8. Application areas ............................................................... 150 8.1. Automotive air conditioning ................................................... 151 8.2. Automotive heating ......................................................... 154 8.3. Residential cooling.......................................................... 155 8.4. Residential heating.......................................................... 156 8.4.1. Direct air heating ..................................................... 157 8.4.2. Hydronic heating ..................................................... 159 8.5. Water heating ............................................................. 160 8.6. Environmental control units ................................................... 162 8.7. Transport refrigeration ....................................................... 163 8.8. Commercial refrigeration ..................................................... 163 8.9. Dryers ................................................................... 164 9. Concluding remarks ............................................................. 165 Acknowledgements ................................................................ 169 Pressure–enthalpy diagram and saturation properties for CO2 ................................. 169 References ....................................................................... 169 1. Introduction applications. The HFC refrigerants that were once expected to be acceptable permanent replacement fluids are now on 1.1. Background the list of regulated substances due to their impact on climate change [1], and there is growing concern about Over the last decades, the refrigeration, air conditioning future use. The global warming potential (GWP) is an index and heat pump industry has been forced through major that relates the potency of a greenhouse gas to the CO2 changes caused by restrictions on refrigerants The change- emission over a 100-year period. As shown in Table 1, the over to ‘ozone-friendly’ chlorine-free substances is not GWPs of the HFCs (R-134a, R-407C, R-410A) are in the finished yet, as the HCFC fluids still need to be replaced, order of 1300–1900 related to CO2 with GWP ¼ 1; and mostly involving R-22 in air-conditioning and heat pump the HFCs are included in the greenhouse gases covered by M.-H. Kim et al. / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 119–174 121 Nomenclature Teai evaporator air inlet temperature, 8C T refrigerant temperature at the exit of gas COP coefficient of performance ex cooler, 8C c specific heat, kJ/kg K p T evaporating temperature, 8C F compressor torque, N m 0 c TEWI total equivalent warming impact G mass flux, kg/m2 s V volume, m3 GWP global warming potential V outdoor air flow rate, m3/min h enthalpy, kJ/kg c V indoor air flow rate, m3/min HPF heating performance factor e v specific volume, m3/kg HSPF heating seasonal performance factor w specific compressor work, kJ/kg HX heat exchanger x quality IHX internal heat exchanger (suction-line liquid-line 1 effectiveness heat exchanger) h isentropic efficiency L internal heat exchanger length, m is k thermal conductivity, W/m K LMTD log mean temperature difference, 8CorK l volumetric efficiency m refrigerant charge, kg m viscosity, kg/m s m refrigerant mass flow rate, g/s r p pressure ratio NTU number of transfer unit r density, kg/m3 ODP ozone depletion potential s surface tension, N/m P pressure, bar or MPa pm mean effective pressure, bar Pr Prandtl number Subscripts Q capacity, kW q heat flux, kW/m2 f liquid g vapor q0 specific refrigeration capacity, kW/kg 3 max maximum qv volumetric refrigeration capacity, kJ/m RH relative humidity, % opt optimum s entropy, kJ/kg K pseudo pseudocritical state SPF seasonal performance factor ref
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A New Scaled-Variable-Reduced-Coordinate
    A NEW SCALED-VARIABLE-REDUCED-COORDINATE FRAMEWORK FOR CORRELATION OF PURE FLUID SATURATION PROPERTIES By RONALD DAVID SHAVER Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1988 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1990 -~-' . , ht~-, I':· \c,qc) a,s<~,-, 1-Jv~'-.J• 1 ('O(.:J.;;;;:; A NEW SCALED-VARIABLE-REDUCED-COORDINATE FRAMEWORK FOR CORRELATION OF PURE FLUID SATURATION PROPERTIES Thesis Approved: Thesis Adviser Dean of the Graduate College 1366750 PREFACE A new scaled-variable-reduced-coordinate framework for the correlation of pure fluid saturation properties was developed. Correlations valid over the entire saturation range from the triple point to the critical point were developed for correlation of vapor pressures, liquid densities and vapor densities of widely varying compounds. The correlations are consistent with scaling theories in the near-critical region, and compare favorably with the existing literature models. The three correlations were extended to generalized models to provide predictive capability with average absolute deviations within 1.5%. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my adviser, Dr. K. A. M. Gasem, for his assistan~e and support during the course of this study. If it were not for his continued enthusiasm in his work and his ongoing interest in his stude~ts, much of this work would not have been completed. I would like to thank the members of my graduate committee, Dr. R. L. Robinson, Jr. and Dr. J. Wagner, for their time and their suggestions about this work.
    [Show full text]
  • LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS RESEARCH at the NATIONAL BUREAU of STANDARDS
    NBSIR 74-358 C^i) LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS RESEARCH at the NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1-DEC 31, 1973 D. B. Mann, Editor CRYOGENICS DIVISION • NBS-INSTiTUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS • BOULDER, COLORADO NBSIR 74-358 LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS RESEARCH at the NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS D. B. Mann, Editor Cryogenics Division Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado 80302 Progress Report for the Period July 1 - December 31, 1973 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W Roberts Director Prepared for: American Gas Association 1515 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22209 LNG Density Project Steering Committee (in cooperation with the American Gas Association) Pipeline Research Committee (American Gas Association) Federal Power Commission Bureau of Natural Gas Washington, D. C. 20426 General Services Administration Motor Equipment Research & Technology Division Washington, D. C. 20406 U. S. Department of Commerce Maritime Administration Washington, D. C. 20235 U. S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Institute for Basic Standards Boulder, Colorado 80302 U. S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Office of Standard Reference Data Washington, D. C, 20234 ABSTRACT Fourteen cost centers supported by six other agency sponsors in addi- tion to NBS provide the basis for liquefied natural gas (LNG) research at NBS. This integrated progress report to be issued in January and July is designed to: 1) Provide all sponsoring agencies with a semi-annual and annual report on the activities of their individual programs, 2) Inform all sponsoring agencies on related research being conducted at the Cryogenics Division of NBS-IBS.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Densities of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon and Parahydrogen 6
    NATL INST OF STAND & TECH A111D7 231A72 NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 361(Revised) *+ •«, - *EAU O* Metric Supplement May 1974 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE /National Bureau of Standards Liquid Densities of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon and Parahydrogen NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards ' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radiation Research, an Office of Meas- urement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat
    [Show full text]
  • How Fluids Unmix. Discoveries by the School of Van Der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes, ,  ---
    4671 Sengers Voorwerkb 23-09-2002 09:17 Pagina I How fluids unmix 4671 Sengers Voorwerkb 23-09-2002 09:17 Pagina II History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands, volume The series History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands presents studies on a variety of subjects in the history of science, scholarship and academic insti- tutions in the Netherlands. Titles in this series . Rienk Vermij, The Calvinist Copernicans. The reception of the new astronomy in the Dutch Republic, -. , --- . Gerhard Wiesenfeldt, Leerer Raum in Minervas Haus. Experimentelle Natur- lehre an der Universität Leiden, -. , --- . Rina Knoeff, Herman Boerhaave (-). Calvinist chemist and physician. , --- . Johanna Levelt Sengers, How fluids unmix. Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes, , --- Editorial Board K. van Berkel, University of Groningen W.Th.M. Frijhoff, Free University of Amsterdam A. van Helden, Utrecht University W.E. Krul, University of Groningen A. de Swaan, Amsterdam School of Sociological Research R.P.W. Visser, Utrecht University 4671 Sengers Voorwerkb 23-09-2002 09:17 Pagina III How fluids unmix Discoveries by the School of Van derWaals and Kamerlingh Onnes Johanna Levelt Sengers , Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam 4671 Sengers Voorwerkb 23-09-2002 09:17 Pagina IV © Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Edita , P.O. BOX , Amsterdam, the Netherlands [email protected], www.knaw.nl/edita --- The paper in this publication meets the requirements of « -norm () for permanence This study was undertaken with the support of the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen (‘Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities’) as part of its 250th anniver- sary celebrations in 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermodynamic Aspects of Supercritical Fluids Processing: Applications of Polymers and Wastes Treatment F
    Thermodynamic Aspects of Supercritical Fluids Processing: Applications of Polymers and Wastes Treatment F. Cansell, S. Rey, P. Beslin To cite this version: F. Cansell, S. Rey, P. Beslin. Thermodynamic Aspects of Supercritical Fluids Processing: Applications of Polymers and Wastes Treatment. Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, EDP Sciences, 1998, 53 (1), pp.71-98. 10.2516/ogst:1998010. hal-02078897 HAL Id: hal-02078897 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02078897 Submitted on 25 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS PROCESSING: APPLICATIONS TO POLYMERS AND WASTES TREATMENT F. CANSELL and S. REY ASPECTS THERMODYNAMIQUES DES PROCƒDƒS METTANT EN ÎUVRE DES FLUIDES SUPERCRITIQUES : CNRS, Université Bordeaux I1 APPLICATIONS AUX TRAITEMENTS DES POLYMéRES ET DES DƒCHETS P. BESLIN La mise en Ïuvre des fluides supercritiques est d'un intŽr•t crois- sant dans de nombreux domaines : pour la sŽparation (sŽparation 2 APESA et purification en pŽtrochimie, industrie alimentaire) et la chroma- tographie par fluides supercritiques (sŽparation analytique et prŽ- paratoire, dŽtermination des propriŽtŽs physicochimiques), comme milieux rŽactifs aux propriŽtŽs continžment ajustables allant du gaz au liquide (polyŽthyl•ne de faible densitŽ, Žlimination des dŽchets, recyclage des polym•res), en gŽologie et en minŽralogie (volcano- logie, Žnergie gŽothermique, synth•se hydrothermique), dans la formation des particules, fibres et substrats (produits pharmaceu- tiques, explosifs, rev•tements), pour le sŽchage des matŽriaux (gels).
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoparticle Formation and Coating Using Supercritical Fluids
    Cprht Wrnn & trtn h prht l f th Untd Stt (tl , Untd Stt Cd vrn th n f phtp r thr rprdtn f prhtd trl. Undr rtn ndtn pfd n th l, lbrr nd rhv r thrzd t frnh phtp r thr rprdtn. On f th pfd ndtn tht th phtp r rprdtn nt t b “d fr n prp thr thn prvt td, hlrhp, r rrh. If , r rt fr, r ltr , phtp r rprdtn fr prp n x f “fr tht r b lbl fr prht nfrnnt, h ntttn rrv th rht t rf t pt pn rdr f, n t jdnt, flfllnt f th rdr ld nvlv vltn f prht l. l t: h thr rtn th prht hl th r Inttt f hnl rrv th rht t dtrbt th th r drttn rntn nt: If d nt h t prnt th p, thn lt “ fr: frt p t: lt p n th prnt dl rn h n tn lbrr h rvd f th prnl nfrtn nd ll ntr fr th pprvl p nd brphl th f th nd drttn n rdr t prtt th dntt f I rdt nd flt. ABSTRACT NANOPARTICLE FORMATION AND COATING USING SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS by Abhijit Aniruddha Gokhale Jet breakup phenomenon and nanoparticle formation The focus of this dissertation is to study the SAS process to manufacture nanoparticles with minimum agglomeration, controlled size and size distribution. Solution jet breakup and solvent evaporation into supercritical fluid (SC CO2) is studied using high speed charged coupled device (CCD) camera facilitated with double shot particle image veloimetry (PIV) laser and a high pressure view cell.
    [Show full text]
  • An Equation of State for Fluid Ethylene
    ! Publi- cations NATL INST. OF STAND & JECH AlllDb aMOETb NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 1 045 "ffAU Of U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / Notional Dureou of Stondords An Equation of State for Fluid Ethylene IOC .U5753 NO.10A5 1981 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act ot Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce: conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government: provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Absolute Physical Quantities' — Radiation Research — Thermodynamics and Molecular Science — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Polymer Melt Micronisation Using Supercritical
    University of Groningen Polymer melt micronisation using supercritical carbon dioxide as processing Nalawade, Sameer IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2005 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Nalawade, S. (2005). Polymer melt micronisation using supercritical carbon dioxide as processing. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 28-09-2021 Chapter 1: Supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent for processing polymers 1 Chapter 1 Supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent for processing polymers Supercritical fluids are well established as a processing solvent in various polymer applications such as polymer modification, formation of polymer composites, polymer blending, microcellular foaming, particle production and polymerization. As carbon dioxide (CO2) is quite soluble in many polymers, it can be used as a solvent or plasticizer.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Phase Measurement Using Optical, Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Methods
    Fluid Phase Measurement using Optical, Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Methods by Bo Bao A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto © Copyright by Bo Bao 2016 Fluid Phase Measurement using Optical, Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Methods Bo Bao Doctor of Philosophy Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 2016 Abstract Understanding fluid phase behavior is essential to a wide range of applications, including oil and gas recovery, chemical reactor engineering, transport and storage of natural gas and carbon dioxide, and supercritical fluid processing and extraction. In this thesis, novel experimental methods – optical, microfluidic and nanofluidic - are developed to measure and understand fluid phase behaviors for carbon dioxide transport/storage and shale gas/oil production. (i) Optical thin-film interference based bubble and dew point sensor probe: The sensor probe within a small pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) system offers accurate (< 5% error) and responsive measurement (1-to-2 orders faster than the conventional method) of bubble and dew point of both pure fluids and mixtures up to 80 oC and 10 MPa. This approach also allows in situ measurement of the thickness of condensed liquid film to 1 µm accuracy. (ii) Refractive index based optical fiber sensor: This approach takes advantage of the sharp refractive index difference between different phases. The optical fiber successfully distinguishes supercritical CO2 and brine at sequestration pressure and temperature conditions. In addition, the CO2-saturated brine is detectable relative to unsaturated brine – a minute refractive index difference. (iii) Multiplexed microfluidic-based phase diagram mapping: Demonstrated here is the direct measurement of the ii full Pressure-Temperature phase diagram with 10,000 microwells.
    [Show full text]
  • Equation of State, Sound Speed, and Reshock of Shock-Compressed Fluid Carbon Dioxide
    EQUATION OF STATE, SOUND SPEED, AND RESHOCK OF SHOCK-COMPRESSED FLUID CARBON DIOXIDE Equation of State, Sound Speed, and Reshock of Shock-Compressed Fluid Carbon Dioxide L. E. Crandall,1,2 J. R. Rygg,1,2,3 D. K. Spaulding,4 M. F. Huff,1,2 M. C. Marshall,5 D. N. Polsin,1 R. Jeanloz,6 T. R. Boehly,1 M. Zaghoo,1 B. J. Henderson,1,2 S. Brygoo,7 P. M. Celliers,5 J. H. Eggert,5 D. E. Fratanduono,5 A. Lazicki,5 M. Millot,5 and G. W. Collins,1,2,3 1Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester 3Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester 4University of California, Davis 5Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 6University of California, Berkeley 7Commissariat à l’energie atomique et aux energies alternatives, France Mechanical equation-of-state data of initially liquid and solid CO2 shock compressed to terapascal conditions are reported. Dia- mond–sapphire anvil cells were used to vary the initial density and state of CO2 samples, which were then further compressed with laser-driven shock waves, resulting in a data set from which precise derivative quantities including Grüneisen parameter and sound speed are determined. Reshock states were measured to 800 GPa and map the same pressure–density conditions as the single shock using different thermodynamic paths. The compressibility data reported here do not support current density- functional-theory (DFT) calculations but are better represented by tabular equation-of-state models. The covalent double bonds that
    [Show full text]
  • Enthalpy of Vaporization of Hypersaline Brine from 230 to 280 Bar
    Enthalpy of Vaporization of Hypersaline Brine from 230 to 280 bar A thesis presented to the faculty of the Russ College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science David D. Ogden May 2018 © 2018 David D. Ogden. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Enthalpy of Vaporization of Hypersaline Brine from 230 to 280 bar by DAVID D. OGDEN has been approved for the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Russ College of Engineering and Technology by Jason P. Trembly Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Dennis Irwin Dean, Russ College of Engineering and Technology 3 ABSTRACT OGDEN, DAVID D., M.S., May 2018, Mechanical Engineering Enthalpy of Vaporization of Hypersaline Brine from 230 to 280 bar Director of Thesis: Jason P. Trembly There is a need for thermodynamic data of mixed brine solutions in order to properly treat brines generated from oil/gas wells and CO2 sequestration. Thermodynamic properties of high concentration, multicomponent brine solutions are unknown, and limited to estimations based on single component solution data. Experimental data for mixed brine solutions at elevated temperatures and pressures does not exist due to the extreme operating conditions above the supercritical point of pure water. This study combines experimental results for mixed brine solutions, with thermodynamic models previously created for single component NaCl solutions to identify deviations resulting from additional dissolved species. Experiments were conducted using a Joule heated desalinator at pressures of 230 to 280 bar and temperatures of 387 to 406 ºC. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • |||GET||| Introduction to Plasma Physics with Space, Laboratory And
    INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA PHYSICS WITH SPACE, LABORATORY AND ASTROPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS 2ND EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Donald A Gurnett | 9781107027374 | | | | | APPH E6102y Site Information He has devoted about a decade each to the subfields of magnetic fusion, laser fusion, plasma diagnostics, basic plasma physics, and low- temperature plasma physics. Dentistry [87] Introduction to Plasma Physics With Space window. Lecture Introduction to Drift Waves. Play media. Retrieved 19 May Subject Plasma Ionized gases Space plasmas. Archived from the original on 9 July Dawson, R. Collisional Processes in Plasmas. By Antoine Bret. Bibcode : PhRvL. A common example is to assume that the electrons satisfy the Boltzmann relation :. Skip to main content. Kinetic models describe the particle velocity distribution function at each point in Laboratory and Astrophysical Applications 2nd edition plasma and therefore do not need to assume a Maxwell—Boltzmann distribution. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B. Thomson — ". Kinetic Theory of Plasmas. Submit by email a "journal article" on your selected topic of wave-particle interactions. All mathematical concepts beyond those normally covered in an advanced calculus course are fully explained. To browse Academia. Johnson -- Subject index. Collisions in fully ionized plasmas. Mike Mauelanytime. CS1 maint: archived copy as title link "Radiant Matter". In-class worksheet: electromagnetic ordinary wave. Plasma is often called the fourth state of matter after solid, liquids and gases, despite plasma typically being an ionized gas. Archived from the original PDF on 18 January Rheology Viscoelasticity Rheometry Rheometer. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Striations or string-like structures, [50] also known as Birkeland currentsare seen in many plasmas, like the plasma ballthe aurora[51] lightning[52] electric arcssolar flares[53] and supernova remnants.
    [Show full text]