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Seasonal Abundance of Waterbirds at Point Reyes: a Coastal California Perspective

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Seasonal Abundance of Waterbirds at Point Reyes: a Coastal California Perspective WESTERN BIRDS Volume 20, Number 4, 1989 SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF WATERBIRDS AT POINT REYES: A COASTAL CALIFORNIA PERSPECTIVE W. DAVID SHUFORD, GARY W. PAGE, JULES G. EVENS, and LYNNE E. ß STENZEL, Point Reyes Bird Observatory, 4990 Shoreline Highway, Stinson Beach, California 94970 Numerous studies undertaken since 1940 document seasonal abun- dance patternsof aquaticbirds in Californiawetlands. Many of these studiesfocus only on shorebirdsat a singlesite (e.g., R. W. Storer 1951, Recher 1966, Jehl and Craig 1970, and Gerstenberg1972) but together they span the length of the state from San Diego Bay (Jehl and Craig 1970) to HumboldtBay (Gerstenberg1972). The mostambitious shore- bird censusstudy is that of Jurek (1972, 1973, 1974), who usedvolun- teer observersto count shorebirdsin wetlandsthroughout the state. State and federal agencies have also conducted waterfowl censuses throughoutCalifornia. Some researchershave attempted to quantifythe seasonal abundance patterns of all aquatic birds in wetland habitat: Gerdes (1970) at Morro Bay, Winkler et al. (1977) at Mono Lake, Bollmanet al. (1970) and Gill (1972a) in San FranciscoBay, Swarthet al. (1982) in salt pondsin southSan FranciscoBay, King et al. (1987) at San Elijo Lagoon, and Funderburkand Springer(1989) at lakesEarl and Talawa. Collectively,these studiesand the more general accountsof Grinnelland Miller (1944), Cogswell(1977), McCaskieet al. (1979), and Garrettand Dunn (1981) providea very usefuldescription of the seasonal usepatterns of aquaticbirds in California. Since 1965 volunteersand the staff of Point ReyesBird Observatory (PRBO) have conductedcensuses of birds in the wetlands of the Point Reyes Peninsula,Marin Co., California. These censuses,which extend up to 10 consecutiveyears at a singlesite, providemore detailedinfor- mation on variationin bird numbersthan has been reportedpreviously for Californiawaterbirds. In this paper we describethe seasonaluse pat- terns of aquaticbirds of two estuaries,one lagoon,and the inshorezone Western Birds 20: 137-265, 1989 137 WATERBIRDS AT POINT REYES of the oceanoff southernPoint Reyes,and, when appropriate,compare these'patterns to those found elsewherein coastalCalifornia. We also examine the influence that variations in rainfall have on variations in bird abundance,on the timing of species'arrival and departure,and on inter- site variationin occurrencepatterns on Point Reyes. Beyonddescribing the dynamicsof this localsystem, the data provide a baselineon the populationsizes and seasonalabundance patterns of birds in most wetlandsof the Point Reyes Peninsula. In contrastwith many of California'swetlands, the Point Reyeswetlands remain relatively pristine. Much of the studyarea is currenfiyprotected wildlife habitat and shouldremain so into the future, thereby permitting continuedmoni- toringof changesin bird abundancein a naturalsystem. STUDY AREA AND METHODS The studyarea includedwetlands of the PointReyes Peninsula (bounded on the east by BolinasLagoon, the Olema Valley, and TomalesBay), Marin Co., and BodegaHarbor, SonomaCo. (Fig. 1). Seasonalabundance patterns were derived from countsof aquaticbirds on Bolinas Lagoon, Limantour Estero, Abbott's Lagoon, and the nearshorecoastal waters between Stinson Beach and the Point ReyesLighthouse. Supplemental information was also obtained from censusesat Drake's Esteroand BodegaHarbor and incidentalsightings as describedbelow. We calledBolinas Lagoon, Limantour Estero, Bodega Harbor, Drake'sEstero, and Tomales Bay seasonalestuaries (see Pritchard 1967) becausethey are semi- enclosedbodies of watersubject to dailytidal action, and their saltwater is measur- ablydiluted by freshwater only from Octoberthrough April. In contrast,Abbott's Lagoon'slower basinis separatedfrom the oceanby a barrierbar that is only occasionallybreached during storms, extremely high tides, or periodsof heavy runoff. Breachingcauses a rapid drop in water leveland subjectsthe lagoonto tidalaction for a few days. Abbott'sLagoon is essentiallybrackish, minimally influ- encedby tidal action,and bestfits the definitionof a true lagoon(Caspers 1967). For simplicity,we refer to the estuariesand Abbott'sLagoon as wetlands,even thoughthey alsocontain deepwater habitat. Rain is highlyseasonal with about95% of the yearlytotal falling from October throughApril (Fig. 2). From 1967 to 1982, June throughMay rainfallon the coast6 krn northwestof BolinasLagoon averaged 88.3 cm (SE = 8.1); extremes were 44.9 and 40.7 cm in the droughtyears of 1975-76 and 1976-77, respec- tively, and 147.0 and 132.6 cm in the wettestyears, 1972-73 and 1981-82, respectively. Census Locations Bolinas Lagoon. BolinasLagoon, 24 km northwestof San Francisco,is a Marin Co. Nature Preserve. At mean low tide 26.0% of the 587-ha estuaryis open water, 57.2% unvegetatedtidal fiat, and 16.8% salt marshor upland. More informationon the area is availablein Ritter (1969), Ritter and Brown (1973), Bergquist(1978), and Page et al. (1979). We conducted247 censusesat BolinasLagoon (hereafterBolinas) between June 1971 and May 1982 at a frequencydeclining from one every 10 daysin 1971 and 1972 to one per monthfor only part of the year in 1981 and 1982. Censuseswere duringspecific 5-day periodsif tideswere suitable(Fig. 3) or the nearestappropriate period if they were not suitable(see Page et al. I979 for fur- ther detailsof censusmethods). 138 WATERBIRDS AT POINT REYES Lirnantour Estero. Limantour Estero, a Point Reyes National Seashore (PRNS)natural area 20 km northwestof Bolinas,is borderedby hills,freshwater impoundments,a spit with scatteredhigh dunes, and a channel to the ocean shared with Drake's Estero. Several intermittent streams run into the estero. At the time of our study,at mean low tide 47.6% of the 331-ha estuarywas open water,41.2% non-vegetatedtidal fiat, and 11.2% saltmarsh or upland. Six fresh- water impoundmentsabutting the esteroadded an additional63.9 ha of aquatic bird habitat. Since 1982 breaksin dikeshave drained28.1 ha of pond habitat, part of which was restoredto tidal action. Bodega Harbor SONOMA COUNTY ,, Antonio" Bay Abbott'sLagoon - MARIN COUNTY ß PointReyes Station San Cordell i Banks PointReyes ,C• Pablo Ughthous•• ' • • Drake'sBay • Bay Double o .,.•, BolinasLagoon Duxbu•fReef Rocky Point GULF OF THE FARALLONES Fa•'allan islands Figure 1. Point Reyes study area. a, Bird Rock; b, Kehoe Marsh; c, Chimney Rock; d, Drake's Beach Pond; e, Horseshoe Pond; f, Schooner Bay; g, Glenbrook and Muddy Hollow ponds; h, Inverness;i, Olema Marsh; j, Point Resistance;k, Five Brooks Pond; 1, Abalone Flat; m, Bolinasand Bolinassewer ponds;n, Palomarin;o, AudubonCanyon Ranch;p, BolinasBay. The 10 num- beredsub-areas denote sections of the inshorezone censusedbetween September 1980 and September1981. 139 WATERBIRDS AT POINT REYES The 146-ha northernextension of the estuary(upper Limantour) was not cen- susedinitially (see below) because of its distancefrom the censusroute along the spit. One hundredsixty-six counts, encompassing the southern169 ha of the esteroand 16.4 ha of impoundments(Muddy Hollow Pondand a smallnearby pond), betweenJune 1967 and June 1981 contributedto the data base for all species. An additional63 countsof pondsfrom July 1965 to May 1967 aug- mentedthe data for the CinnamonTeal, Redhead,and Ring-neckedDuck, which were restrictedprimarily to the impoundments. Although censuseswere dis- tributedfairly evenly throughout the year(Fig. 3), theywere not takenin specified 5-day periodsor with respectto tidesuntil 1973-74. Abbott'sLagoon. This undevelopedarea lies2 km northwestof the northern end of Drake'sEstero in PRNS. Two interconnectedfreshwater ponds, derived mainlyfrom winter runoff,total 32 ha and are linkedto the northeastshore of the lower,brackish 83-ha lagoon,which temporarily becomes tidal on rare occasions t1971(57.6 - cm)197• 5O 1975-1976 • (121. (92.0 cm) (44.9 :m) • 3o t 974-1975 0 20 v lO 5o 1977-1978 1978-1979 (40.7 ½m) (97.4 cm) (67.1 cm) 20 'so10 t1976-1977 I 5O 401979-1980(98.5 cm) 1980.-1981 lO o ............ J J A S 0 N 0 J F M Aid J. (65J A8 cm•S 0 N D J F M A M JJASONDJFMAM MONTHS Figure2. Rainfallpatterns at Palomarin,6 km northwestof Bolinas.Upper left, monthlyrainfall for theperiod 1967-1982. Solidcircles, mean; vertical bars, one standarddeviation; open circles, minimum and maximum values. Other graphs, rainfallby month for individualyears; yearly totals in parentheses. WATERBIRDS AT POINT REYES when the barrier bar is breached. Even when the bar is intact the surface area of the lagoon variesby a factor of about 2, dependingon rain and evaporation. Dunesand an extensivesand flat borderthe Iagooffssouthwest margin. We conducted135 censusesof the 11,5 ha of combinedlagoon and pond habitatbetween •July 1973 and •June1982. The censusesdid not correspondwith specified5-clay time periodsor tidesuntil •June 1980. Supplementalcensus areas: Drake's Estero, upper Limantour Estero, and BodegaHarbor. At monthlyintervals from October1979 to May 1980 and from IO- BOLINAS LAGOON - c• O • I i I I I I I o • •0 LIMANTOUR ESTERO ' I I -- z 0-1 I I I I I I I I I I I I0- ABBOT• LAGOON - -- -- 5- I • it:'::; : : :: ' : ' o_,.i,,I i i, i , , I I :I I :I I I iI I I J J A S 0 N D J F M A M Figure3. Numbersof censusesof aquaticbirds taken at threeweftands during 10- dayperiods (alternate 5-clay periods) from 5-9 Junethrough 21-25 Maybetween 1967 and 1982. Censusestaken outside these 5-clay periods are talliedin the closest5-clay period. Dottedlines for Bolinasindicate censuses on whichonly shorebirdswere counted. Dotted lines
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