J. Sc. & Tech. Univ. ,Diversity and 201 Economic5, 39 (2), 1Importance-12. of Tree Species in the Peshawar……

DIVERSITY AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TREE SPECIES IN THE PESHAWAR , KHYBER PUKHTUNKWHA,

HASSAN RAZA1 AND ASAD ULLAH1

1 Centre of Plant Biodiversity, University of Peshawar, 25120, Peshawar, Pakistan

Abstract: A total of 121 tree species belonging to 87 genera and 40 families were recorded from the research area. Among the 40 families 5 were Gymnosperms while the remaining 35 were Angiosperms. In Gymnosperms the maximum genera and species were of Cupressaceae, i.e. 2 genera (2.2988%) and 3 species (2.2988%), followed by Cycadaceae, 1 genus (1.1494%) and 2 species (1.6528%), followed by Araucariaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Pinaceae had 1 genus (1.1494%) and 1 specie each (0. 0.8264%). Among angiosperms monocot were represented by 1 family, 4 genera (4.5977%) and 4 species (3.3057%), while the 34 families, 76 genera and 109 species were dicots.The leading genera is from the family Papilionaceae, 7 genera (8.0459%) and 7 species (5.7851%), followed by Caesalpinaceae, and Euphorbiaceae, with 6 genera (6.8965%) and 7 species (5.7851%), followed by Moraceae, having 5 genera (5.7851%) and thirteen species (10.7438%), followed by Myrtaceae, having 5 genera (5.7471%) and 6 species (4.9586%), which in turn followed by Palmae, with 4 genera (4.5977%) and 4 species (3.3057%), followed by Oleaceae, with 4 genera (4.5977%) and 6 species (4.9586%), followed by Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, with 3 genera (3.4482%) and 3 species (2.4793%), Mimosaceae with 3 genera (3.4482%), 9 species (7.4380%), and Rosaceae 3 genera (3.4482), 6 species (4.9586), followed by Cupressaceae, Boraginaceae, with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 3 species (2.2988%), Magnoliaceae, Meliaceae, and Sterculiaceae with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 2 species (1.6528%), Rutaceae, with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 4 species (3.3057%), and Salicaceae with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 5 species (4.1322%), which in turn followed by the Araucariaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Aceraceae, Annonaceae, Bombacaceae, Caricaceae, Casurinaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Juglandaceae, Platanaceae, Proteaceae, Punicaceae, Simaroubaceae, Tamaricaceae, Ulmaceae, Verbenaceae with 1 genus (1.1494%) and 1 specie (0.8264%), Combretaceae, Ebenaceae, Lythraceae and Rhamnaceae being 1 genus (1.1494%) and 2 species (1.6528%) of the total species. The maximum number of species from the family Moraceae with and 5 genera (5.7851), and 13 species (10.7438%) of the total species. The Tree distribution showed that 55 species were native and 66 plants were exotic in their nature. Studies of economical values showed that 85 plants were grown for ornamental purpose, timber wood of 55 plants was used, oils for various purposes were extracted from 18 plants, 12 plants are medicinally important, 29 plants yield edible fruits, flowers and leaves of 3 plants were taken as vegetables. Keywords: Trees, conserved flora, cantonment area, Peshawar, Pakistan.

1

Hassan Raza and Asad Ullah

Introduction and January is the coldest month (Below 0 0C) during the winter, the average annual rain Cantonments in Pakistan are fall is 125 mm. Based on a 30 year record, the permanent military stationed areas, which are average annual precipitation has been administered by Cantonment Boards under recorded as 400 millimeters. The relative the control of the Military Lands and humidity varies from 46% in June to 76% in Cantonments Department (MLCD), Ministry August (GOP, 1998). of Defense, and Government of Pakistan. Cantonments are established and governed by A tree is a perennial woody species the Cantonment Act, 1924. The Peshawar normally having a single woody trunk that Cantonment was established on the remains can grow at least above breast height or more. of old town site and the graveyard. It was Cantonment Board Peshawar is densely irregular and oblong in shape. It covers an covered with beautiful green coverage of area of 13.64 km2 (5.12 Sq. miles or 3277.97 huge trees that provide to innumerable Acres). It was occupied by British troops species of micro and macro life forms. soon after annexation of Punjab in 1848-49. Majority of trees species are exotic in their After the fall of Sikhs in 1849 and annexation nature. The trees remained undocumented of Punjab to the British Empire, a Military since long, although were thought to be useful Garrison was established at Peshawar during tool for determining the Conservation Status 1868 on the remains of old town site and of Plant Natural Resources. The world's tree ancient grave yards. resources are shrinking and disappearing at an alarming rate due to heavy harvesting and In 2011, there are total forty eight clearing woodlands for agricultural crops to Cantonments board in Pakistan. Ten in meet the growing needs for food, , twenty two in Punjab, construction, medicines, fuel, and fiber. nine in , six in Balochistan while two in According to the summary report of the Gilgit Baltistan. Peshawar Cantonment is the World Commission on Forests and second cantonment on the basis of population Sustainable Development, the Forests have 68,755 as per 1998 census report. It has 14 virtually disappeared in 25 countries; 18 have Parks and 1 Graveyard along with 167 lost more than 95% of their forests and Sanitary Workers take care of sanitation. It another 11 have lost 90%. The highest current plays very important role in conservation of estimate of the world’s remaining forests both Flora and Fauna. The boundaries of areas is about 3.6 billion hectares from an Peshawar Cantonment were first notified vide originally forested area of more than 6.0 Punjab Gazette Notification No. 279, dated 7- billion hectares (WCFSD, 1999). 11-1898. The boundaries were extended in 1943 vide Government of India Notification On the other hand trees have an No. 10/14/G/CEL, dated 27-11-1943. importance role in human life. Tangible benefits of urban trees such as cooling and / Peshawar lies between 33° 44 and 34° noise reduction can be relatively easily / / / 15 north latitude and 71° 22 and 71° 42 east measured. Certain physiological benefits longitude. The climate of Peshawar may be people derive from trees have also been divided into spring, summer, autumn and measured. People who were exposed to 0 winter. The hottest month is July (46.6 C) images of trees became more relaxed as 2

Diversity and Economic Importance of Tree Species in the Peshawar…… indicated by decreases in blood pressure and of Bauhinia purpurea, Bombaxceiba and slower heart rates (Ulrich, 1981). The list of Bauhinia variegataetc. are used as benefits that trees proved, with no vegetables. Medicinally important trees exaggeration can’t be numbered. The bold include Punicagranatum, Oleaeuropaea, features like reduced pollution, erosion Oleaferruginea, Acacia leucophloeaand control, wildlife habitat, energy saving & Jacaranda mimosifoliaetc. Oil is extracted enhanced human comfort are all well-known from some plants like long term consequences of tree planting. Cupressussempervirens, Thujaorientalis, Ricinuscommunis, Magnolia grandiflora, Plantation in Cantonment Board Oleaeuropaea, Oleaferruginea, Citrus limon, Peshawar has been done in parks, road sides, Citrus medica, Micheliachampaca, lawns and grave yards. Trees species found in Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and cantonment area are economically important. Myrtuscommunisetc. The Cantonment is full Multi uses include ornamental purposes, of many species of trees, but the most timber wood, fruits and nuts, vegetables, dominant species belonging to families medicines, oil extracts, tannins and gums and Moraceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpinaceae, dyes. Being cantonment and flocked area Euphorbiaceae, Papilionaceae, Myrtaceae, tress are mostly planted for ornamental Oleaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae. purposes, shades and aesthetic values. Studies of economical values showed that 86 plants Materials and Methods were grown for ornamental purpose , timber wood of 56 plants were used, oils for various A survey was conducted during purposes was extracted from 16 plants, 12 March 2012 to May 2013 in the flowering plants are medicinally important, 32 plants seasons of trees. Plants’ specimens were yield edible fruits, flower and leaves of 5 collected, documented, preserved and plants were taken as vegetables. Well known identified with the help of literature. ornamental plant Include Araucaria Economic importance was enlisted in cunninghamii, Cupressusarizonica, consultation with inhabitants of cantonment Cupressussempervirens, Thujaorientalis, area and priority was given to important and Cycasrevoluta, Cycasrumphii, bold daily utilities. Available literatures Livistonachinensis, Roystonearegia and regarding tree usage in Pakistan were also Phoenix dactyliferaetc. Important timber taken in focus like Kitamura, 1957; Arshad et wood include Pinusroxburghii, Bombaxceiba, al., 1999; Badshah et al., 2004. Identification Terminaliaarjuna, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, was carried out with the help of available Dalbergiasissoo, Platanusorientalis, Populus literature (Parker, 1965; Qureshi and Khan, alba, Populusciliata, Salix acmophyllaand 1965-67 & 1971; Nasir and Ali, 1970-1989; Salix babylonica etc. Fruits yielding plants Stewart, 1972; Beg and Khan, 1977; Ali and include Eriobotrya japonica, Nasir, 1989-91; Chughtai and Shah, 1989 a & Prunusarmeniaca, Prunusdomestica, b; Sheikh, 1993; Ali and Qaiser, 1993-2015; Ziziphusjujuba, Ziziphusmauritiana, Ullahet al., 2006; Mughal, 2009 and Dasti et Diospyros lotus, Diospyros kaki, al., 2010). Mounting of specimens was made Prunusmalus, Morusalba, Moruslaevigata, on standard herbarium sheets. For reference Morusnigraand Psidium guava etc. Flowers each specimen was given voucher number and deposited at the Herbarium of Centre of 3

Hassan Raza and Asad Ullah

Plant Biodiversity, University of Peshawar (1.6528%), Rutaceae, with 2 genera (UPBG). (2.2988%) and 4 species (3.3057%), and Salicaceae with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 5 Results and Discussion species (4.1322%), which in turn followed by the Araucariaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Aceraceae, A total of 121 tree species belonging Annonaceae, Bombacaceae, Caricaceae, to 87 genera and 40 families were recorded Casurinaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Juglandaceae, from the research area. Among the 40 Platanaceae, Proteaceae, Punicaceae, families 5 were Gymnosperms while the Simaroubaceae, Tamaricaceae, Ulmacaeae, remaining 35 were Angiosperms. In Verbenaceae with 1 genus (1.1494%) and 1 Gymnosperms the maximum genera and specie (0.8264%), Combretaceae, Ebenaceae, species were of Cupressaceae, i.e. 2 genera Lythraceae and Rhamnaceae being 1 genus (2.2988%) and 3 species (2.2988%), followed (1.1494%) and 2 species (1.6528%) of the by Cycadaceae, 1 genus (1.1494%) and 2 species (1.6528%), followed by total species. Araucariaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Pinaceae The leading genera in the all families had 1 genus (1.1494%) and 1 specie each (0. is from the Papilionaceae, 7 genera 0.8264%). Among angiosperms monocot (8.0459%) and 7 species (5.7851%), followed were represented by 1 family, 4 genera by Caesalpinaceae, and Euphorbiaceae, with (4.5977%) and 4 species (3.3057%), while 6 genera (6.8965%) and 7 species (5.7851%), the 34 families, 76 genera and 109 species followed by Moraceae, having 5 genera were dicots. In Dicots the leading families (5.7851%) and thirteen species (10.7438%), were represented by Papilionaceae with 7 followed by Myrtaceae, having 5 genera genera (8.0459%) and 7 species (5.7851%), (5.7471%) and 6 species (4.9586%), which in followed by Caesalpinaceae, and turn followed by Palmae, with 4 genera Euphorbiaceae, with 6 genera (6.8965%) and (4.5977%) and 4 species (3.3057%), followed 7 species (5.7851%), followed by Moraceae, by Oleaceae, with 4 genera (4.5977%) and 6 having 5 genera (5.7851%) and thirteen species (4.9586%), followed by species (10.7438%), followed by Myrtaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, having 5 genera (5.7471%) and 6 species with 3 genera (3.4482%) and 3 species (4.9586%), which in turn followed by (2.4793%), Mimosaceae with 3 genera Palmae, with 4 genera (4.5977%) and 4 (3.4482%), 9 species (7.4380%), and species (3.3057%), followed by Oleaceae, Rosaceae 3 genera (3.4482), 6 species with 4 genera (4.5977%) and 6 species (4.9586), followed by Cupressaceae, (4.9586%), followed by Anacardiaceae, Boraginaceae, with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 3 Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, with 3 genera species (2.2988%), Magnoliaceae, Meliaceae, (3.4482%) and 3 species (2.4793%), and Sterculiaceae with 2 genera (2.2988%) Mimosaceae with 3 genera (3.4482%), 9 and 2 species (1.6528%), Rutaceae, with 2 species (7.4380%), and Rosaceae 3 genera genera (2.2988%) and 4 species (3.3057%), (3.4482), 6 species (4.9586), followed by and Salicaceae with 2 genera (2.2988%) and Cupressaceae, Boraginaceae, with 2 genera 5 species (4.1322%), which in turn followed (2.2988%) and 3 species (2.2988%), by the Araucariaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Magnoliaceae, Meliaceae, and Sterculiaceae Aceraceae, Annonaceae, Bombacaceae, with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 2 species 4

Diversity and Economic Importance of Tree Species in the Peshawar……

Caricaceae, Casurinaceae, Flacourtiaceae, taken as vegetables. Well known ornamental Juglandaceae, Platanaceae, Proteaceae, plant Include Araucaria cunninghamii, Punicaceae, Simaroubaceae, Tamaricaceae, Cupressusarizonica, Cupressussempervirens, Ulmacaeae, Verbenaceae with 1 genus Thujaorientalis, Cycasrevoluta, (1.1494%) and 1 specie (0.8264%), Cycasrumphii, Livistonachinensis, Combretaceae, Ebenaceae, Lythraceae and Roystonearegia and Phoenix dactyliferaetc. Rhamnaceae being 1 genus (1.1494%) and 2 Important timber wood include specie (1.6528%) of the total species. The Pinusroxburghii, Bombaxceiba, maximum number of species from the family Terminaliaarjuna, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Moraceae with and 5 genera (5.7851), 13 Dalbergiasissoo, Platanusorientalis, Populus species (10.7438%) of the total species (Fig. alba, Populusciliata, Salix acmophylla and 1, 2, 3 and 4). Salix babylonica etc. Fruits yielding plants include Eriobotrya japonica, Tree distribution in the research area Prunusarmeniaca, Prunusdomestica, showed that 55 species were native and 66 Ziziphusjujuba, Ziziphusmauritiana, plants were exotic in their nature. These are Diospyros lotus, Diospyros kaki, mostly planted for ornamental purpose. Trees Prunusmalus, Morus alba, Moruslaevigata, species found in cantonment area are Morusnigraand Psidium guava etc. flowers of economically important. Multi uses include Bauhinia purpurea, Bombaxceiba and ornamental purposes, timber wood, fruits and Bauhinia variegataetc. are used as nuts, vegetables, medicines, oil extracts, vegetables. Medicinally important trees tannins and gums and dyes. Being include Punicagranatum, Oleaeuropaea, cantonment and flocked area tress are mostly Oleaferruginea, Acacia leucophloeaand planted for ornamental purposes, shades and Jacaranda mimosifoliaetc. Oil is extracted aesthetic values. Studies of economical values from some plants like showed that 85 plants were grown for Cupressussempervirens, Thujaorientalis, ornamental purpose, timber wood of 55 plants Ricinuscommunis, Magnolia grandiflora, were used, oils for various purposes was Oleaeuropaea, Oleaferruginea, Citrus limon, extracted from 18 plants, 16 plants are Citrus medica, Micheliachampaca, medicinally important, 29 plants yield edible Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and fruits, flower and leaves of 3 plants were Myrtuscommunisetc (Table-1).

8.0459 6.8965 6.8965 5.7851 5.7471

4.5977 Percentage

Fig.1. Percentage of the families with leading genera. 5

Hassan Raza and Asad Ullah

12 10 8 6 4

Percentage 2 0

Fig.2 Percentage the families with leading species.

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage 20 10 0

Fig. 3 Distribution of the plants according to their economic importance.

12% Gymnosperm

Angiosperm

88%

Fig.4 Comparison between gymnosperms and angiosperms families 6

Diversity and Economic Importance of Tree Species in the Peshawar……

References Nasir, E. and S. I. Ali.1970-1989. Flora of Pakistan. Nos. 1-190. Botany Ali, S. I. and M. Qaiser.1993. Flora of Department, Karachi University, Pakistan. Nos. 194-214. Department Karachi. Pakistan Agricultural of Botany, Karachi University, Research Council, Islamabad. Karachi. Parker, P. N. 1965.A Forest Flora of Punjab Ali, S. I. and Y. J. Nasir.1989-1991. Flora of with Hazara and Delhi. Printed by the Pakistan. Nos. 191-193. Department Superintendent, Government Punjab of Botany, Karachi University, Lahore, West Pakistan. Karachi. Qureshi, M. A. and S. A. Khan. 1971. An Arshad, M. and S. Akram. 1999. Medicinal illustrated Flora of Plants of University of Arid and Khyber Agency. Ranunculaceae Agriculture, Rawalpindi. Hamd.Med., to Moringaceae.Pak. J. For., 1: 212. 42: 46-49. Qureshi, M. A. and S. A. Khan.1965-67.Flora Badshah, L., F. Hussain and M. J. Durrani. of Peshawar District and Khyber 2004. Ethnoecological profile of Agency.Pak. J. For., 15 & 17: 203- plants of South Waziristan, Pakistan. 244 & 364-393. Pak. J. Pl. Sci., 10(2): 109-118. Sheikh, M. I. 1993.Tress of Pakistan.Pictorial Beg, A. R. and A. S. Khan. 1997. Flora of Printers (Pvt.) Ltd. Malakand Division Pt. I (A) Pak. J. Stewart, R. R. 1972. An annotated catalogue For., 24: 171-185. of the Vascular plants of West Campus I. Sci. Khyber, 2 (1): 59-65. Pakistan.Fakhri Printing Press, Campus II.Sci. Khyber, 2 (1): 20-191. Karachi. Chughtai, S. M. and Shah. 1989. Illustrated Ullah, A., T. Khan and A. Rashid. 2006. Ex- checklist of the plants of the Peshawar situ conservation of trees in University University of Peshawar Campus. Dasti, A. A., S. Saima and Z. A. Bhatti. 2010. Pakistan Botanical Gardens Flora of the Campus. Published by Conference “Action Plan for Botanic BahauddinZakaria University. Gardens Network” 24-25th. GOP. 1998. Population Census Organization Ulrich, R. S. 1981. Natural versus urban Statistic Division Government of scenes: Some psycho physiological Pakistan Islamabad. Census effects. Environment and Behavior, Publication, No.33:1-6. 13: 523-55. Kitamura, S. 1957. Plants of West Pakistan and Afghanistan. Indus Publications WCFSD. 1999. Our Forests: Our Feature. 23, Farid chambers, Abdullah Haroon World Commission on Forests and Road, Karachi. Sustainable Development. Cambridge Mughal, M. S. 2009. Plants of Pakistan. University Press, Cambridge.

Published by Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar.

7

Hassan Raza and Asad Ullah

Table 1. Showing family, botanical names, status and economic importance of tree species in the Peshawar Cantonment, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan

S. No. Families/B. Name Status Economic importance Araucariaceae 1. Araucaria cunninghamiiSweet. Exotic Ornamental Cupressaceae Cupressusarizonica Green. Exotic Ornamental Ornamental, essential oils and tannins are 2. CupressussempervirensL. Exotic obtained Ornamental, essential oils and tannins are Thujaorientalis L. Exotic obtained Cycadaceae 3. Cycasrevoluta Thunb. Exotic Ornamental Cycasrumphii Miq. Exotic Ornamental Ginkgoaceae 4. Ginkgo biloba L. Exotic Ornamental and fruits yield volatile oil Pinaceae 5. Pinusroxburghii Sargent Native Ornamental, timber and turpentine oil is obtained Palmae CaryotaurensL. Exotic Ornamental, fruits is edible 6. Livistonachinensis (N.J. Jacquin) R. Brown. Exotic Ornamental Phoenix dactyliferaL. Exotic Ornamental and fruits is edible Roystonearegia (H.B. & K.) O. F. Cook Exotic Ornamental and seeds are source for oil Anacardiaceae Mangiferaindica L. Exotic Fruit is edible and tannin is obtained 7. PistaciachinensisBunge Native Timber, seeds is used for biodiesel production Schinusmolle L. Exotic Ornamental, timber and essential oil Annonaceae 8. Polyalthialongifolia(Sonnerat) Thwait. Exotic Ornamental Apocynaceae 9. AllamandacatharticaL. Exotic Ornamental and timber Ornamental, timber and inner bark is used as a Alstoniascholaris R. Br. Exotic source of anti-malarial drug Thevetiaperuviana (Pers.) Schum. Exotic Ornamental and seed oil is used to make paint Bignoniaceae Heterophragmaadenophyllum Seem. Exotic Ornamental and timber 10. Ornamental, timber, leaves are used ointment and Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Exotic vulnerary Tecomastans L. Exotic Ornamental Bombacaceae 11. Ornamental, timber, fodder, flowers are taken as Bombaxceiba L. Exotic vegetable and bark is used in dying Boraginaceae Ornamental, timber, fruit is edible and leaves are Cordiadichotoma Forst. Native used for fodder 12. Ornamental, timber, bark, leaves and fruits are Cordiamyxa L. Native used in medicines Ehretiaserrata Roxb. Native Ornamental, timber, fruit are edible

8

Diversity and Economic Importance of Tree Species in the Peshawar……

Caesalpiniaceae Ornamental, timber, flowers are eaten as Bauhinia purpurea L. Native vegetable Ornamental, timber, gum is obtained from the Bauhinia variegata L. Native bark Ornamental and pods contain strong tanning 13. Caesalpiniacoriaria (Jacq)Willd Exotic material Ornamental, timber, and bark is used as tanning Cassia fistula L. Native material Ceratoniasiliqua L. Exotic Ornamental GleditsiatriacanthosL. Exotic Ornamental ParkinsoniaaculeataL. Exotic Ornamental Caricaceae 14. Carica papaya L. Exotic Fruit are edible contains and papain is obtained Casurinaceae 15. Casurinaequisitifolia L. Native Ornamental and timber Combretaceae Terminaliaarjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Native Ornamental and timber 16. Arm Ornamental, timber and fruit is used in dyeing Terminaliabellirica (Gaertn) Roxb. Native and tanning Ebenaceae 17. Diospyros lotus L. Native Ornamental and fruits are edible Diospyros kaki L. Exotic Ornamental and fruits are edible Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cotinifolia L. Exotic Ornamental Jatrophacurcas L. Exotic Ornamental, and oil is obtained from seeds Jatropha hastate Jacq. Exotic Ornamental and oil is obtained from seeds 18. Phyllanthusemblica L. Native Ornamental, fruits is a source of Vitamin C Putranjivaroxburghii Wall. Native . Ornamental and timber Ricinuscommunis L. Native Oil obtained from used as illuminant Sapiumsebiferum (L.) Roxb. Exotic Ornamental Flacourtiaceae 19. Ornamental and leaves are used against skin Xylosmalongifolium Clos. Native diseases Juglandaceae 20. Timber, nuts kernel is edible and dying and Juglansregia L. Native juglon is extracted Lythraceae Ornamental and leaves to cure urinary Lagerstroemia flos-reginae Retz. Exotic 21. dysfunctions Ornamental and tannin is obtained from the bark Lagerstroemia indica L. Exotic and leaves Magnoliaceae Micheliachampaca L. Exotic Ornamental 22. Ornamental, oil is extracted from leaves and Magnolia grandiflora L. Exotic flowers Meliaceae Ornamental, timber, fruit is edible and oil 23. Azadirachtaindica A. Juss. Exotic extracted from the seeds Melia azedarach L. Native Ornamental and timber Mimosaceae 24. Acacia catechu (L.) Willd. Native Timber and nut is edible Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd. Exotic Flower is used in perfumes and bark is demulcent Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd Native Bark is astringent and thermo genic 9

Hassan Raza and Asad Ullah

Acacia modesta Wall. Native Stem used as fuel. The gum is used in medicines Acacia nilotica(L.) Delile Exotic Used in healing wounds and gonorrhea Albizialebbeck(L.) Benth. Native Timber, and used for cane crushers, oil mills Prosopis cineraria L. Native Ornamental, timber, pods are used for fodder Prosopisglandulosa Toor. Native Timber Prosopisjuliflora(Swartz) DC. Native Timber Moraceae Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam Exotic Ornamental, timber and fruits are edible Broussonetiapapyrifera(L.) Vent Native Timber Ornamental, timber and bark is used for Ficusbenghalensis L. Native manufacturing paper Ficusbenjamina L. Exotic Ornamental, timber and bark yields tannin Ficuscarica L. Native Timber and fruits are edible 25. FicuselasticaRoxb. Exotic Ornamental, timber and a source of natural rubber FicusglomerataRoxb. Native Ornamental Ficusrelegiosa L. Native Ornamental, timber, and fruits are edible FicusvirensDryand. Eotic Timber Maclurapomifera(Rafin) C. K. Schn. Native Ornamental, timber and fruits is edible Morus alba L. Native Timber and fruits are edible MoruslaevigataWall. Ex Brandis. Native Timber and fruits are edible Morusnigra L. Native Timber and fruits are edible Myrtaceae Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Exotic Ornamental Don ex Loud. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Exotic Timber and oil is obtained 26. Eucalyptus lanceolatus (Sm.) R. Br. Exotic Oil and timber Myrtuscommunis L. Exotic Oil is obtained from seeds Psidium guava L. Exotic Fruit are edible Syzygiumcumini (L.) Skells Native Seed, leaf, bark, and fruit are used in medicine Oleaceae Fraxinusxanthoxyloides Native Timber Fraxinus excelsior L. Native Timber 27. Ligustrumlucidum Ait. F. Exotic Ornamental Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Native The leaves are anti-stimulant Oleaeuropaea L. Native Ornamental, oil is extracted OleaferrugineaRoyle. Native Ornamental, oil is extracted Papilionaceae ButeaMonosperma(Lain) Taubert in Native Ornamental, timber Engler&Prantl Dalbergiasissoo Roxb. Native Timber Erythrinasuberosa Roxb. Native Ornamental and timber 28. Millettiapeguensis Ali Exotic Ornamental and timber Ornamental, timber and oil is obtained from the Pongamiapinnata(L.) Pierre Exotic seed Sophorasecundiflora (Ortega.) DC Exotic Ornamental Robinia pseudo- acacia L. Exotic Ornamental and timber Platanaceae 29. Platanusorientalis L. Native Ornamental and timber Proteaceae 30. GrevaliarobustaA. Cunn. ex R. Br. Exotic Ornamental

10

Diversity and Economic Importance of Tree Species in the Peshawar……

Punicaceae 31. Punicagranatum L. Native Ornamental, fruit are edible and use in medicines Rhamnaceae Fruit is edible, used for bronchitis and bark ZiziphusjujubaMill. Native 32. contains tannin Fruit is edible, used for bronchitis and bark ZiziphusmauritianaLam. Native contains tannin Rosaceae Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb.) Lindey Exotic Fruit is edible Prunusarmeniaca L. Exotic Seed, fruit is edible 33. Prunusdomestica L. Exotic Fruit is edible Prunuspersica (L). Batsch Exotic Fruit is edible Prunuscommunis L. Exotic Fruit is edible Prunusmalus L. Exotic Fruit is edible Rutaceae Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F Native Ornamental, rich source of vitamins C 34 Citrus medica L. Exotic Ornamental, rich source of vitamins C Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Exotic Ornamental, rich source of vitamins C Murrayaexotica L. Exotic Ornamental, rich source of vitamins C Salicaceae PopulusnigraL. Native Ornamental and timber Populusciliata Wall. Native Ornamental and timber 35. Ornamental timber and Bark is reported to be a Salix acmophyllaL. Native febrifuge Salix babylonica L. Exotic Ornamental, timber Salix tetraspermaRoxb. Native Ornamental and timber Simaroubaceae 36. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Exotic Ornamental, timber, bark is anthelminthic Sterculiaceae Ornamental, leaf used to prevent bleeding from Pterospermumacerifolium(Linn.) Willd. Exotic 37. wounds Ornamental, shade, timber and control soil SterculiadiversifoliaG. Don Exotic erosion Tamaricaceae 38. Tamarixaphylla(L.) Karst. Native Bark are used for tanning Ulmaceae 39. Celtisaustralis Auct. Native Ornamental and timber Verbenaceae 40. CallicarpamacrophyllaVahl. Native Ornamental, timber and fruit are edible

11