Science Research Reporter 1(3):126 -131, Nov. 2011 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)

Emergence of filariasis in region (MS)

Vinod Sutaone Department of Zoology, DSM’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parbhani, , India Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Study establishes mainly focus the relationship between deforestation, rice and sugarcane cultivation, climatic conditions, temperature, humidity, mosquito ecology, asymptotic carriers (tourist and devotees) and epidemiology of Filaria and vector borne diseases. This study indicated the possibility of predicting potential impacts on increase in vector density by using past information and human activities in the area. The tourist, devotees play key role in transmitting the diseases.

Keywords: - Filaria, Temperature, Humidity, Tourism, crop pattern, Change in Ecosystem, Deforestation.

INTRODUCTION distribution of rainfall in different regions of the Rice is the most important food crop with country is greatly influenced by the physical more than 90% of global production occurring in features of the terrain, the situation of the tropical and semi-tropical Asian countries, yields mountains and plateau. 50-70% of the energy and protein dietary Temperature is another climatic factor requirements. Riceland agro-ecosystem provides which has a favorable and in some cases favourable conditions for Mosquito breeding unfavorable influence on the development, growth (Hoedojo et al. 1980) and indirectly mosquito- and yield of rice. Rice being a tropical and sub- borne diseases (Reiter 2001). The forest species tropical plant requires a fairly high temperature, that transmit diseases to humans are mosquitoes ranging from 20° to 40°C. The optimum the most sensitive to environmental changes. temperature of 30°C during day and 20°C during Deforestation, Survival, density, and distribution of night time seems to be more favorable for the vectors are dramatically influenced by small development and growth of rice crop and changes in environmental conditions like mosquitoes (Umesh Isalkar 2011). temperature, humidity, and the availability of Maharashtra is a highly industrialized state suitable breeding sites. Changes in mosquito of India; agriculture continues to be the main ecology and human behavior patterns in this region occupation of the state. Principal crops influence the transmission of mosquito-borne include rice, jowar, bajra, wheat, pulses, turmeric, diseases such as malaria, Japanese encephalitis, onions, cotton, sugarcane and several oil and filariasis in particular, each incident of seeds including groundnut, sunflower and deforestation. soyabean. The state has huge areas, under fruit Lymphatic filariasis is endemic disease cultivation of which mangoes, bananas, grapes, found in many places of India. Most of the Indian and oranges are the main ones. Irrigation facilities regions are tropical and cultivates rice on large are being extended so that agriculture could be scale (Sharma et al. and Source: Directorate of made less dependent upon rain water. The net Economics and Statistics, Department of irrigated area totals 33,500 sq km. Agriculture and Cooperation). We consider India to In Study Area: Historically, lie between 8° and 35° N latitude, with a tropical lagged the rest of Maharashtra in economic and sub-tropical climate (source: Government of prosperity. Human Development Index (HDI) using India 2006). The subcontinent has eight climatic the United Nations Development Programme zones all of which only have the monsoon rains in (UNDP) methodology highlighted that situation in common. But even the monsoon comes to 2000. There has, however, been accelerated different parts of the country at different times. industrial growth in Marathwada in the past few Rainfall is the most important weather years. Major cities are Aurangabad, Nanded, , element for successful cultivation of rice. The Parbhani, and Jalna. Other cities are Beed, 126 http://www.jsrr.in Vinod Sutaone ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print)

Osmanabad, Udgir, Parli, Ambejogai, Hingoli, Vasmat, Sillod, Degloor, Mukhed, and Dharmabad.

Below poverty line of Marathwada is very low and some differ in their choice and feed on both man Females are more illiterate in this region. and animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS The indoor (endophilia) resting places are Researcher has considered following usually the dark corners of houses, upper part of parameters for the study, 1) Deforestation 2) Farm the walls, behind pictures and under furniture. The land 3) Irrigation 4) Rice cultivation. 5) Climate 6) outdoor (exophlia) resting places are usually the Rain fall 7) Temperature 8) Topography 9) Natural vegetation, shrubs, tree holes, cattle shed, and vegetation 10) Literacy 11) Tourism 12) Level of wells. Knowledge of this habit is the basis for Economic development 13) Economy of Andhra organizing rational and anti-adult measures. Pradesh, Maharashtra and study area. 14) Cultural The Anopheles species prefer to breed in heritage. 15) Mines. The present study is launched clean water; Culex species prefer both clean and to understand all above factors in relation to the dirty polluted water. Aedes species prefer artificial Marathwada districts and near by districts of the collections of water. Mansonia species breed in and state. water containing certain type of aquatic Most of the Female mosquito feed upon vegetation. Generally, mosquitoes show blood. Mouthparts of the males are not developed preference to particular habitats a spoonful of for piercing and they do not suck blood. Their food water to an extensive marshy area acts as potential consists of plant juices, nectar and other liquids. breeding habitats for mosquitoes (Goyer et al. Females require a blood meal, once in 2- 3 days for 1981). Mosquitoes are known to hibernate in the the development of eggs. The females differ in the adult stage when the environmental conditions are feeding habits. Some species prefer human blood not favorable. Severe winters are tided over by (anthrophilic); some prefer animal blood (zoophilic) hibernation. 127 http://www.jsrr.in Science Research Reporter 1(3): 126 -131, Nov. 2011 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)

OBSERVATION AND RESULT In Year 1999-2000 land under cultivation Study of profile Area: - Nanded region (Source: was Jowar (1, 37,000 ha), Sugarcane (29,000 ha), Gazette of Naded, Latur, Osmanabad) includes Wheat (9,700 ha), Pulses (4,000 ha), Oil seeds Naded, Latur and Osmanabad Districts of (3,000 ha). Highly developed talukas are Latur, Marathwada, Maharashtra which are adjutant to Ausa, Nilanga facilitates basins of Manjara, Tavarja Nijamabad, and Gulbarga. Nijamabad is a – irrigates 322400 hectors (45.05% of the district). district of Andhra Paradesh where as Bidar and Moderately irrigated tahasils (area 1569000hectors Gulbarga is districts of Karnataka. 29.92% of district area) are Udgir, Ahmedpur. Less irrigated tahasils are Deoni, Jalkot, Chakur, Sirur 1) Nanded Anantphal, and Renapur. Nanded is located 180 15 ' to 190 55’ N Latitudes Latur is known all over India for the Quality and 770 to 78025' E Longitudes, at 500m altitude of and Quantity of Pulses that it produces and . Bounded by North by Yavatmal especially Toor Dal (Arhar dal or Pegion Peas). District, South-West by , North-West Latur is also a major trading center for Urad, by Parbhani Distirct East and South East by Moong and Cicer arietinum (Channa) along with Adilabad and Nizamabad Districts of Andhra Toor. Also it is known for trading in Oil Seeds Pradesh; South by of Karnataka mainly Sun-flower and Soya Bean, nutcrackers, State. Nanded predominantly is an agrarian locks, brassware, milk powder, ginning and economy. The district is not properly industrialized. pressing. Udgir has a great historical significance. It In Year -1997-98 major crops cultivated were has witnessed the war between the Marathas and Gossypium arboreum (Cotton 2, 82,830 ha), the Nizam of which took place in 1761. Sorghum Vulgare (Jowar 2, 55,425 ha), Vigna The Latur city has the beautiful Siddheswar temple mungo (Udid 46,507 ha), Cajanus cajan (Tur 43,611 built by King Tamradwaj. Total 91% of area under ha), Vigna radiate (Moong 41,600 ha), Oriza sativa agriculture. Below poverty line (BPL) is 69.11%, and (Rice 37,449 ha), Triticum aestivum (Wheat 16,684 in 2001 Literacy rate was 72%. ha), Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane 14,129 ha), 3) Osmanabad: Glycine Located at 17.35 to 18.40° N Latitudes and max (Soyabean). Below poverty line in district was 75.16 to 76.40° E Longitudes and at 647 m altitude 37% and Literacy rate 68.52%. Kinwat Taluka of Deccan Plateau. It is bounded by Solpaur - receives the max. Rainfall while Kondhav receives South-west, Ahmednagar - North-west, Beed – the minimum. Forest cover is 86000 hectares; North, Latur – East, South - Bidar & Gulbarga mainly Kinwat taluka has dense forest (57,800 ha.) (Karnataka). In Year- 1961-62 land under and receiving 1150mm rainfall. Timber, firewood cultivation was Jowar (4,36,850 ha), Wheat (57,641 bamboo, grass, tendu leaves, gum, khenir wood ha), Rice (29,451 ha), Bajra (18,824.805 ha), Tur are few of the forest produces. Sunflower, Groundnut. BPL is 49% and in 1991 2) Latur Literacy rate was 54.27%. Kallam, Bhoom & It is located 17°52' to 18°50' N Latitudes Paranda blocks are declared as Drought Prone and 76°18' to 79°12' E Longitudes, and 540 to 638 blocks. In Omarga rice was cultivated on irrigation mtrs at altitude of Balaghat Plateau. It is bounded 1956-57 (306 ha), in 1958-59 (1008 ha), in 1961- by East- ; South- West- Osmanabad 62(630 ha). District, North-West- ; North - Population engaged in agriculture 70% in ; South-East Andhra 1961, 75% during 1981-91 and 67% in 2001. Bidar, Pradesh and Karnataka. Latur is one of the Gulbarga and Bijapur - all the three districts of the important trading hubs from the time diocese are figuring among the 200 most backward of Nizam of Hyderabad. It is also educational hub regions in the country. Bidar and Bijapur are 'no and an industrial center as well as agriculture industry' districts of Karnataka. The district has a based economy. large number of tanks which, in addition to the rivers, irrigate the land.

128 http://www.jsrr.in Table 1: Geo-planetic study of Nanded region and adjacent districts Total Land Name of Temper- Av. Forest Irrigation Filaria infected Sr Climate Area Rivers Dams under Tourist Places District ature Rainfall (hector) (hector) Talukas Sq. km cultivation Godavari, Sikh Gurudwara (Nanded), Lord Kinwat, Mahur, Manjra, Siddheshwar at Hottal (Degloor); Kandhar, Bhokar, Nanded Semi arid Manyad, Pethwadaj, Mannar, Min.12.1°C 10,537 86,000 78,000 Renukadevi Temple (Mahur), Hazrat Umri, Deglur 1 (Maharashtra and Tropical 953.8 mm Penganga , Purna, Vishnupuri 47,000 Max.42.5°C (8.30%) hector Nawab Sarfaraz Khan Sahid (Biloli); Dharmabad, ) Dry Asna, Sita, Project, Unkeshwar (Shiva Mandir , Kinwat Naigaon, Biloli, Saraswati, taluka). Kundalwadi, Lendi 45.48 % Sant Goroba temple, Shri Digambar (1957-58) Jain Sidhakshetra Kuntalgiri, Tulja 4,715 Osmanabad Semi arid Terna lake, Palas- 73.04% Bhavani Temple (Tuljapur); Mela of Min.-8°C.; (1991) Godawari Umarga, 2 (Maharashtra and Tropical 730mm 7,550 Nilegaon, Ramdara, (1961-62) 1,18,676 Lord Shiva and Shakambari devi, Max.42.1°C 8,108 and Bhima ) Dry Makni, Bori reservoir, Total Shardiya utsav in Ashwin, (2001) 5,70,000 Dharashiv Caves, Naldurg and hector Paranda Fort Siddheshwar temple; Ashram of Manjra, Manjra, Terna, Tiru, Namanand Maharaj at Mahapur, Manar, Renapur, Manar, 40,234 in Latur Semi arid (Latur); Fort ((Udgir), Devani breed Nilanga, Min. 11 °C ; 600 to Terna, Vati, Tawarja, Gharni, 6,42,300 1982 and 3 (Maharashtra and Tropical 7,166 3,500 of Bull, Hattibet-Devarjan (Udgir); Jalkot, Max. 41 °C 800 mm Lendi, Sakol, Dewarjan, hector 1,53,680 ) Dry temple of Virnath Maharaj(Ausa); Shirur Anantphal, Gharni, Masalga. (Nagalgave in 2007 Nilkantheshwar Temple (Nilanga), Tawarja B. N., 2009) Shiva Temple at Hippalgaon, Godavari, Nizamsagar, Sriram Pochampad dam, Siddulam Gutta – Nijamabad Manjeera, ,Sagar, Ali sagar, 2,79,561 Tropical Wet 16.4°C to 1,81,000 4,10,000 Armooor, Nizamabad Fort, 4 (Andhra 900mm 7,956 Phalungi, Pocharam,Ramadugu, in 2005- - and Dry 43.3°C, (22.6%) hector Sarangpur Temple, Dichpally Pradesh) Yedlakatt- Nallavagu, 06 Ramalayam, Mallaram Forest. avagu Koulasnala, Yemcha , Zanana Masjid, Tomb of Khalil-Ullah, Guru Nank Jhira, Manjara , Papnash Shiva Temple, Narshimha Mullamar, Semi arid 46532 in Jhira Water Cave , Dev DeV Vana, Bidar 16.4 °C to 43,592 Karanja Karanja Resorvior, 43,94,500 5 and Tropical 847.2mm 5,448 2003-04 Veerbhadreshewar Jatra's at - (Karnataka) 40.0°C (8.5%) , Chulki Check-post resorvior, hector Dry (8.58%) Humnabad & Changlare, Manik Nala, Prabhu Temple at Humnabad, Gandrinala Chidambara Aashram, Shri Siddharudha Math Shri Kshetra Gangapur, Khwaja Semi arid Gulbarga 10°C to 46 67,931 Krishna 12,74,000 52,997 Bande Nawaz Darga , Shri Shri Shri 6 and Tropical 777 mm 16,174 Upper Krishna Project - (Karnataka) °C (4.2%) and Bhima hector Sharana , Basaveshwara Temple, Dry Siddhart Budhha Vihar

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The Upper Krishna Project is major this, 4.2%, 32.5% and 43.8% live in areas of high, irrigation venture in the district. The district is moderate and low risk to malaria respectively. devoid of forest except in the hilly portion of Aland Malaria is spreads through Ades egypty the climate and Chincholi. The area under forest is 4.2% of the is suitable for their breeding. total area. India ranks 2nd in wheat and rice cultivation Water distribution system of crops in Andhra and (Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics) Karnataka: More than two acre place is kept for right from 1961 to 2010. India sugar cane is distribution of water to crops; it is called “Madhi” cultivated on about 5 million hectors, and rice in regional language. In this “Madhi” the water of 436.6 lakh hector. In Andhra Pradesh (rice in 43.16 bore well or canal is poured and then distributed to lakh hector, in 1998-99); Karnataka (rice 14.83 lakh crops, it result into increase in marshy places. hector), Chattisgarh (rice 38.29 lakh hector in 2003-04), UP (rice 60.80 lakh hector in 1999-00), DISCUSSION West Bengal (rice 61.50 lakh hector); sugar cane, Initially it was observed that in 1950 the climatic conditions, irrigation, temperature, coastal area of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, topography, annual rainfall in this area creates Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Orissa, Nagaland and favourable conditions for breeding mosquito. large area of UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, some Patches in Though the study area i.e. Nanded region is semi Chhatisgarh, Madyapradesh, arid and dry the question arises why the patients of (Maharashtra) of India is endemic to filaria. In 1969 lymphatic filariasis is found in this region? The it was noted that the disease is spreading rapidly in endemic villages are adjacent (20 to 30 km) to AP, Tamilnadu, Vidarbh (Maharashtra), MP, UP, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka border. Main Bihar, Zarkhand and Orissa (in this area mainly rice reason of spreading the disease in study area is is cultivated (Source: Directorate of Economics and that tourism, immigration of population, Slum Statistics). In 1995 the mf rate was more than 6 in areas. The Hindu, Muslim and shikh devotees once back ward areas of AP, UP, Orissa, Tamilnadu, in a year visit the pilgrimages and attend Jatra, Kerala, Goa, Vidarbha (Maharashtra), MP and Dindi, Palkhi, Urus, or other regional activities. Chattisgarh. The main cause is poor hygiene, In Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, more illiteracy, economy, laaj, social stigma and religious than two acre area is kept for distribution of water belief in backward class. to crops. In this ‘Tank’ the water of bore well or In India lymphatic filaria is reported canal is poured and then distributed to crops. It endemic in 250 districts in 20 states and Union results increase in humidity and marshy places. territories the population of about 600 million in Drainage system and town planning is poor, these districts is at a risk of lymphatic filaria, where because of inadequate sewage disposal, cesspools, as in Maharashtra though the disease is endemic to soakage pits, ill maintained drains, septic tanks, 17 districts (Thane, Sindudurg, Solapur, open ditches, burrow pits. Summers are hot and Osmanabad, Latur, Nanded, Nandurbar, Jalgaon, humid on the coastal plains and some places it Yeoatmal, Akola, Amravati, , Wardha, touches above 42°C mark. The average maximum Bhandara, Gondia, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli), temperature in most parts of Andhra Pradesh Hydrocele and Elephant leg patients are found in varies from 23°C to 28°C. The state of Andhra all 33 districts of Maharashtra. In Nanded region Pradesh experiences a very hot summer but when 64,49,223 people i.e. in Latur (Population the monsoon sets in then the heat is reduced but it 19,97,511, Patients 4393); Usmanabad (Population also increases the humidity. The ideal temperature 16,15,872, patients 1297); Nanded (28,35,840, 22 to 38°C and relative humidity is 70% for vectors patients 5863) are at risk. Though the Mass drug (Culex) of W. bancrofti. administration programme is conducted by Initially the filaria was endemic to the government in 17 districts, there are chances of coastal line of India i.e. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, spreading disease in other districts of Maharashtra. Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamilnadu but Same way, currently, 80.5% of the 109 billion main cause of this disease in other adjacent area populations of India lives in malaria risk areas. Of 130 http://www.jsrr.in Vinod Sutaone ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print) are Social factors like Urbanization, through Jatra, Mandir, Mosques, and Gurudwar of industrialization, migration, illiteracy, poverty, and these places. They include Ajanta, poor sanitation in AP, Karnataka, and Study area of Ellora, Shaktipeeth like Mahur, Tuljapur, Maharashtra. The study area is not more than Ambejogai, Jyotirlinga like Grishneshwar (Verul), 20km from A.P. and Karnataka. Nagnath (Aundha), and Vaijanath (Parali). The Cultural Heritage: town of Khuldabad contains the shrines of the Marathwada is home to most famous and earliest Sufi saints of the Dakhan. important Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, and Jain The “samadhi” of the tenth guru of Sikhs, Gobind monuments. They visit historical places and for Singh, is located at Sachkhand in Nanded. religious functions carried out in study area

LITERARURE CITED Hoedojo, Partono F, Atmosoedjono S, Purnomo, Teren T. 1980. A study on vectors of Bancroftian filariasis in West Flores, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 11(3):399-404. Reiter P. 2001. “Climate change and mosquito-borne disease”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 109: 141–161. Sharma VP, Jain Dinesh. 2011. High-Value Agriculture in India: Past Trends and Future Prospects, IIM, Ahmedabad, India , Research and publication 6 : 1-51 . Goyer RA and JD Stark. 1981. Government of India. 2006. “Undertaking the link between malaria risk and climate”. Am. J. Trop Med Hyg. 74(5):772-782. Umesh Isalkar, TNN ,TOI, 2011, “Rise in pre-monsoon malaria cases” District Gazette. 2009. Nanded, Latur and Osmanabad. Nagalgave BN. 2009. Levels of irrigation development in Latur District” II (6):99

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