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Home , Elementary particle, Gerald Guralnik, Particle physics, Up quark

and combine to form larger structures

How the nucleus +2/3 -1/3 world is built + + up (+1) + + + + + +

relative -1 All everyday objects seem to electric be made from just three types (0) oxygen deoxyribonucleic acid human cell grain of salt human planet Earth spiral galaxy (DNA) of basic building block – Distance: <10-18 m 10-15 m 10-10 m 10-10 m to 10-8 m 10-7 m to 10-4 m 10-3 m 10-2 m to 103 m 106 m to 108 m 1019 m to 1022 m the , the down quark, Elementary – Up and down , and Atoms combine to Microscopic structures Small-scale structures, Macroscopic Planets and stars Galaxies no detected structure combine as protons combine to form molecules visible to the eye structures and the electron. and neutrons, form atoms examples of (: 0)

Particle and the Beyond the Higgs

Elementary particles, objects with no detected structure, include Elementary particles acquire mass through with The Standard Model successfully describes a wealth of quarks, , carriers, and the . an , where the Higgs boson acts as energy carrier. experimental data, but seems to explain only 5% of the Universe.

ANTI-PARTICLES PARTICLES An energy field, known as the Higgs field, The Higgs boson is a short-lived is present everywhere in the Universe. that allows interactions between the Higgs field Dark and and other particles. ANTI-LEPTONS ANTI-QUARKS QUARKS LEPTONS 26.8%

m : H H H H H H easured + – – - H affects rotation e e u d d u e e 68.3% 1st H H H H H H H H of galaxies Dark energy: generation anti-electron anti-up anti-down down up electron electron H -based neutrino H velocity rotational drives H H H H H H surveys are able H H expansion of – – - H to measure the + H c MATTER µ µ c s s c µ µ H H alcul H H H ated Universe PARTICLES 2nd H H H H 4.9% energy and matter generation anti- anti-muon anti- anti-strange strange charm muon muon H H neutrino neutrino H distance from centre Matter content of the H particle withH H particleH H H H H H made of Universe. + – – - no mass with mass H H τ τ t b b t τ τ H atoms 3rd H H H H H H generation anti- anti-tau anti-top anti-bottom bottom top tau tau H neutrino neutrino H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Measured rotational velocities far from a galaxy’s centre are ~g H H H H H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H H higher than calculated from the distribution of visible matter. The Higgs boson is a possible portal to dark matter. g g g g g g H H ~g H H H H H H

GAUGINOS ~ H H H H H H γ0 = 1_ , 3_ , 5_ ... 2 2 2 ~ ~ ~ + Winos and - 0 W Zino W Z Particles of Searching for new physics ~0 H the Standard Higgs field Particles of higher mass interact more strongly with the Higgs field (density of H symbols represents ~ h0 The measured mass of an can be regarded as Model strength of ). ~ the sum of a bare mass and a self-energy. The bare mass is from CMS A0 All detected interaction with the Higgs field, and the self-energy is from emission ~ ~ experimentally Standard Model H- H+ Particle and reabsorption of other particles. For the Higgs boson, the calculated

Up to of self-energy implies an enormous difference between measured mass 2 7 TeV 6 Explanations of dark matter and the .6 ~ 5 quarks & charged leptons 9 atoms and bare mass. This is known as the hierarchy problem. k G 12 2012 m The Standard Model describes how hierarchy problem require extensions to 10 particles behave under three types of force. Force carriers FIRST SECOND THIRD 79 electrons the Standard Model, meaning new physics. for GENERATION GENERATION GENERATION ATLAS and CMS experiments: 79 118 neutrons Experiments at the Large G First detection of Higgs boson Particles up-type protons t 0 Au measured are investigating possibilities that include H 0 (Gold) outside of the 11 quarks Z , , - + mass 10 The electromagnetic force H H 29 1983 Standard Model W± and hidden valleys. binds electrons in atoms. 29 34 0 5 HIGGS A None so far detected, but UA1 and UA2 experiments: PARTICLES Cu ± 0 LARGE predicted by some theories First detection of W and Z (2008) h0 (Copper) bare 10 down-type

10 mass quarks 6.911 km 8 H0 Higgs boson b 8 8 1972 The weak force is involved of the 4 Standard ALICE LHCb - Model BOSONS SUPER PROTON 450 in radioactive decays, τ O Gerard ‘t Hooft and Martinus Veltman: SYNCHROTRON GeV : - 0 + c (Oxygen) W 9 (1976) and in processes that power weak force W Z charged Mathematical consistency of electroweak theory 10 the stars. leptons 1 HIGGS BOSON : 1 γ FORCE ATLAS electromagnetic force 1967 CARRIERS 2 H (GAUGE - (Hydrogen) PROTON g 8 µ and : SYNCHROTRON

spin = 0 10 : BOSONS) s BOOSTER strong force g g g g g g MASS () Mass mechanism applied to quarks and leptons (1972) The strong force binds g bare m measured 57 quarks and anti-quarks 1 mass mass 1 1964 1.4

as hadrons. 7 GeV LINEAR ACCELERATOR ference 10 : s um 62 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (First beams: 1978) 50 c 8 – ~+ – – ~ m - and François Englert; ; MeV i m Vτ τ b b t Vτ o C t τ at spin = 1, 2, 3,... d m , Carl Hagen and : anti-stau anti-stau anti-stop anti-sbottom sbottom stop stau stau for neutrino neutrino o ± 0 33m e t Mass mechanism for W and Z 90 25 u bin keV GeV ~ ~ com 3 – ~+ ~– ~– ~ ~ ~-

µ µ Vµ 6 Vµ c s s c Proton beam 1 PROTON

10 SYNCHROTRON Proton beam 2 anti-smuon anti-smuon anti-scharm anti-sstrange sstrange scharm smuon smuon 1961 (1959) neutrino neutrino e- ~ ~ – ~+ ~– ~– ~ ~ ~- OTHER PARTICLE Ve e u d d u e Ve Sheldon Glashow: ± 0 anti-selectron spositron anti-sup anti-sdown sdown sup selectron selectron Electroweak theory for W and Z of zero mass neutrino neutrino 5 10 Mass from ANTI-SLEPTONS ANTI-SQUARKS SQUARKS SLEPTONS binding Mass from Higgs field energy

Words and pictures: Karl Harrison & Rebecca Pitt Infographics originally created for the exhibit The Higgs boson and beyond, staged by UK ATLAS and CMS groups at the 2014 Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition, London, UK www.the-higgs-boson-and-beyond.org