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Thesis Reference Thesis Genomic profiling of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms PORETTI, Giulia Abstract Le cancer est une maladie génétique des cellules somatiques caractérisée par l'accumulation d'anomalies génomiques. Nous avons effectué des études d'hybridation génomique comparative et d'expression avec microarrays sur environ 200 lymphomes à cellules B pour identifier des gènes candidats avec niveaux accrus d'ADN associés à surexpression. Dans le myélome multiple l'analyse intégrative des profils du génome et du transcriptome a identifié des candidats rélévants, à évaluer par des études supplémentaires avec plus d'échantillons. L'analyse des profils génomiques de plusieurs lymphomes a révélée une amplification récurrente en 11q23.1. L'amplification a été validée par PCRq et par hybridation fluorescente in situ, ce qui a montré des remaniements chromosomiques complexes. Avec les tiling arrays ont y a trouvé une transcription accrue, mais les cibles de l'amplification n'ont pas été découverts. Nous avons supposé une certaine fragilité de la région ou l'existence d'une nouvelle activité de transcription superposée aux gènes connus, en gênant leur fonction. Reference PORETTI, Giulia. Genomic profiling of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2009, no. Sc. 4054 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-50961 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:5096 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:5096 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES Section des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Professeur Leonardo Scapozza ONCOLOGY INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN SWITZERLAND (IOSI) Laboratory of Experimental Oncology Francesco Bertoni, MD Genomic Profiling of B-cell Lymphoid Neoplasms THÈSE présentée à la Faculté des sciences de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences, mention sciences pharmaceutiques par GIULIA PORETTI de Chiasso (TI) Thèse No 4054 LUGANO Fondazione OTAF Sorengo 2009 To my grandmother Martina, who taught me that “Chi la dura la vince.” “He who perseveres wins at last.” and to all smart, great people I was lucky enough to meet. “La natura non fa nulla di inutile.” Aristotele RÉSUMÉ Le cancer est une maladie génétique très complexe des cellules somatiques. Elle est caractérisée par l’accumulation de nombreuses anomalies génomiques menant à une déstabilisation du transcriptome et du protéome et à l’altération de la biologie cellulaire. Les aberrations génétiques affectent les cellules tumorales avec des altérations au niveau des nucléotides telles que les mutations ponctuelles et l’instabilité des microsatellites, ainsi qu’au niveau des chromosomes, avec l’aneuploïdie, les translocations, les insertions, les duplications/amplifications, les inversions et les délétions. L’établissement d’un inventaire global des mutations causales dans le processus de cancérisation n’est pas évident si l’on considère que ces mutations s’accompagnent souvent d’événements génétiques secondaires. Ceux-ci sont acquis au hasard pendant la progression de la tumeur et ne sont pas directement responsables de l’évolution de la maladie. Toutefois l’étude des aberrations génétiques récurrentes a conduit à la découverte de gènes liés au cancer, qui ont été classés en oncogènes et gènes suppresseurs de tumeur. En outre, les techniques à haut débit et à haute résolution comme les microarrays permettent maintenant des analyses globales des anomalies du nombre de copies des molécules d’ADN et des altérations du transcriptome dans les échantillons tumoraux. Cette approche globale représente une réponse appropriée à la complexité des cancers humains. Ainsi les études de typage génomique ont permis l’identification des facteurs de diagnostic et pronostic, mis en évidence de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et ont proposé pour certaines tumeurs un système de classification fondé sur les caractéristiques biologiques. Nous avons effectué des études de typage génomique sur des lymphomes à cellules B pour découvrir les altérations de dosage génique et les gènes ciblés par des variations du nombre de copies. L’objectif de notre recherche était l’identification de gènes candidats ayant un rôle probable dans l’apparition des tumeurs ainsi que leur caractérisation. Pour améliorer la sélection des gènes candidats nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les mutations causales sont récurrentes et nous avons sélectionné les gènes candidats avec des altérations aussi bien au niveau du génome qu’au niveau du transcriptome. Nous avons donc recherché les changements du dosage d’ADN fréquents et associés à une expression génique altérée. Nous nous sommes notamment intéressés aux gènes avec gain ou amplification d’ADN associé à une surexpression, deux caractéristiques typiquement observées comme mécanisme d’activation oncogénique et très importantes pour des applications thérapeutiques potentielles. Nous avons commencé par des investigations fondées sur l’hybridation génomique comparative (aCGH) effectuée avec microarray. Nous avons utilisé des microarrays à haute résolution interrogeant des polymorphismes du simple nucléotide (SNP) (SNP arrays) pour analyser les profils du génome d’environ 200 tumeurs à cellules B. Le projet que nous présentons ici concerne la caractérisation moléculaire du myélome multiple (MM) et les recherches suivantes basées sur les résultats obtenus. Le MM est une malignité incurable des plasmocytes, caractérisée par plusieurs anomalies génomiques (aneuploïdie, anomalies de nombre des copies d’ADN, translocations impliquant surtout le gène IgH en 14q32). Nous avons analysé des échantillons de MM (patients et lignées cellulaires) en utilisant des microarrays pour obtenir les profils globaux au niveau du génome et de l’expression génique. L’objectif de cette analyse était principalement l’identification de nouveaux gènes candidats pour des approches thérapeutiques. Pour représenter les profils de gains ou pertes et de perte d’hétérozygocité (PH) du génome entier nous avons utilisé des cartes calorimétriques, alors que les fréquences des aberrations génomiques ont été présentées graphiquement. Parmi les caractéristiques principalement observées, nous avons noté un gain du bras chromosomique 1q, des niveaux d’ADN fréquemment élevés chez les chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, et des pertes d’ADN récurrentes accompagnées de PH en 1p, 13q et 17p. Ces évidences étaient concordantes avec les connaissances antérieures, ce qui a confirmé la fiabilité de la méthode utilisée. Pour trouver les changements de nombre des copies d’ADN avec un effet sur l’expression de gènes importants, nous avons intégré les résultats du typage global du génome et du transcriptome en utilisant deux méthodes: un filtre combiné tant sur les données d’ADN que celles d’expression génique, ou la détection des gènes avec valeurs aberrantes d’expression selon l’algorithme COPA et un niveau d’ADN élevé. Notre intérêt portait sur la sélection de gènes candidats caractérisés par un niveau d’ADN augmenté et simultanément surexprimés. L’analyse intégrative a identifié des candidats importants et récurrents, y compris des transcrits impliqués dans la pathogenèse du MM, des gènes impliqués dans d’autres types de tumeurs, des oncogènes connus mais pas encore associés au MM, et des candidats concordants dans plusieurs jeux de données sur le MM. L’analyse des profils génomiques de nombreuses tumeurs à cellules B faite dans notre laboratoire avec les 10K SNP arrays, comprenant les échantillons de MM déjà mentionnés, des échantillons de lymphome à cellules du manteau (MCL) et de lymphome diffus à grandes cellules (DLBCL), a permis l’identification de trois profils 10K avec une amplification similaire en 11q23.1. L’amplification d’ADN en 11q23.1 a été trouvée dans trois lignées cellulaires: JJN3 (MM), KARPAS422 (DLBCL) et JEKO1 (MCL). Cette amplification récurrente était localisée dans une région souvent réarrangée dans les malignitées hématologiques et on l’a choisie pour d’autres analyses. Nous avons utilisé les microarrays 250K, plus récents et avec une meilleure résolution, pour la détection des SNPs permettant ainsi une définition plus précise de la région amplifiée. Les résultats ont confirmé une amplification superposée en 11q23.1 pour les lignées JJN3 et KARPAS42, tandis que JEKO1 a montré un gain d’ADN entouré de régions amplifiées. Une autre lignée cellulaire de DLBCL, U2932, a été analysée avec les microarrays 250K, ce qui nous a permis de montrer une amplification en 11q23.1, ressemblant à celle des lignées JJN3 et KARPAS422. La région minimale d’amplification en commun entre les lignées cellulaires JJN3, KARPAS422 et U2932 était délimitée par l’amplimère de JJN3 et couvrait 330 kb. Cette amplification a été validée par PCRq. Les analyses d’hybridation fluorescente in situ (FISH) effectuées sur les quatres lignées cellulaires avec des clones de chromosomes bactériens artificiels spécifiques pour la région amplifiée ont montré quatre motifs d’amplification différents, avec des remaniements chromosomiques complexes. Pour identifier les cibles de l’amplification d’ADN nous avons analysé le transcriptome des lignées cellulaires par RT-PCR. Le but était l’identification de transcrits surexprimés, y compris les transcrits annotés, prédits et microARNs (mir-34b et mir-34c). Apparemment le niveau de transcription n’était pas influencé par l’amplification d’ADN. La cartographie du transcriptome obtenue avec tiling arrays a révélé une activité de transcription accrue uniquement près des gènes PPP2R1B (JJN3 et KARPAS422), POU2AF1
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